南水北调西线工程调水区地质灾害问题
摘要
南水北调西线工程地处青藏高原东南部,规划三期工程从长江上游的通天河及其支流雅砻江、大渡河年总调水170×108m3,经输水隧洞穿越江河分水岭巴颜喀拉山入黄河上游,解决黄河上、中游地区严重的水资源短缺问题。本文在对调水区气象气候、水文、地貌、岩性构造等环境背景条件分析研究的基础上,初步论述了西线工程建设中将面临的主要地质灾害问题,如水库诱发地震、库岸再造和岸坡变形、多年冻土和季节冻土、泥石流和严重水土流失、深埋长隧洞的高地温、高地应力岩爆、涌水及碎屑流等。针对这些灾害问题和西线工程目前现状,提出了五点指导性防灾建议。
Located in south-east of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, the Project of Water Division from the South to the North via the Western Course is planned to divert 17 billions m~3 of water from Tongtianhe River, the upper reach of Yangtze River, and its branches Yalongjiang River and Daduhe River, and deliver the water via the tunnels across the watershed ridge of Bayankala Mountain to the upper Yellow River so as to solve the serious shortage of water source in northwestern region of China Which is planed in 3 construction stages and will be finished at the year of 2050, it will become the greatest water division project in the world Based on analyzing the environmental background such as meteorology, hydrology, geomorphology, geology and Neo-tectonics etc., the geologic hazards during construction of the Project in Western Course are discussed in the paper, which are earthquakes triggered by reservoirs, landslides and collapses of bank slope caused by cutting and reservoir water, freezing, thawing and frost-susceptibility of permafrost and seasonal frozen ground, debris flow hazards and serious water and soil erosions, and the high ground temperature, high ground stress and rock explosion, high pressure drained water and fault belt debris flow inner deep-seated long tunnels et al Five mitigation countermeasures are suggested according to surveying, prospecting and study situation of the Project Most of all, some professional studies such as the inter-relationship between different geological hazards and divisional engineering should be carried out for reducing and comprehensively controlling hazards, and promoting coordinate development of human engineering activities and environment
Located in south-east of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, the Project of Water Division from the South to the North via the Western Course is planned to divert 17 billions m~3 of water from Tongtianhe River, the upper reach of Yangtze River, and its branches Yalongjiang River and Daduhe River, and deliver the water via the tunnels across the watershed ridge of Bayankala Mountain to the upper Yellow River so as to solve the serious shortage of water source in northwestern region of China Which is planed in 3 construction stages and will be finished at the year of 2050, it will become the greatest water division project in the world Based on analyzing the environmental background such as meteorology, hydrology, geomorphology, geology and Neo-tectonics etc., the geologic hazards during construction of the Project in Western Course are discussed in the paper, which are earthquakes triggered by reservoirs, landslides and collapses of bank slope caused by cutting and reservoir water, freezing, thawing and frost-susceptibility of permafrost and seasonal frozen ground, debris flow hazards and serious water and soil erosions, and the high ground temperature, high ground stress and rock explosion, high pressure drained water and fault belt debris flow inner deep-seated long tunnels et al Five mitigation countermeasures are suggested according to surveying, prospecting and study situation of the Project Most of all, some professional studies such as the inter-relationship between different geological hazards and divisional engineering should be carried out for reducing and comprehensively controlling hazards, and promoting coordinate development of human engineering activities and environment
引文
[1]People'sDaily[N],Dec 28,2002 [人民日报[N],2002-12-28第一版 ]
[2]LiGuoying EvaluationandCognitionontheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorthviatheWesternCourse[J],People'sYellowRiver 2001,23(10):1～3 [李国英 对南水北调西线工程的认识和评价[J] 人民黄河,2001,23(10):1～3 ]
[3]AnIntroductionontheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorthViatheWesternCourse[A] In:TheProceedingsonEngineeringGeologyStudyoftheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorth [C]Beijing:ChinaConservancyandPowerPress 2002,179～180 [南水北调西线工程简介[A] 见:南水北调工程地质分析研究论文集[C] 北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002,179～180 ]
