由精密控制人工震源观测到的绵竹5.6级地震前后波速变化
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摘要
地震危险区断层的应力状态变化及其精确测量一直是地球物理学关注的热点问题之一,主动震源探测技术的发展为解决上述问题带来了可能.汶川大地震后,结合汶川地震断裂带科学钻探,在四川省绵竹市九龙镇——跨越龙门山断裂带前山断裂,利用10 t精密控制人工震源进行了连续监测试验,在试验观测期间的2009年6月30日凌晨2时3分,当地发生了M_s 5.6级地震,地震前后观测数据的对比分析表明,该地震发生前后,穿过断裂带的直达S波走时发生了时延为5～9 ms的微弱变化,射线路径上的平均波速相对下降了约0.3%,该时延主要是由地震同震效应引起的断裂带内应力调整和物性变化造成的.所使用的精密控制人工震源性能稳定,适于开展断层监测.这一结果对于发展断裂带主动震源动态监测技术具有重要意义.
The stress status change and its exact measurement of the fault zone has been a hotspot in geophysics.After the Wenchuan earthquake,we carry out continuous monitoring across the range-front fault of the Longmenshan fault zone,using a 10-ton precisely controlled active source.An M_s5.6 earthquake happened at 02:03 in the morning of June 30th 2009 near the experimental site,and the direct S wave velocity across the fault zone occurred a slight change by comparative analysis of data before and after the earthquake.Time delay is up to 5～9 ms,the S wave velocity decreased ～0.3%.The time delay was mainly caused by the stress change within the fault zone due to the earthquake.
The stress status change and its exact measurement of the fault zone has been a hotspot in geophysics.After the Wenchuan earthquake,we carry out continuous monitoring across the range-front fault of the Longmenshan fault zone,using a 10-ton precisely controlled active source.An M_s5.6 earthquake happened at 02:03 in the morning of June 30th 2009 near the experimental site,and the direct S wave velocity across the fault zone occurred a slight change by comparative analysis of data before and after the earthquake.Time delay is up to 5～9 ms,the S wave velocity decreased ～0.3%.The time delay was mainly caused by the stress change within the fault zone due to the earthquake.
引文
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[22] Walker,Trahey G.A fundamental limit on delay estimation using partially correlated speckle signals.Ultrasonics,Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control,IEEE Transactions ,1995,42(2) :301～308
[23] Li Y G,Vidale J E,Aki K,et al.Evidence of shallow fault zone strengthening after the 1992 Ml.5 Landers California earthquake.Science,1998,279:217 ～ 219
[24] Li Y G,Vidale J E,Day S M,et al.Postseismic fault healing on the 1999 Ml.1 Hector Mine,California earthquake.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2003,93:854 ～ 869
[25] Aggarwal Y P,Sykes L R,Simpson D W,et al.Spatial and temporal variations in t_s/t_p and P wave residuals at Blue Mountion Lake,New York:Application to earthquake prediction.J.Geophys.Res.,1973,80:718 ～ 732
[26] Birch F.The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilobars,part 1． J.Geophys.Res.,1960,65:1083 ～ 1102
[27] Birch F.The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilobars,part 2． J.Geophys.Res.,1961,66:2199 ～ 2224
[28] Karageorgi E,Clymer R,McEvilly T V.Seismological studies at Parkfield.II.Search for temporal variations in wave propagation using Vibroseis.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1992,82:1388-1415
[29] Korneev V A,McEvilly T V,Karageorgi E D.Seismological studies at parkfield VIII:modeling the observed controlled source waveform changes.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2000,90:702 ～ 708
[30] Kanamori H,Fuis G.Variation of P wave velocity before and after the Galway Lake earthquake (M_L=5． 2) and the Goat Mountain earthquakes (M_L= 4． 7) ,1975,in the Mojave desert,California.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1976,66:2027 ～ 2037
[31] 陈颙,王宝善,葛洪魁.建立地震发射台的建议.地球科学进展,2007,22(5) :441～446 Chen Y,Wang B S,Ge H K.Proposed of transmitted seismic stations.Advances in Earth Science (in Chinese),2007,22(5) :441 ～ 446
[32] 黄伟传,葛洪魁,杨微等.汶川地震断裂带东北端浅部结构的人工地震探测.地球物理学报,2009,52(2) :547～552 Huang W C,Ge H K,Yang W,et al.Survey of the shallowstructure on the northeast and of Wenchuan earthquake fault zone by artificial seismic.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese) ,2009,52(2) :547～552
[2] Keiiti Aki.Asperities barriers characteristic earthquakes and strong motion prediction.J.Geophys.Res.,1984,89:5867 ～ 5872
[3] Rice J R.Fault stress states,pore pressure distributions,and the weakness of the San Andreas fault.In:Evans B,Wong T-F eds.Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties of Rocks,Number 475 ～ 503． Academic,San Diego,Calif.,1992
[4] Scholz C H.Microfracturing and the inelastic deformation of rock in compression.J.Geophys.Res.,1968,73:1417 ～ 1432
[5] Scholz C H.The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting.New York:Cambridge Univ.Press,2002
[6] Fenglin Niu,Paul G Silver,Thomas M Daley,et al.Preseismic velocity changes observed from active source monitoring at the Parkfield SAFOD drill site.Nature,2008,454,doi:10． 1038/nature07111
[7] Wang B S,Zhu P,Chen Y,et al.Continuous in-situ measurement of stress-induced travel time variation with coda interferometry.Eos Trans.AGU,87(52) ,Fall Meet.Suppl.,Abstract S44B-04,2006
