墨西哥下加利福尼亚M_W 7.2地震前后CO遥感地球化学异常
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摘要
利用AIRS产品数据提取了2010年4月4日墨西哥下加利福尼亚MW7.2地震前后震中及其附近CO总量和CO体积混合比随时间变化的信息,讨论了CO气体地球化学变化与地震活动的关系。数据表明,下加利福尼亚地震前约一个月CO总量升高,高出前两年同期平均值2～4×1017 mole/cm2,在地震发生前后CO总量和近地表CO体积混合比有波动现象,且8日平均数据的标准偏差增大,约为非地震时段的2倍。该现象应该归因于地震孕育发生过程中地应力作用使岩石圈脱气增强、大气电磁和化学反应引起的CO含量的增加。研究结果表明利用卫星高光谱遥感数据提取与地震有关的CO气体地球化学信息,对地震监测预报有重要意义。
The variations of CO total column and the CO volume mixing ratio over time in epicenter and vicinity area of Baja California MW 7.2 earthquake(April 4th 2010,Mexico) were extracted from AIRS database;the geochemical variations of CO and earthquake activities were carefully correlated.The extracted data showed that CO total column,one month before the earthquake,increased and was higher than the corresponding mean values(2～4×1017 mole/cm2) of 2008～2009;CO total column and CO volume mixing ratio(near-surface) fluctuated and the standard deviations of 8-day average before and after the earthquake increased to as high as about 2 times of the non-seismic period.These phenomena were attributed to increasing gas leakage from the lithosphere,a result of the earthquake related stress and increasing photo-chemical reactions in the atmosphere,a result of variation of atmospheric electromagnetism related to the earthquake.The results indicate that geochemical information of CO obtained by satellite hyperspectral remote sensing can be connected with earthquake,indicating potential application in monitoring and forecasting earthquake.
The variations of CO total column and the CO volume mixing ratio over time in epicenter and vicinity area of Baja California MW 7.2 earthquake(April 4th 2010,Mexico) were extracted from AIRS database;the geochemical variations of CO and earthquake activities were carefully correlated.The extracted data showed that CO total column,one month before the earthquake,increased and was higher than the corresponding mean values(2～4×1017 mole/cm2) of 2008～2009;CO total column and CO volume mixing ratio(near-surface) fluctuated and the standard deviations of 8-day average before and after the earthquake increased to as high as about 2 times of the non-seismic period.These phenomena were attributed to increasing gas leakage from the lithosphere,a result of the earthquake related stress and increasing photo-chemical reactions in the atmosphere,a result of variation of atmospheric electromagnetism related to the earthquake.The results indicate that geochemical information of CO obtained by satellite hyperspectral remote sensing can be connected with earthquake,indicating potential application in monitoring and forecasting earthquake.
引文
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[15]Pulinets S,Dunajecka M.Specific variations of air tempera-ture and relative humidity around the time of Michoacanearthquake M 8.1Sept.19,1985as a possible indicator of in-teraction between tectonic plates[J].Tectonophysics,2007,431(1-4):221-230.
[16]Dey S,Sarkar S,Singh R P.Anomalous changes in columnwater vapor after Gujarat earthquake[J].Advances in SpaceResearch,2004,33(3):274-278.
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[18]Tronin A A,Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A.Thermal IRsatellite data application for earthquake research in Japan andChina[J].Geodynamics,2002,33:519-534.
[19]Fialko Y.Interseismic strain accumulation and the earth-quake potential on the southern San Andreas fault system[J].Nature,2006,441:968-971.
[20]Susskind J,Barnet C D,Blaisdell J M.Retrieval of atmos-pheric and surface parameters from AIRS/AMSU/HSB datain the presence of clouds[J].IEEE Transaction GeoscienceRemote Sensing,2003,41:390-409.
[21]Aumann H H,Chahine M T,Gautier C,Goldberg M D,Kalnay E,Mcmillin L M,Revercomb H,Rosenkranz P W,Smith W L,Staelin D H,Strow L L,Susskind J.AIRS/AMSU/HSB on the Aqua mission:Design,science objec-tives,data products and processing system[J].IEEE Trans-actions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2003,41:253-264.
[22]Strow L,Hannon S,Machado S,Motteler H,Tobin D.Anoverview of the AIRS radiative transfer model[J].IEEETransaction Geoscience Remote Sensing,2003,41,303-313.
[23]Fishman J,Solomon S,Crutzen P J.Observational and theo-retical evidence in support of a significant in-situ photochemi-cal source of tropospheric ozone[J].Tellus,1979,31:432-446.
[24]Weinstock B,Niki H.Carbon Monoxide Balance in Nature[J].Science,1972,176(32):290-292.
[25]Pandow M,MacKay C,Wolfgang R.The reaction of atomiccarbon with oxygen:Significance for the natural radio-carboncycle[J].Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry,1960,14(3-4):153-158.
