公元前1831年-公元1980年中国地震灾害对交通影响的时空分布及其类型
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摘要
在综合整理公元前1831年-公元1980年中国地震灾害资料的基础上,运用GIS技术,着重探讨了中国地震灾害的时空特征以及中国地震灾害对交通影响的空间分布与类型分析。中国地震灾害记载的时间分布不平衡,是随时间的推移而逐渐呈现上升趋势;其空间分布也不平衡,元代以前集中于山西、河南、陕西一带,明清时期西南和台湾地区有所增加,民国及1949-1980年主要集中于西南、西北及台湾地区。中国地震灾害对交通影响的空间分布也集中于西北、西南地区,特别是云南、四川和新疆,通过地震烈度的空间分布,可知高烈度的地震对新疆的交通系统影响较大,云南和四川较低烈度的地震对其交通系统的影响也比较大,这是因为3省皆分布于中国强震带内,且四川和云南地形复杂,多山地丘陵,其交通线的分布多沿山川行进,故较易受地震影响。然后,依据破坏程度、次生灾害、交通构筑物破坏可将地震灾害对交通的影响划分为不同的影响类型。
Earthquake disasters have significant effects on traffic.With the development of economy and tech-nology,the ability of people to deal with natural disasters is gradually enhanced.The vulnerability of the trans-portation system after earthquake disasters and the"lifeline"role that transportation system plays prompt people to pay more attention to the impacts of earthquake disasters on traffic.The research on earthquake disasters and traffic and other related issues are concentrated in earthquake engineering fields,namely from the perspective of traffic engineering construction to study the earthquake resistant behavior of the traffic system.There are rela-tively few studies from the perspective of human geography on the impacts of earthquake disasters on traffic based on the historical earthquake data.China has more detailed historical earthquake materials and data than any other countries in the world.China has not only a great deal of historical earthquake data,but also a large number of modern earthquake assembly data.On the basis of comprehensively coordinating the earthquake di-saster data from 1831 BC to 1980 AD,and using the GIS technology,this article discusses the characteristics of China's earthquake disasters in time and space,and their influences.The earthquakes in China are imbalanced in spatial and temporal distributions.In the Yuan Dynasty,the earthquakes were concentrated in Shanxi,Henan and Shaanxi.Earthquakes in Southwest China and Taiwan increased in the Ming and Qing dynasties,and those in the Republic of China and during 1949-1980 occurred mainly in Southwest China,Northwest China and Tai-wan.Traffic impacts by earthquake disasters were also concentrated in Northwest and Southwest China,especial-ly in Yunnan,Sichuan and Xinjiang.The earthquakes with high intensities had significant influences on the trans-portation system of Xinjiang.And in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces,the earthquakes with low intensity also had great influences on the transportation systems.That is because the three are all in the pleistoseismic zone,and Yunnan and Sichuan provinces have complex geographical environments with more mountains.Different types of impacts can be divided according to the extent of damage,secondary disasters and ruin of transportation struc-tures.
Earthquake disasters have significant effects on traffic.With the development of economy and tech-nology,the ability of people to deal with natural disasters is gradually enhanced.The vulnerability of the trans-portation system after earthquake disasters and the"lifeline"role that transportation system plays prompt people to pay more attention to the impacts of earthquake disasters on traffic.The research on earthquake disasters and traffic and other related issues are concentrated in earthquake engineering fields,namely from the perspective of traffic engineering construction to study the earthquake resistant behavior of the traffic system.There are rela-tively few studies from the perspective of human geography on the impacts of earthquake disasters on traffic based on the historical earthquake data.China has more detailed historical earthquake materials and data than any other countries in the world.China has not only a great deal of historical earthquake data,but also a large number of modern earthquake assembly data.On the basis of comprehensively coordinating the earthquake di-saster data from 1831 BC to 1980 AD,and using the GIS technology,this article discusses the characteristics of China's earthquake disasters in time and space,and their influences.The earthquakes in China are imbalanced in spatial and temporal distributions.In the Yuan Dynasty,the earthquakes were concentrated in Shanxi,Henan and Shaanxi.Earthquakes in Southwest China and Taiwan increased in the Ming and Qing dynasties,and those in the Republic of China and during 1949-1980 occurred mainly in Southwest China,Northwest China and Tai-wan.Traffic impacts by earthquake disasters were also concentrated in Northwest and Southwest China,especial-ly in Yunnan,Sichuan and Xinjiang.The earthquakes with high intensities had significant influences on the trans-portation system of Xinjiang.And in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces,the earthquakes with low intensity also had great influences on the transportation systems.That is because the three are all in the pleistoseismic zone,and Yunnan and Sichuan provinces have complex geographical environments with more mountains.Different types of impacts can be divided according to the extent of damage,secondary disasters and ruin of transportation struc-tures.
引文
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[22]王志涛,王玲,张秀彦,等.基于GIS的城市震后交通最优路径分析系统.武汉理工大学学报:交通科学与工程版,2008,32(5):814-817.
[23]王亚强,王兰民,张小曳.GIS支持下的黄土高原地震滑坡区划研究.地理科学,2004,24(2):170-176.
[24]韩用顺,崔鹏,朱颖彦,等.汶川地震危害道路交通及其遥感监测评估:以都汶公路为例.四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):273-283.
[25]刘亚岚,张勇,任玉环,等.汶川地震公路损毁遥感监测评估与信息集成.遥感学报,2008,12(6):933-941.
[26]李钜章.地震灾害宏观分析研究.地理研究,1995,14(2):35-40.
