冲绳海槽中段西陆坡下缘天然气水合物存在的可能性分析
|
摘要
海洋中的天然气水合物主要发育在有机质供应充分、沉积速率快、热流值较高、水深大于 30 0m的大陆斜坡和活动边缘的增生楔发育区 ;沉积物类型主要以泥质砂岩、砂质泥岩和浊积岩为主。似海底反射层 (BSR)和极性反转是识别天然气水合物层的关键标志。冲绳海槽中段西陆坡下缘水深大于 10 0 0m ;沉积物类型主要为粉砂质泥和泥质粉砂 ,在部分层位见浊积层。与东海陆架相比 ,西陆坡下缘的有机质含量、沉积速率的热流值都较高 ,其范围分别为0 .75 %～ 1.2 5 %、10～ 40cm/ka和 70～ 437mw/m2 ;单道地震剖面具有明显的似海底反射层 (BSR)和极性反转特征 ,因此 ,推断冲绳海槽中段西陆坡下缘可能存在天然气水合物层。
Although 90 percent area of the ocean with depth from 300 to 3 000 meters is suitable to occurrence of gas hydrate in view of temperature and pressure condition,gas hydrate dose not occur everywhere in ocean. The occurrence of gas hydrate is tightly related to geological setting.From tectonic point of view,gas hydrate in the ocean occurs along continenatl margin:one kind is at active passive margin prism,the other is at the continental slope or slope foot.The fromation of gas hydrate is also tightly related to sediment type,sedimentation rate and organic source,as well as heat flow,i.e.more content of organic matter quickly buried in sediments is material condition for the formation of gas hydrate;more coarse sediments,consequently more porosity and more content of porous aquifer supply plentiful space for the cementation of gas hydrate.Gas in hydrate is subjected to biogenesis and thermal degradation of organic matter,so that more content of biomass and higher heat flow are favorable for the formation of gas hydrate. Two kinds of marks are commonly used for distingushing gas hydrate. In seabed sediments,one is geophysical mark,i.e.blank reflection and simulated seafloor reflector (BSR) which is caused by the different acoustic wave velocity between hydrate zone and underneath sediments and parallel to seafloor and oblique to bedding.In contrast to seafloor reflection,simulated seafloor reflector has reversed polarity.The other is geochemical mark,i.e.positive CH 4,H 2S and CO 2 gas geochemical anomalous,as well as negative saltness or chlorinity anomalous should be present due to the decomposition of gas hydrate in the log profile. The western lower slope of Mid Okinawa Trough possesses good geological setting and conditions for the formation of gas hydrate.First of all,the water depth is more than 1 000 meters, which is suitable to the formation of gas hydrate from the temperature perssure point of view.Secondly,sedimentss almost silty mud and muddy silt which may supply plentiful cemented space for gas hydrate.Thirdly,the content of organic matter in sediment is much higher than adjacent area,the sedimentation rate is also higher(10～40 cm·ka),causing the abundant organic matter buried quickly,so that the gas source is stored for the formation of gas hydeate.The last is that the values of heat flow change from 70 to 437 mw/m 2,much higher than the other area,supplying plentiful heat for thermal degradation of organic matter.A channel seismic reflection profile(A—A′)at the lower slope margin,with depth from 1 500 to 1 800 meters,shows that a simulated seafloor reflector occurs at depth of 2 250 meters beneath sea floor and gradually disappears up slope,which is parallel to seafloor and oblique to bedding,and also has negative polarity (reversed polarity) in contrast to seafloor reflection.Therefore,we initially deduce that the gas hydrate may occur at the western lower slope of Mid Okinawa Trough.
