火山灾害与监测
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摘要
世界各地几乎都有火山分布，平均每年约有５０次喷发。火山喷发在给人类创造财富的同时也带来许多灾害。火山灾害取决于火山喷发的类型、性质、规模和所处的地点等因素。火山喷发动力作用引起冲击波、地震、海啸、滑坡、泥石流等灾害，火山喷出的气体、灰烬、碎屑流和熔岩流等也会造成很大灾害。由于火山造成的灾害严重又来得突然，因此必须采取有效的防范措施，认真监测以掌握火山活动的脉搏。火山监测工作主要有两方面，一是基础地质调查，二是火山活动指标的监视和测量。在中国，具有潜在危险的火山主要分布在长白山、五大连池、台湾、雷琼、腾冲以及西昆仑阿什库勒等地，其中潜在危险最大的是长白山火山。
olcanoes are common in the earth. At present, there are more than 1 500 activevolcanoes in the world. There are about 50 eruptions every year. Volcanic eruptions can emit a lot of lava, tephra, and gases. It presents not only a lot of wealthy butalso a lot of hazards to human. Many environmental problems, including greenhouseeffect, ozone hole, acid rain and E1 Nino, are relative to volcanic eruption. Volcanichazards are listed as main natural hazards by Union of Nations. More and moreattention is played on volcanic hazard monitoring and prevention. It is very necessaryto know the types and features of volcanic hazards and to look for effective ways tomonitor.Styles, features, scales and places of volcanic eruption determine the types ofvolcanic hazards. There are two main types of volcanic hazards . One is caused bydynamics of eruption, including landslide, mudflow, volcanic earthquake, Tsunamis.The other is caused by products of volcanic eruption, which include volcanicPyroclastic flow, lave flow, volcanic gases and aerosols, volcanic ash / tephra anderuption cloud. They not only destroy trees, animals, building, roads, bridges, butalso endanger human's life. Furthermore, some volcanic eruptions can affect globalclimate.Because of abrupt happens and serious damages, we must adopt prompt andeffective steps to monitor and defense volcanic hazards. The most important step is toknow well regulation or cycle of volcanic activity. In order to grasp the pulses ofvolcanic activity, it is very necessary to monitor carefully. The work of volcanicmonitoring is consisting of two aspects. The first is basic geology survey, whichinclude geological setting of volcano, the feature of petrology, geochemistry andgeophysics, crust deformation measurement, history and cycle of volcanic eruption.The other is to monitor index of volcanic activity, such as earthquake anomaly,geochemistry anomaly, geothermal anomaly.Despite scare recent volcanic eruption in China, there were many volcanicactivities in China according to distribution and geological, geochemistry features ofvolcanoes. Volcanoes in China are distributed on circle-Pacific and Qinghai-XizangPlateau, where has strong new tectonic activities. The possibility and dangers ofre-eruption still exists. According to acquired data, the potential dangerous volcanoesin China are mainly distributed in Changbai Mountain, Wudalianchi, Taiwan, Leiqiong,Tengchong and Ashikule. In particular, Changbai Mountain volcano is potential themost dangerous.
olcanoes are common in the earth. At present, there are more than 1 500 activevolcanoes in the world. There are about 50 eruptions every year. Volcanic eruptions can emit a lot of lava, tephra, and gases. It presents not only a lot of wealthy butalso a lot of hazards to human. Many environmental problems, including greenhouseeffect, ozone hole, acid rain and E1 Nino, are relative to volcanic eruption. Volcanichazards are listed as main natural hazards by Union of Nations. More and moreattention is played on volcanic hazard monitoring and prevention. It is very necessaryto know the types and features of volcanic hazards and to look for effective ways tomonitor.Styles, features, scales and places of volcanic eruption determine the types ofvolcanic hazards. There are two main types of volcanic hazards . One is caused bydynamics of eruption, including landslide, mudflow, volcanic earthquake, Tsunamis.The other is caused by products of volcanic eruption, which include volcanicPyroclastic flow, lave flow, volcanic gases and aerosols, volcanic ash / tephra anderuption cloud. They not only destroy trees, animals, building, roads, bridges, butalso endanger human's life. Furthermore, some volcanic eruptions can affect globalclimate.Because of abrupt happens and serious damages, we must adopt prompt andeffective steps to monitor and defense volcanic hazards. The most important step is toknow well regulation or cycle of volcanic activity. In order to grasp the pulses ofvolcanic activity, it is very necessary to monitor carefully. The work of volcanicmonitoring is consisting of two aspects. The first is basic geology survey, whichinclude geological setting of volcano, the feature of petrology, geochemistry andgeophysics, crust deformation measurement, history and cycle of volcanic eruption.The other is to monitor index of volcanic activity, such as earthquake anomaly,geochemistry anomaly, geothermal anomaly.Despite scare recent volcanic eruption in China, there were many volcanicactivities in China according to distribution and geological, geochemistry features ofvolcanoes. Volcanoes in China are distributed on circle-Pacific and Qinghai-XizangPlateau, where has strong new tectonic activities. The possibility and dangers ofre-eruption still exists. According to acquired data, the potential dangerous volcanoesin China are mainly distributed in Changbai Mountain, Wudalianchi, Taiwan, Leiqiong,Tengchong and Ashikule. In particular, Changbai Mountain volcano is potential themost dangerous.