[8] Wang B S,Zhu P,Chen Y,et al.Continuous subsurface velocity measurement with coda wave interferometry.J. Geophys.Res.,2008,113,B12313,doi:10． 1029/ 2007JB005023
[9] Reasenberg P,Aki K.A precise,continuous measurement of seismic velocity for monitoring in situ stress.J.Geophys.Res.,1974,79:399 ～ 406
[10] Ikuta R,Yamaoka K.Temporal variation in the shear wave anisotropy detected using the Accurately Controlled Routinely Operated Signal System.J.Geophys.Res.,2004,109,B09305,doi:10． 1029/2003JB002901
[11] 廖成旺,庄灿涛,梁鸿森.精密控制常时震源系统(精密控制)的初步试验.中国地震,2003,19(1) :89～96 Liao C W,Zhuang C T,Liang H S.Initial experimental result of Accurately Controlled Routinel Operated Signal System.Earthquake Research in China (in Chinese),2003,19(1) :89 ～ 96
[12] 王洪体,庄灿涛,薛 兵等.精密主动震源监测.地球物理学报,2009,52(7) :1808～1815 Wang H T,Zhuang C T,Xue B,et al.Precisely and actively seismic monitoring.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese) ,2009 ,52(7) :1808-1815
[13] 林建民,王宝善,葛洪魁等.大容量气枪震源特征及深部介质中传播的震相分析.地球物理学报,2008,51(1) :206～212 Lin J M,Wang B S,Ge H K,et al.Study on large volume airgun source characteristics and seismic phase analysis.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese) ,2008,51(1) :206 ～ 212
[14] Katherine F Brittle,Laurence R Lines,Ayon K Dey.Vibroseis deconvolution:a synthetic comparison of cross correlation and frequency domain sweep deconvolution.CREWES Research Report,2000． 12
[15] Katherine F Brittle,Laurence R Lines,Ayon K Dey.Vibroseis deconvolution:a synthetic comparison of cross correlation and frequency domain sweep deconvolution.Geophysical Prospecting ,2001,49:675 ～ 686
[16] Wang Z,Yoshio Fukao,Shunping Pei.Structural control of rupturing of the M_w7． 9 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake,China.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2009,279:131 ～ 138
[17] Cespedes I,Huang Y,Ophir J.Methods for estimation of subsample time delays of digitized echo signals.Ultrasonic Imaging,1995,17:142 ～ 171
[18] 王伟涛,王宝善,葛洪魁等.利用主动震源检测汶川地震余震引起的浅层波速变化.中国地震,2009,25(3) :225～233 Wang W T,Wang B S,Ge H K,et al.Using active source to monitor velocity variation in shallow sediment caused by Wenchuan earthquake.Earthquake Research in China (in Chinese),2009,25(3) :225 ～ 233
[19] Paul G Silver,Thomas M Daley,FengLin Niu,et al.Active source monitoring of cross-well seismic travel time for stress-induced changes.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2007,97(1B):281 ～ 293
[20] Yamamura K,Sano O,Utada H,et al.Long-term observation of in situ seismic velocity and attenuation.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108,10． 1029/2002JB002005
[21] Carter G.Coherence and time delay estimation.Proceedings of the IEEE,1987,75 :236 ～ 255
[22] Walker,Trahey G.A fundamental limit on delay estimation using partially correlated speckle signals.Ultrasonics,Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control,IEEE Transactions ,1995,42(2) :301～308
[23] Li Y G,Vidale J E,Aki K,et al.Evidence of shallow fault zone strengthening after the 1992 Ml.5 Landers California earthquake.Science,1998,279:217 ～ 219
[24] Li Y G,Vidale J E,Day S M,et al.Postseismic fault healing on the 1999 Ml.1 Hector Mine,California earthquake.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2003,93:854 ～ 869
[25] Aggarwal Y P,Sykes L R,Simpson D W,et al.Spatial and temporal variations in t_s/t_p and P wave residuals at Blue Mountion Lake,New York:Application to earthquake prediction.J.Geophys.Res.,1973,80:718 ～ 732
[26] Birch F.The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilobars,part 1． J.Geophys.Res.,1960,65:1083 ～ 1102
[27] Birch F.The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilobars,part 2． J.Geophys.Res.,1961,66:2199 ～ 2224
[28] Karageorgi E,Clymer R,McEvilly T V.Seismological studies at Parkfield.II.Search for temporal variations in wave propagation using Vibroseis.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1992,82:1388-1415
[29] Korneev V A,McEvilly T V,Karageorgi E D.Seismological studies at parkfield VIII:modeling the observed controlled source waveform changes.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2000,90:702 ～ 708
[30] Kanamori H,Fuis G.Variation of P wave velocity before and after the Galway Lake earthquake (M_L=5． 2) and the Goat Mountain earthquakes (M_L= 4． 7) ,1975,in the Mojave desert,California.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1976,66:2027 ～ 2037
[31] 陈颙,王宝善,葛洪魁.建立地震发射台的建议.地球科学进展,2007,22(5) :441～446 Chen Y,Wang B S,Ge H K.Proposed of transmitted seismic stations.Advances in Earth Science (in Chinese),2007,22(5) :441 ～ 446
[32] 黄伟传,葛洪魁,杨微等.汶川地震断裂带东北端浅部结构的人工地震探测.地球物理学报,2009,52(2) :547～552 Huang W C,Ge H K,Yang W,et al.Survey of the shallowstructure on the northeast and of Wenchuan earthquake fault zone by artificial seismic.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese) ,2009,52(2) :547～552
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