Although 90 percent area of the ocean with depth from 300 to 3 000 meters is suitable to occurrence of gas hydrate in view of temperature and pressure condition,gas hydrate dose not occur everywhere in ocean. The occurrence of gas hydrate is tightly related to geological setting.From tectonic point of view,gas hydrate in the ocean occurs along continenatl margin:one kind is at active passive margin prism,the other is at the continental slope or slope foot.The fromation of gas hydrate is also tightly related to sediment type,sedimentation rate and organic source,as well as heat flow,i.e.more content of organic matter quickly buried in sediments is material condition for the formation of gas hydrate;more coarse sediments,consequently more porosity and more content of porous aquifer supply plentiful space for the cementation of gas hydrate.Gas in hydrate is subjected to biogenesis and thermal degradation of organic matter,so that more content of biomass and higher heat flow are favorable for the formation of gas hydrate. Two kinds of marks are commonly used for distingushing gas hydrate. In seabed sediments,one is geophysical mark,i.e.blank reflection and simulated seafloor reflector (BSR) which is caused by the different acoustic wave velocity between hydrate zone and underneath sediments and parallel to seafloor and oblique to bedding.In contrast to seafloor reflection,simulated seafloor reflector has reversed polarity.The other is geochemical mark,i.e.positive CH 4,H 2S and CO 2 gas geochemical anomalous,as well as negative saltness or chlorinity anomalous should be present due to the decomposition of gas hydrate in the log profile. The western lower slope of Mid Okinawa Trough possesses good geological setting and conditions for the formation of gas hydrate.First of all,the water depth is more than 1 000 meters, which is suitable to the formation of gas hydrate from the temperature perssure point of view.Secondly,sedimentss almost silty mud and muddy silt which may supply plentiful cemented space for gas hydrate.Thirdly,the content of organic matter in sediment is much higher than adjacent area,the sedimentation rate is also higher(10～40 cm·ka),causing the abundant organic matter buried quickly,so that the gas source is stored for the formation of gas hydeate.The last is that the values of heat flow change from 70 to 437 mw/m 2,much higher than the other area,supplying plentiful heat for thermal degradation of organic matter.A channel seismic reflection profile(A—A′)at the lower slope margin,with depth from 1 500 to 1 800 meters,shows that a simulated seafloor reflector occurs at depth of 2 250 meters beneath sea floor and gradually disappears up slope,which is parallel to seafloor and oblique to bedding,and also has negative polarity (reversed polarity) in contrast to seafloor reflection.Therefore,we initially deduce that the gas hydrate may occur at the western lower slope of Mid Okinawa Trough.
