汶川地震触发的绵远河流域崩塌滑坡的特征
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摘要
利用地震后ALOS影像自动提取了汶川地震重灾区绵远河流域内的崩塌滑坡,结合野外调查共确定地震触发崩塌滑坡1 073处,面积48.5 km2。其中分布最广、数量最多的是浅层崩滑体;同时由于地震力作用强烈,触发了许多深层、高速、远程滑坡,并形成了大量的滑坡堰塞湖。汶川地震诱发的第二大滑坡文家沟滑坡就位于流域内,该滑坡是本次地震中滑动距离最远的滑坡。地震导致大量的碎屑物质堆积在沟道内或悬挂在斜坡上,为泥石流的发生提供了有利条件。基于GIS的统计分析表明,地震滑坡的空间分布主要受发震断层的控制,流域内的崩塌滑坡受到了映秀-北川断裂和江油-都江堰断裂的双重影响,主要分布于两断裂上盘的一定范围内;地层岩性影响着地震滑坡的类型,岩浆岩、白云岩等硬岩主要发育浅层崩滑体,而上硬下软的地层多发生大型滑坡;大部分崩塌滑坡都发生在海拔1 000～2 000 m的高程内;坡度是崩塌滑坡发生的主要控制因素之一,大部分崩塌滑坡发生在25°～55°的范围内;坡向对滑坡的分布也有一定的影响,背靠震源(发震断层)方向的斜坡比面向震源(发震断层)方向更容易发生滑坡。
Due to the high magnitude,long duration of vibration,and complicated environment of the disastrous area,"5.12" Wenchuan earthquake triggered a large number of landslides.A spatial database,which included 1 073 landslides,was developed and analyzed using ALOS satellite imagery and GIS within the Mianyuan River basin.These landslides covered the area of 48.5 km2,of which shallow falls and slides occupied the widest area and the largest number.The strong seismic wave caused the occurrence of many deep,rapid and long-runout landslides as well as the formation of numerous barrier lakes.The second largest landslide triggered by the earthquake,Wenjiagou Landslide was located within this area and it had the farthest sliding distance.After the earthquake,a large number of debris accumulated in the gullies or on the slopes,many debris flows occurred in the river basin.It was indicated in the GIS statistic analysis that the spatial distribution of earthquake-triggering landslides was dominated by the seismogenic fault.Owing to the duel effect of Yingxiu-Beichuan Fault and Jiangyou-Guanxian Fault,the landslides were mainly distributed in the hanging wall of two faults;the lithology of stratum determineed the type of landslides.Shallow falls and slides were mainly formed in the hard rocks such as magmatic rocks and dolomites,while large landslides were likely to occur in the strata with hard upper layer and soft lower layer.Most landslides occured within the elevation range from 1 000 to 2 000 m above sea level.Gradient was one of the main controlling factors of landslide distribution,for most landslides occured in the gradient range from 25 to 55 degrees;slope direction also affected the distribution of landslides.The slopes opposing the direction of seismic source(co-seismic fault) were more likely to have landslides than the slopes facing the direction seismic source(co-seismic fault).
Due to the high magnitude,long duration of vibration,and complicated environment of the disastrous area,"5.12" Wenchuan earthquake triggered a large number of landslides.A spatial database,which included 1 073 landslides,was developed and analyzed using ALOS satellite imagery and GIS within the Mianyuan River basin.These landslides covered the area of 48.5 km2,of which shallow falls and slides occupied the widest area and the largest number.The strong seismic wave caused the occurrence of many deep,rapid and long-runout landslides as well as the formation of numerous barrier lakes.The second largest landslide triggered by the earthquake,Wenjiagou Landslide was located within this area and it had the farthest sliding distance.After the earthquake,a large number of debris accumulated in the gullies or on the slopes,many debris flows occurred in the river basin.It was indicated in the GIS statistic analysis that the spatial distribution of earthquake-triggering landslides was dominated by the seismogenic fault.Owing to the duel effect of Yingxiu-Beichuan Fault and Jiangyou-Guanxian Fault,the landslides were mainly distributed in the hanging wall of two faults;the lithology of stratum determineed the type of landslides.Shallow falls and slides were mainly formed in the hard rocks such as magmatic rocks and dolomites,while large landslides were likely to occur in the strata with hard upper layer and soft lower layer.Most landslides occured within the elevation range from 1 000 to 2 000 m above sea level.Gradient was one of the main controlling factors of landslide distribution,for most landslides occured in the gradient range from 25 to 55 degrees;slope direction also affected the distribution of landslides.The slopes opposing the direction of seismic source(co-seismic fault) were more likely to have landslides than the slopes facing the direction seismic source(co-seismic fault).