[26]郑乐平.温室气体CO2的另一源——地球内部[J].环境科学研究,1998,11(2):21-24.Zheng Leping.Another source of greenhouse gas CO2:Theearth’s interior[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,1998,11(2):21-24.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]丁鉴海,申旭辉,潘威炎,张晶,余素荣,李纲,关华平.地震电磁前兆研究进展[J].电波科学学报,2006,21(5):791-801.Ding Jianhai,Shen Xuhui,Pan Weiyan,Zhang Jing,YuSuyong,Li Gang,Guan Huaping.Seismo-electromagnetismprecursor research progress[J].Chinese Journal of RadioScience,2006,21(5):791-801.(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
[28]张学民,刘静,钱家栋,申旭辉,蔡晋安,欧阳新艳,赵庶凡.西藏改则6.9级地震前的电离层电磁扰动[J].地震,2008,28(3):14-22.Zhang Xuemin,Liu Jing,Qian Jiadong,Shen Xuhui,Cai Ji-nan,Ouyang Xinyan,Zhao Shufan.Ionospheric electromag-netic disturbance before Gaize earthquake with MS 6.9,Ti-bet[J].Earthquake,2008,28(3):14-22.(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
[2]Du J,Si X,Chen Y,Fu H,Jian C,Guo W.Geochemicalanomalies connected with great earthquakes in China[A].óStefánsson.Geochemistry research advances[M].NewYork:Nova Science Publishers,Inc.,2008,57-92.
[3]Walia V,Yang T F,Hong W L,Lin S J,Fu C C,Wen K L,Chen C H.Geochemical variation of soil-gas composition forfault trace and earthquake precursory studies along the Hsin-cheng fault in NW Taiwan[J].Applied Radiation and Iso-topes,2009,67:1855-1863.
[4]Zhou X,Du J,Chen Z,Cheng J,Tang Y,Yang L,Xie C,Cui Y,Liu L,Yi L,Yang P,Li Y.Geochemistry of soil gasin the seismic fault zone produced by the Wenchuan Ms 8.0earthquake,southwestern China[J].Geochemical Transac-tions,2010,11(5),doi:10.1186/1467-4866-11-5.
[5]Rothman L S,Gordon I E,Barbe A,ChrisBenner D,BernathP F,Birk M,Boudon V,Brown L R,Campargue A,Champi-on J P,Chance K,Coudert L H,Dana V,Devi V M,Fally S,Flaud J M,Gamache R R,Goldman A,Jacquemart D,Klein-er I,Lacome N,Lafferty W J,Mandin J Y,Massie S T,Mikhailenko S N,Miller C E,Moazzen A N,Naumenko O V,Nikitin A V,Orphal J,Perevalov V I,Perrin A,Predoi C A,Rinsland C P,Rotger M,ime kováM,Smith M A H,SungK,Tashkun S A,Tennyson J,Toth R A,Vandaele A C,Vander A J.The HITRAN 2008molecular spectroscopic data-base[J].Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy RadiativeTransfer,2009,110:533-572.
[6]Gottwald M,Bovensmann H,Lichtenberg G,Noel S,VonBargen A,Slijkhuis S,Piter A,Hoogeveen R,Von SavignyC,Buchwitz M,Kokhanovsky A,Richter A,Rozanov A,Holzer P T,Bramstedt K,Lambert J C,Skupin J,WittrockF,Schrijver H,Burrows J P.SCIAMACHY,Monitoring theChanging Earth’s Atmosphere[M].German:DLR ElectronicLibrary,2006.
[7]康春丽,陈正位,陈立泽,田勤俭,刘德富.昆仑山口西8.1级地震的卫星热红外前兆特征分析[J].西北地震学报,2003,25(1):12-15.Kang Chunli,Chen Zhengwei,Chen Lize,Tian Qinjian,LiuDefu.Analysis on the satellite infrared anomaly feature beforewest to Kunlun mountain pass M8.1Earthquake[J].North-western Seismological Journal,2003,25(1):12-15.(in Chi-nese with English abstract)
[8]傅碧宏,丑晓伟.塔里木盆地东南缘石油遥感地质的综合分析与评价[J].新疆石油地质,1997,18(2):108-113.Fu Bihong,Chou Xiaowei.Evaluation and comprehensive a-nalysis of remote sensing for petroleum geology in the South-eastern part of Tarim Basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,1997,18(2):108-113.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]McMillan W W,Barnet C,Strow L,Chahine M,Warner J,崔月菊等/墨西哥下加利福尼亚MW7.2地震前后CO遥感地球化学异常McCourt M,Novelli P,Korontzi S,Maddy E,Datta S.Dailyglobal maps of carbon monoxide from NASA’s AtmosphericInfrared Sounder[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32,L11801,doi:10.1029/2004GL021821.
[10]Frankenberg C,Platt U,Wagner T.Retrieval of CO fromSCIAMACHY onboard ENVISAT:detection of stronglypolluted areas and seasonal patterns in global CO abundances[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions,2004,4:8425-8438.