引文
1 孙成权 .2 1世纪能源与环境的前沿问题—天然气水合物 [J] .地球科学进展 ,1 994,9(6) :49～ 52
2 史斗等著 .国外天然气水合物研究进展 [M ] .兰州 :兰州大学出版社 ,1 992 .1～ 9
3 孟宪伟 ,杜德文 .海洋天然气水合物 :未来的新能源 [A] .98青年海洋论坛—海洋可持续发展论文集 [C] .北京 :海洋出版社 ,1 998,2 1 1～ 2 1 5
4 姚伯初 .南海北部陆缘天然气水合物初探 [J] .海洋地质与第四纪地质 ,1 998,1 8(4) :1 1～ 1 8
5 MaxMD .Oceanicmethanehydrate :A“frontier”gasresource[J] .PetroleumJ.Geology ,1 996 ,1 9(1 ) :41～ 56
6 TucholkeBE .Gas -hydratehorizonsDetectedinseismicprofilerdatafromthewestrnAtlanic[J] .A .G .P .G .Bulletin ,1 997,61 (5) :698～70 7
7 MillerJJ.Ananalysisofaseismicreflectionfromthebaseofagashy dratezone ,offshorePeru[J] .A .A .P .GBulletin ,1 991 ,75(5) :91 0～92 4
8 LeeMW .SeismiccharacterofgashydratesonthesouthesatemU .SContinentalMargin[J] .MarineGeophysicalResearches,1 994,1 6 :1 63～ 1 84
9 KatzmanR .Combinedvertical -incidenceandwide -angleseismicstudyofgashydratezonre ,Blakeridge[J] .J.G .R .,1 994,99(B9) :1 7975～ 1 7995
1 0 ShipLeyTH .SeismicevidenceforwidespreadpossiblegashydratehorizonsoncontinetalslopesandRises[J] .A .A .P .G .Bulletin ,1 979,63(1 2 ) :2 2 0 4～ 2 2 1 3
1 1 HolbrookWS .MethanehydrateandfreegasontheBlakeRidgefromverticalseismicprofiling[J] .Science,1 996 ,2 73 :1 840～ 1 842
1 2 WoodWT .Quantitivedetectionofmetanehydatethroughhigh -res olutionseismicvelocityanalysis[J] .J.G .R .,1 994,99(B5) :9681～ 9695
1 3 DickersGR .Directmeasurementofinsitumethanequantitiesinalargegas-hydratereservoir[J] .Nature ,1 997,385 :42 6～ 42 8
1 4 李培英等 .冲绳海槽年代地层与沉积速率 [J] .中国科学D辑 ,1 999,2 9(1 ) :50～ 55
1 5 千叶仁等 .冲绳トラフ南奄西海工エの海底热水活动 :热水の地球化学特征 ,第 9回しんかいシンボジウム报告书 [R] .1 993 .2 71～2 82
1 6 DamnV .Chemistryofsubmarinehydrothermalsolutionat 2 2 1°N ,EastpacificRise[J] .GeochimicaetCosmochimicaActa,1 985a ,49:2 1 97～ 2 2 2 0
1 7 GamoSHT .Uniquechemistryofthehydrothemalsolutioninthemid-okinawaTroughbackarcbasin [J] .GeophysicsResearchLetter,1 990 ,1 7:2 1 33～ 1 1 36
1 8 DamnV .ChemistryofsubmarinehydrothermalsolutionatGuaymasBasin,GulfofCalifornia [J] .GeochimicaetCosmochimicaActa ,1 985b ,49:2 2 2 1～ 2 2 37
1 9 BowersTS .chemicalcontrolsonthecompositionofventfluidsat 1 3 1 1°N ,EastpacificRise[J] .JGeophysicalResearch ,1 988,93 :452 2～4 52 6
2 0 DamnV .CgrbistryofhydrothermalaolutionsformthesouthenJuandeFucaRidge[J] .J .GeophysicalResearch ,1 987,92 :334～ 346
2 1 小圾丈予等 .鹿岛湾北部の海底喷气 ス成分の变化と灿活动の推移 ,第 8回报告书 [J] .1 992 ,75～ 80
2 2 GamaTH .etalHighalkalinityduetosulfatereductionintheCLAMhydrothermalfied ,OkinawaTrough[J] .EarthandPlanetaryScienceLetter,1 990 ,1 0 7(2 ) :32 8～ 338
2 3 赵其渊 .海洋地球化学 [M] .北京 :地质出版社 ,1 989.6～ 1 0
2 4 Bischoff.Sea flourmassivesufidedeppositsfrom 2 1°N ,EastPacificRise,JUanFucaRidge;andGalapagosRift;bulkchenicalcompositionandeconomicipplication[J] .EcononmicGeology,1 983 ,78:1 71 1～1 72 0
2 5 GornitzV .Potentialdistributionofmethanehydrateintheworldocean[J] .GlobalBiogeochenicadCycles ,1 994,8(3) :335～ 346