引文
1 Ewert J W, Miller C D, Hendley II J W et al. Mobile response team saves lives in volcano crises. U.S.Geological Survey Fact Sheet, 1997, 064-97
2 Charles Frankel. Volcanoes of the Solar System. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 1996. 1~232
3 IAVCEH Workshop on ULAWUN Decade Volcano, Papua New Guinea. Volcanic Cone Collapses andTsunamis : Issues for Emergency Management in the Southwest Pacific Region. Geological Survey of Papua New Guinea, Australian Geological Survey Organisation, 1998. 1 ~ 40
4庄文星.白湾之火山活动与人成岩.台中:自然科学博物馆,1992.1～296
5 Wright T L, Flerson T C Living with volcanoes. U. S. Geological Survey Circular , 1992, (1073): 1~56
6 Tilling R I, Topinka L, Swanson D A. Eruptions of Mount St. Helens: Past, present and future. U S.Geological Survey, 1993, 1 ~ 57
7 Brantley S K Myers B. Mount St. Helens: From the 1980 eruption to 1996. U. S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet, 1997, 070-97
8 李霓.火山灾害综述.见:刘若新主编火山作用与人类环境北京;地震出版社, 1995. 119～123
9 Sutlon J, Elias T, Hendley II J W et al. Volcanic air pollution f A hazard in Hawaii. U. S. GeologicalSurvey Fact Sheet, 1997, 169~97
10 Schneider D J, Rose W I, Kelley L. Tracking of the 1992 eruption clouds from Crater Peak Vent of MountSpurs Volcano, Alaska, using AVHRR. U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1995, 2 139.27~36
11 Heffter J L Volcanic ash model verification using a Klyuchevskoi eruption. Geophysical research Letters,1996, 23(12): 1489~ 1 492
12 Myers B, Brantley S R. Stauffer P H et al. What are volcano hazards? U. S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet,1997, 002~97
13 Global Volcanism Network. Summary of recent volcanic activity. Bulletin Volcanology, 1996, 58: 323~326
14 Sorey M L, Farrar C D, Evans W C et al. Invisible CO2 gas killing trees at Mammoth Montain, CaliforniaU. S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet, 1996, 172~96
15 Decker R, Decker B. Volcano Watching. Hawaii: Hawaii Natural History Association, 1980. 1 ~ 80
16 刘嘉麒,郭正府.火山活动与构造气候旋回.第四纪研究,1998,(3):222～228
17强祖基,赁常恭,赵勇等.瞬时地壳运动与地震短期预报地学前缘,1995,2(1～2):213～225
18 Newhall C, Hendley II J W, Stauffer P H. Benefits of volcano monitoring far outweigh costs: The case of Mount Pinatubo. U. S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet, 1997, 115~97
19刘嘉麒.中国火山北京:科学出版社,1999.1～218
20刘若新,魏海泉,李继泰等.长白山天池火山近代喷发北京;科学出版社,1998.1～159
21张立敏,唐晓旺.西太平洋板块俯冲运动与中国东北深震带.地球物理学报,1983,(4):331～340
2 Charles Frankel. Volcanoes of the Solar System. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 1996. 1~232
3 IAVCEH Workshop on ULAWUN Decade Volcano, Papua New Guinea. Volcanic Cone Collapses andTsunamis : Issues for Emergency Management in the Southwest Pacific Region. Geological Survey of Papua New Guinea, Australian Geological Survey Organisation, 1998. 1 ~ 40
4庄文星.白湾之火山活动与人成岩.台中:自然科学博物馆,1992.1～296
5 Wright T L, Flerson T C Living with volcanoes. U. S. Geological Survey Circular , 1992, (1073): 1~56
6 Tilling R I, Topinka L, Swanson D A. Eruptions of Mount St. Helens: Past, present and future. U S.Geological Survey, 1993, 1 ~ 57
7 Brantley S K Myers B. Mount St. Helens: From the 1980 eruption to 1996. U. S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet, 1997, 070-97
8 李霓.火山灾害综述.见:刘若新主编火山作用与人类环境北京;地震出版社, 1995. 119～123
9 Sutlon J, Elias T, Hendley II J W et al. Volcanic air pollution f A hazard in Hawaii. U. S. GeologicalSurvey Fact Sheet, 1997, 169~97
10 Schneider D J, Rose W I, Kelley L. Tracking of the 1992 eruption clouds from Crater Peak Vent of MountSpurs Volcano, Alaska, using AVHRR. U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1995, 2 139.27~36
11 Heffter J L Volcanic ash model verification using a Klyuchevskoi eruption. Geophysical research Letters,1996, 23(12): 1489~ 1 492
12 Myers B, Brantley S R. Stauffer P H et al. What are volcano hazards? U. S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet,1997, 002~97
13 Global Volcanism Network. Summary of recent volcanic activity. Bulletin Volcanology, 1996, 58: 323~326
14 Sorey M L, Farrar C D, Evans W C et al. Invisible CO2 gas killing trees at Mammoth Montain, CaliforniaU. S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet, 1996, 172~96
15 Decker R, Decker B. Volcano Watching. Hawaii: Hawaii Natural History Association, 1980. 1 ~ 80
16 刘嘉麒,郭正府.火山活动与构造气候旋回.第四纪研究,1998,(3):222～228
17强祖基,赁常恭,赵勇等.瞬时地壳运动与地震短期预报地学前缘,1995,2(1～2):213～225
18 Newhall C, Hendley II J W, Stauffer P H. Benefits of volcano monitoring far outweigh costs: The case of Mount Pinatubo. U. S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet, 1997, 115~97
19刘嘉麒.中国火山北京:科学出版社,1999.1～218
20刘若新,魏海泉,李继泰等.长白山天池火山近代喷发北京;科学出版社,1998.1～159
21张立敏,唐晓旺.西太平洋板块俯冲运动与中国东北深震带.地球物理学报,1983,(4):331～340
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