[27]温家洪,Jianping Yan,尹占娥,等.中国地震灾害风险管理.地理科学进展,2010,29(7):771-777.
[28]唐邦兴,杜榕桓,康志成,等.我国泥石流研究.地理学报,1980,35(3):259-264.
[29]王渝生.中国地震历史资料的古为今用.科学时报,2008(6):31-32.
[30]国家地震局地球协商会议物理研究所,复旦大学中国历史地理研究所.中国历史地震图集.北京:地图出版社,1990.
[31]顾功叙.中国地震目录.北京:科学出版社,1983.
[32]谢毓寿,蔡美彪.中国地震历史资料汇编.北京:科学出版社,1983.
[33]刘凯,廖顺宝,张赛.中国地震发生频率与烈度的空间分布.地理科学进展,2008,27(3):12-18.
[34]黄龙生,刘广信.道路交通系统的震害预测.自然灾害学报,1996,5(1):88-97.
[2]Schiff A J.Earthquakes in transportation contingencyplanning.Energy,1983,8(8-9):689-693.
[3]郭恩栋,赵振东,余世舟,等.交通系统地震应急智能辅助决策技术研究.地震工程与工程振动,2003,23(2):128-133.
[4]李晔,张红军.城市交通系统抗灾变研究进展.灾害学,2004,19(4):77-82.
[5]危福泉,刘高焕,姚新,等.地震灾害预测和应急模拟系统的设计与应用.地理研究,2005,24(5):749-756.
[6]吕元.建设城市地震主动应急空间体系.世界地震工程,2004,20(4):81-84.
[7]谢素华.论我国公路交通应急及运输保障体系的建设.公路交通科技,2008,25(9):156-158.
[8]张明媛,袁永博,白广斌.基于现代信息技术的城市灾害应急管理系统.防灾减灾工程学报,2008,28(3):382-387.
[9]Chang S E,Nojima N.Measuring post-disaster transporta-tion system performance:The 1995 Kobe earthquake incomparative perspective.Transportation ResearchPart(A),2001,35(6):475-494.
[10]Deakin A K.Factoring motorists'responses to the 1994northridge earthquake.Computer Environment and Ur-ban Systems,1997(21):335-357.
[11]Chang S E.Disasters and transport systems:Loss,recov-ery and competition at the Port of Kobe after the 1995earthquake.Journal of Transport Geography,2000,8(1):53-65.
[12]Na U J,Shinozuka M.Simulation-based seismic loss esti-mation of seaport transportation system.Reliability Engi-neering and System Safety,2009,94(3):722-731.
[13]何晓鸣,关鹏.地震对公路交通危害分析与防灾减灾预案的探讨.武汉工业学院学报,2009,28(1):75-79.
[14]赵国兴,陈淮,李杰.震后城市交通系统评估与改建.世界地震工程,1996(3):6-10,78.
[15]叶珊珊,翟国方.地震经济损失评估研究综述.地理科学进展,2010,29(6):684-692.
[16]王海超,解国仁,冯玉岩.城市公路网络震害预测方法探讨.东北重型机械学院学报,1997,21(2):167-171.
[17]何萍,李志强.城市群震后交通快速评估研究—以珠江三角洲为例.中国地震,2005,21(3):444-450.
[18]宋健民,陈艳艳.城市交通系统抗震地理信息管理系统.土木工程学报,2003,36(5):87-91.
[19]姜淑珍,李倩,柳春光.泰安市交通系统抗震可靠性分析.地震工程与工程振动,2005,25(6):189-193.
[20]姜淑珍,柳春光.三亚市交通系统易损性分析.世界地震工程,2005,21(3):23-27.
[21]倪永军,吕高峰,黄世敏,等.基于GIS的城市道路交通系统震害预测与连通性分析.四川大学学报:工程科学版,2007,39(增刊):163-167.
[22]王志涛,王玲,张秀彦,等.基于GIS的城市震后交通最优路径分析系统.武汉理工大学学报:交通科学与工程版,2008,32(5):814-817.
[23]王亚强,王兰民,张小曳.GIS支持下的黄土高原地震滑坡区划研究.地理科学,2004,24(2):170-176.
[24]韩用顺,崔鹏,朱颖彦,等.汶川地震危害道路交通及其遥感监测评估:以都汶公路为例.四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):273-283.
[25]刘亚岚,张勇,任玉环,等.汶川地震公路损毁遥感监测评估与信息集成.遥感学报,2008,12(6):933-941.
[26]李钜章.地震灾害宏观分析研究.地理研究,1995,14(2):35-40.
[27]温家洪,Jianping Yan,尹占娥,等.中国地震灾害风险管理.地理科学进展,2010,29(7):771-777.
[28]唐邦兴,杜榕桓,康志成,等.我国泥石流研究.地理学报,1980,35(3):259-264.
[29]王渝生.中国地震历史资料的古为今用.科学时报,2008(6):31-32.
[30]国家地震局地球协商会议物理研究所,复旦大学中国历史地理研究所.中国历史地震图集.北京:地图出版社,1990.
[31]顾功叙.中国地震目录.北京:科学出版社,1983.
[32]谢毓寿,蔡美彪.中国地震历史资料汇编.北京:科学出版社,1983.
[33]刘凯,廖顺宝,张赛.中国地震发生频率与烈度的空间分布.地理科学进展,2008,27(3):12-18.
[34]黄龙生,刘广信.道路交通系统的震害预测.自然灾害学报,1996,5(1):88-97.
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