2 史斗等著 .国外天然气水合物研究进展 [M ] .兰州 :兰州大学出版社 ,1 992 .1～ 9
3 孟宪伟 ,杜德文 .海洋天然气水合物 :未来的新能源 [A] .98青年海洋论坛—海洋可持续发展论文集 [C] .北京 :海洋出版社 ,1 998,2 1 1～ 2 1 5
4 姚伯初 .南海北部陆缘天然气水合物初探 [J] .海洋地质与第四纪地质 ,1 998,1 8(4) :1 1～ 1 8
5 MaxMD .Oceanicmethanehydrate :A“frontier”gasresource[J] .PetroleumJ.Geology ,1 996 ,1 9(1 ) :41～ 56
6 TucholkeBE .Gas -hydratehorizonsDetectedinseismicprofilerdatafromthewestrnAtlanic[J] .A .G .P .G .Bulletin ,1 997,61 (5) :698～70 7
7 MillerJJ.Ananalysisofaseismicreflectionfromthebaseofagashy dratezone ,offshorePeru[J] .A .A .P .GBulletin ,1 991 ,75(5) :91 0～92 4
8 LeeMW .SeismiccharacterofgashydratesonthesouthesatemU .SContinentalMargin[J] .MarineGeophysicalResearches,1 994,1 6 :1 63～ 1 84
9 KatzmanR .Combinedvertical -incidenceandwide -angleseismicstudyofgashydratezonre ,Blakeridge[J] .J.G .R .,1 994,99(B9) :1 7975～ 1 7995
1 0 ShipLeyTH .SeismicevidenceforwidespreadpossiblegashydratehorizonsoncontinetalslopesandRises[J] .A .A .P .G .Bulletin ,1 979,63(1 2 ) :2 2 0 4～ 2 2 1 3
1 1 HolbrookWS .MethanehydrateandfreegasontheBlakeRidgefromverticalseismicprofiling[J] .Science,1 996 ,2 73 :1 840～ 1 842
1 2 WoodWT .Quantitivedetectionofmetanehydatethroughhigh -res olutionseismicvelocityanalysis[J] .J.G .R .,1 994,99(B5) :9681～ 9695
1 3 DickersGR .Directmeasurementofinsitumethanequantitiesinalargegas-hydratereservoir[J] .Nature ,1 997,385 :42 6～ 42 8
1 4 李培英等 .冲绳海槽年代地层与沉积速率 [J] .中国科学D辑 ,1 999,2 9(1 ) :50～ 55
1 5 千叶仁等 .冲绳トラフ南奄西海工エの海底热水活动 :热水の地球化学特征 ,第 9回しんかいシンボジウム报告书 [R] .1 993 .2 71～2 82
1 6 DamnV .Chemistryofsubmarinehydrothermalsolutionat 2 2 1°N ,EastpacificRise[J] .GeochimicaetCosmochimicaActa,1 985a ,49:2 1 97～ 2 2 2 0
1 7 GamoSHT .Uniquechemistryofthehydrothemalsolutioninthemid-okinawaTroughbackarcbasin [J] .GeophysicsResearchLetter,1 990 ,1 7:2 1 33～ 1 1 36
1 8 DamnV .ChemistryofsubmarinehydrothermalsolutionatGuaymasBasin,GulfofCalifornia [J] .GeochimicaetCosmochimicaActa ,1 985b ,49:2 2 2 1～ 2 2 37
1 9 BowersTS .chemicalcontrolsonthecompositionofventfluidsat 1 3 1 1°N ,EastpacificRise[J] .JGeophysicalResearch ,1 988,93 :452 2～4 52 6
2 0 DamnV .CgrbistryofhydrothermalaolutionsformthesouthenJuandeFucaRidge[J] .J .GeophysicalResearch ,1 987,92 :334～ 346
2 1 小圾丈予等 .鹿岛湾北部の海底喷气 ス成分の变化と灿活动の推移 ,第 8回报告书 [J] .1 992 ,75～ 80
2 2 GamaTH .etalHighalkalinityduetosulfatereductionintheCLAMhydrothermalfied ,OkinawaTrough[J] .EarthandPlanetaryScienceLetter,1 990 ,1 0 7(2 ) :32 8～ 338
2 3 赵其渊 .海洋地球化学 [M] .北京 :地质出版社 ,1 989.6～ 1 0
2 4 Bischoff.Sea flourmassivesufidedeppositsfrom 2 1°N ,EastPacificRise,JUanFucaRidge;andGalapagosRift;bulkchenicalcompositionandeconomicipplication[J] .EcononmicGeology,1 983 ,78:1 71 1～1 72 0
2 5 GornitzV .Potentialdistributionofmethanehydrateintheworldocean[J] .GlobalBiogeochenicadCycles ,1 994,8(3) :335～ 346
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心