引文
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[19]Xu Qing,Huang Runqiu.Dynamic characters of large-scale land-slides triggered by“5.12”Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal ofEngineering Geology,2008,16(6):721-729[许强,黄润秋.5.12汶川大地震诱发大型崩滑灾害动力特征初探[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):721-729]
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[22]Tang Chunan,Zuo Yujun,Qin Sifeng,et al.Spalling and slingingpattern of shallow slope and dynamics explanation in the 2008Wenchuan earthquake[C]//Proceedings of the 10th conference onRock Mechanics and engineering,China.2009:258-262[唐春安,左宇军,秦泗凤,等.汶川地震中的边坡浅层散裂与抛射模式及其动力学解释[C]//第十届全国岩石力学与工程学术大会论文集.2009:258-262]
[2]Chen Yuntai.Why was Wenchuan Earthquake so serious?[EB/OL](2008-06-26).http://www.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2008/6/200862781145413208421.html[陈运泰.汶川地震何以如此严重[EB/OL].(2008-06-26).http://www.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2008/6/200862781145413208421.html]
[3]Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqing,et al.The Ms 8.0 Wenchuanearthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure[J].Seis-mology and Geology,2009,30(3):657-629[徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.汶川MS 8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):657-629]
[4]Dai F C,Xu C,Yao X,et al.Spatial distribution of landslides trig-gered by the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Jour-nal of Asian Earth Sciences(2010),doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.04.010
[5]Huang Runqiu.Mechanismand geomechanical modes of landslidehazards triggered by Wenchuan 8.0 Earthquake[J].Chinese Journalof Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,30(3):657-629[黄润秋.汶川8.0级地震触发崩滑灾害机制及其地质力学模式[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(6):1239-1249]
[6]Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Analysis on the number and density oflandslides triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake,China[J].Journalof Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation,2009,20(3):1-7[黄润秋,李为乐.汶川地震触发崩塌滑坡数量及其密度特征分析[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2009,20(3):1-7]
[7]Keefer D K,Manson M W.Regional distribution and characteristicsof landslides generated by the earthquake[G]//The Loma Prieta,California earthquake of October 17,1989-landslides,US Geol.Survey Prof.Paper,1998.C7-C32
[8]Keefer D V.Statistical analysis of an earthquake-induced landslidedistribution——the 1989 Loma Prieta,California event[J].Engi-neering Geology,2000,58,231-249
[9]Parise M&Jibson R W.A seismic landslide susceptibility rating ofgeologic units based on analysis of characteristics of landslides trig-gered by the 17 January,1994 Northridge,California earthquake[J].Engineering Geology,2000,58:251-270
[10]Wang W N,Nakamura H,Tsuchiya S,et al.Distributions of land-slides triggered by the Chi-Chi earthquake in Central Taiwan onSeptember 21,1999[J].Journal of the Japan Landslide Society,2002,38(4):318-326
[11]Chigira,Yagi.Geological and geomorphological characteristics oflandslides triggered by the 2004 Mid Niigta prefecture earthquakein Japan[J].Engineering Geology,2006,82:202-221
[12]Owen L A,Kamp U,Khattak G A,et al.Landslides triggered bythe 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake[J].Geomorphology,2008,94:1-9
[13]Kamp U,Growley B J,Khattak G A,et al.GIS-based landslidesusceptibility mapping for the 2005 Kashmir earthquake region[J].Geomorphology,2008.101,631-642
[14]Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Research on development and distribu-tion of geo-hazards induced by the Wenchuan earthquake on 12thMay,2008[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineer-ing,2008,27(12):2585-2592[黄润秋,李为乐.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2585-2592]
[15]Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.A study on the development and distri-bution rules of geo-hazards triggered by“5.12”Wenchuan Earth-quake[J].Science in China:Edition E,2009,52(4):810-819
[16]Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Analysis of the geo-hazards triggered bythe 12 May(2008)Wenchuan Earthquake,China[J].Bull.ofEngineering Geology and the Environment,2009b,68:363-371
[17]Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Fault effect analysis of geo-hazards trig-gered by Wechuan Earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of EngineeringGeology,2009c,17(1):19-28[黄润秋,李为乐.汶川地震触发地质灾害的断层效应分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):19-28]
[18]Huang Heqing,Zhao Qihua.Basic characteristics and preliminarymechanism analysis of large scale rockslide-sturzstrom at Wenjiagoutriggered by Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering ge-ology,2010,18(2):168-177[黄河清赵其华.汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡-碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(2):168-177]
[19]Xu Qing,Huang Runqiu.Dynamic characters of large-scale land-slides triggered by“5.12”Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal ofEngineering Geology,2008,16(6):721-729[许强,黄润秋.5.12汶川大地震诱发大型崩滑灾害动力特征初探[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):721-729]
[20]Wei He.The rescue and relief work for Mianzhu Qingping super-large debris flow occurred on 13th August 2010 is in an orderly way[EQ].People's Daily Online,2010,8.14:http://society.peo-ple.com.cn/GB/12440638.html[魏贺.绵竹市清平乡“8.13”特大泥石流灾害抢险工作正有序推进[EQ].人民网,2010-08-14:http://society.people.com.cn/GB/12440638.html]
[21]Qiu Zhixing,Li Shujian.Emergency treatment of Xiaogangjian barri-er lake within Mianyuan River[J].Water Resources and Hydro-power Technique,2008,39(8):36-38[邱炽兴,李书健.绵远河小岗剑(上)堰塞湖应急排险处理[J].水利水电技术,2008,39(8):36-38]
[22]Tang Chunan,Zuo Yujun,Qin Sifeng,et al.Spalling and slingingpattern of shallow slope and dynamics explanation in the 2008Wenchuan earthquake[C]//Proceedings of the 10th conference onRock Mechanics and engineering,China.2009:258-262[唐春安,左宇军,秦泗凤,等.汶川地震中的边坡浅层散裂与抛射模式及其动力学解释[C]//第十届全国岩石力学与工程学术大会论文集.2009:258-262]
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