[11]Loyola D,van Geffen J,Valks P,Erbertseder T,Van R M,Thomas W,Zimmer W,Wiβkirchen K.Satellite-based detec-tion of volcanic sulphur dioxide from recent eruptions in Cen-tral and South America[J].Advances in Geosciences,2008,14:35-40.
[12]姚清林,强祖基,王弋平.青藏高原地震前CO的排放与卫星热红外增温异常[J].地球科学进展.2005,20(5):505-510.Yao Qinglin,Qiang Zuji,Wang Yiping.CO release from theTibetan plateau before earthquake and increasing temperatureanomaly showing in thermal infrared images of satellite[J].Advances in Earth Science,2005,20(5):505-510.(in Chi-nese with English abstract)
[13]Singh R P,Kumar S J,Zlotnicki J,Kafatos M K.Satellitedetection of Carbon monoxide emission prior to the Gujaratearthquake of 26January 2001[J].Applied Geochemistry,2010,25:580-585.
[14]郭广猛,曹云刚,龚建明.使用MODIS和MOPITT卫星数据监测震前异常[J].地球科学进展,2006,2(7):695-698.Guo Guangmeng,Cao Yungang,Gong Jianming.Monitoringanomaly before earthquake with MODIS and MOPITT data[J].Advances in Earth Science,2006,2(7):695-698.(inChinese with English abstract)
[15]Pulinets S,Dunajecka M.Specific variations of air tempera-ture and relative humidity around the time of Michoacanearthquake M 8.1Sept.19,1985as a possible indicator of in-teraction between tectonic plates[J].Tectonophysics,2007,431(1-4):221-230.
[16]Dey S,Sarkar S,Singh R P.Anomalous changes in columnwater vapor after Gujarat earthquake[J].Advances in SpaceResearch,2004,33(3):274-278.
[17]崔丽华.汶川地震前的遥感信息异常及其机理研究[D].唐山:河北理工大学,2009.Cui Lihua.Study on anomaly of remote sensing informationand mechanism before the Wenchuan earthquake[D].Tang-shan:Hebei Polytechnic University,2009.(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
[18]Tronin A A,Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A.Thermal IRsatellite data application for earthquake research in Japan andChina[J].Geodynamics,2002,33:519-534.
[19]Fialko Y.Interseismic strain accumulation and the earth-quake potential on the southern San Andreas fault system[J].Nature,2006,441:968-971.
[20]Susskind J,Barnet C D,Blaisdell J M.Retrieval of atmos-pheric and surface parameters from AIRS/AMSU/HSB datain the presence of clouds[J].IEEE Transaction GeoscienceRemote Sensing,2003,41:390-409.
[21]Aumann H H,Chahine M T,Gautier C,Goldberg M D,Kalnay E,Mcmillin L M,Revercomb H,Rosenkranz P W,Smith W L,Staelin D H,Strow L L,Susskind J.AIRS/AMSU/HSB on the Aqua mission:Design,science objec-tives,data products and processing system[J].IEEE Trans-actions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2003,41:253-264.
[22]Strow L,Hannon S,Machado S,Motteler H,Tobin D.Anoverview of the AIRS radiative transfer model[J].IEEETransaction Geoscience Remote Sensing,2003,41,303-313.
[23]Fishman J,Solomon S,Crutzen P J.Observational and theo-retical evidence in support of a significant in-situ photochemi-cal source of tropospheric ozone[J].Tellus,1979,31:432-446.
[24]Weinstock B,Niki H.Carbon Monoxide Balance in Nature[J].Science,1972,176(32):290-292.
[25]Pandow M,MacKay C,Wolfgang R.The reaction of atomiccarbon with oxygen:Significance for the natural radio-carboncycle[J].Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry,1960,14(3-4):153-158.
[26]郑乐平.温室气体CO2的另一源——地球内部[J].环境科学研究,1998,11(2):21-24.Zheng Leping.Another source of greenhouse gas CO2:Theearth’s interior[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,1998,11(2):21-24.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]丁鉴海,申旭辉,潘威炎,张晶,余素荣,李纲,关华平.地震电磁前兆研究进展[J].电波科学学报,2006,21(5):791-801.Ding Jianhai,Shen Xuhui,Pan Weiyan,Zhang Jing,YuSuyong,Li Gang,Guan Huaping.Seismo-electromagnetismprecursor research progress[J].Chinese Journal of RadioScience,2006,21(5):791-801.(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
[28]张学民,刘静,钱家栋,申旭辉,蔡晋安,欧阳新艳,赵庶凡.西藏改则6.9级地震前的电离层电磁扰动[J].地震,2008,28(3):14-22.Zhang Xuemin,Liu Jing,Qian Jiadong,Shen Xuhui,Cai Ji-nan,Ouyang Xinyan,Zhao Shufan.Ionospheric electromag-netic disturbance before Gaize earthquake with MS 6.9,Ti-bet[J].Earthquake,2008,28(3):14-22.(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
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