中国喜马拉雅山地区滑坡堵江编目及空间特征分析
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摘要
滑坡堵江数据获取与编目是其区域研究开展的基础。喜马拉雅山脉地处中国西南边陲,新构造运动强烈,滑坡堵江事件频发,在产生巨大经济损失的同时也造成了不良国际影响。鉴于该区区域滑坡堵江现场调查难以开展的问题,本文利用遥感技术、地理信息技术,结合野外验证获取了区内136处滑坡堵江事件的空间位置、基本属性和几何形态,建立了中国喜马拉雅山地区滑坡堵江编目。区内滑坡堵江集中分布在米林、札达、加查、错那、隆子、郎县等县,成因类型以滑坡、崩塌、泥石流为主。基于环境要素信息量计算得出该区滑坡堵江的易发程度随高程、坡度、地震加速度的增大先增大后减小,随地震点密度增大先减小后增大,随构造线密度增大逐渐增大,随与水系距离增大逐渐减小。不同坡向中,西向斜坡更容易诱发滑坡堵江,东南坡向最不容易诱发滑坡堵江。高位高山地貌类型、地层条件中的朗县构造混杂岩组和坚硬岩组,构造分区中的高喜马拉雅分区和雅鲁藏布江分区是滑坡堵江形成的有利条件。对比各环境要素不同类别的信息量取值认为影响该区滑坡堵江事件形成的主要背景因素是高程、地貌类型、地层岩组、构造分区和地震点密度。这些滑坡堵江事件几何参数的研究结果表明坝体长度-坝体面积与滑坡面积-坝体面积之间具有拟合程度较高的乘幂函数关系,而其他参数间的相关性并不突出。
Data acquisition and inventory of landslide dams are the foundation of their regional research. Himalaya is located in the southwest of China. A number of landslide dams occurred here and brought serious property losses,as well as undesirable international influence. This paper is based on Remote Sensing and Geographic Information technologies. It obtains 136 landslide dams. Their spatial location,basic attributes and geometry features are obtained by RS image information extraction and field investigation. Then the landslide dams inventory is finished. It is found that the landslide dams are mainly caused by landslide,collapse and debris flow. The dams have the regional feature of concentrating distribution among Milin, Zhada, Jiacha, Cuona, Longzi and Longxian.Calculating information values of influence factors,it is found that landslide dam susceptibility increases at first,then decreases with the increase of elevation,slope and seismic acceleration. It decreases at first,then increases with the increase of seismic dot density. It also increases with the increase of tectonic line density,and decreases with the increase of distance to river. West slope,high mountain,Langxian tectonic melange and hard rock of lithology,High Himalaya tectonic region and Yarlu Zangbo tectonic region are the favorable factors of landslide dam formation. In view to the information values, among all the influence factors, elevation, geomorphic type,lithological characteristics and seismic dot density are more closely related to landslide dam susceptibility. As to the geometry features,there is a typical power function relation between dam length and dam area,as well as landslide area and dam area. Nevertheless,the relations between other geometry parameters are not striking.
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