[4]DaiJiaxi TheQinghai TibetanPlateauClimatology[M] Beijing:MeterologyPress,1990,307～334 [戴加洗 青藏高原气候[M]北京:气象出版社,1990,307～334 ]
[5]GaoZhiding,WangYufeng HydrologicalandMeteorologicalFeaturesoftheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorthviatheWesternCourse[J] People'sYellowRiver 2001,23(10):8～10 [高治定,王玉峰 南水北调西线工程调水地区水文气象特征[J] 人民黄河,2001,23(10):8～10 ]
[6]ChengduInstituteofGeologyandMinerals,ChineseAcademyofGeology GeologicalMapoftheQinghai TibetanPlateauandNeighboredRegions(1∶1500000)[M] Beijing:GeologicalPress 1986[中国地质科学院成都地质矿产研究所 青藏高原及邻区地质图1∶1500000(说明书)[M] 北京:地质出版社,1986 ]
[7]LuXinjing TheMainEngineeringGeologicProblemsontheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorthviatheWesternCourse[A] In:TheProceedingsonEngineeringGeologyStudyoftheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorthviatheWesternCourse[C] Beijing:ChinaConservancyandPowerPress 2002,181～191 [路新景 南水北调西线工程主要工程地质问题综述[A] 见:南水北调工程地质分析研究论文集[C],北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002,181～191 ]
[8]TheYangtzeRiverCommittee StudyonEngineeringGeologyofThreeGorges[M] Wuhan:HubeiSciencesandTechnologyPress,1997,79～126 [长江水利委员会 三峡工程地质研究[M] 武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,1997,79～126 ]
[9]DuRonghuan,LiuXinmin,YuanJianmoetal AStudyonLandslideandDebrisFlowintheReservoirAreaoftheThreeGorgesProject[M] Chengdu:SichuanScienceandTechnologyPress,1990,25～44 [杜榕桓,刘新民,袁建模,等 长江三峡库区滑坡与泥石流研究[M] 成都:四川科学技术出版社,1990,25～44 ]
[10]ChenChengzong,WangShichun TunnelsGeologicDisastersandTheirMitigationCountermeasures[J] JournalofTunnelandUndergroundEngineering,1991,12(3):1～5 [陈成宗,王石春隧道地质灾害与防治对策[J] 隧道及地下工程,1991,12(3):1～5 ]
[11]ShiShouliang,ZhangHui,YangWei EngineeringGeologicHazardsandTheirMitigationonXiejiaWaterDivisionSchemeoftheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorthviatheWesternCourse[A] In:TheProceedingsonEngineeringGeologyStudyoftheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorthviatheWesternCourse[C] Beijing:ChinaConservancyandPowerPress 2002,203～207 [石守亮,张辉,杨伟 南水北调西线工程斜贾调水方案工程地质灾害及防治措施[A] 见:南水北调工程地质分析研究论文集[C],北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002,203～207 ]
[12]ZhangChangqing,ZhuLinnan FrozenGroundandEngineeringintheAreaoftheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorthviatheWesternCourse[J] JournalofGlaciologyandGeocryology 1993,15(1):90～95 [张长庆,朱林楠 中国南水北调西线工程地区的冻土与工程[J] 冰川冻土,1993,15(1):90～95 ]
[13]ChenShutao,ShiShouliang,QinJianpu EnvironmentGeologicProblemsintheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorthviatheWesternCourse[J] People'sYellowRiver1999,21(10):29～30 [陈书涛,石守亮,秦建普 南水北调西线工程环境地质问题分析[J] 人民黄河,1999,21(10):29～30 ]
[14]ShangYuming,DingZixian,TongHaihong AnAnalyzingofInfluencesonEco environmentsoftheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorthviatheWesternCourse[J] People'sYellowRiver,2001,23(10):21～23 [尚宇鸣,丁自鲜,童海鸿 南水北调西线工程生态环境影响分析[J] 人民黄河,2001,23(10):21～23 ]
[15]MaDongtao,ZhaoShangxue,LiAidi AnApproachonDebrisFlowinReservoirAreas[A] In:TheProceedingsofthe4thNationalSymposiumonDebrisFlow[C] Lanzhou:GansuCulturePress,1994,125～131 [马东涛,赵尚学,李爱弟 试论库区泥石流[A] 见:第四届全国泥石流学术讨论会论文集[C] 兰州:甘肃文化出版社,1994,125～131 ]
[16]LiDeji DebrisFlowMitigationTheoriesandPractices[M].Beijing:SciencesPress,1997,3～8 [李德基 泥石流减灾理论与实
[2]LiGuoying EvaluationandCognitionontheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorthviatheWesternCourse[J],People'sYellowRiver 2001,23(10):1～3 [李国英 对南水北调西线工程的认识和评价[J] 人民黄河,2001,23(10):1～3 ]
[3]AnIntroductionontheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorthViatheWesternCourse[A] In:TheProceedingsonEngineeringGeologyStudyoftheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorth [C]Beijing:ChinaConservancyandPowerPress 2002,179～180 [南水北调西线工程简介[A] 见:南水北调工程地质分析研究论文集[C] 北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002,179～180 ]
[4]DaiJiaxi TheQinghai TibetanPlateauClimatology[M] Beijing:MeterologyPress,1990,307～334 [戴加洗 青藏高原气候[M]北京:气象出版社,1990,307～334 ]
[5]GaoZhiding,WangYufeng HydrologicalandMeteorologicalFeaturesoftheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorthviatheWesternCourse[J] People'sYellowRiver 2001,23(10):8～10 [高治定,王玉峰 南水北调西线工程调水地区水文气象特征[J] 人民黄河,2001,23(10):8～10 ]
[6]ChengduInstituteofGeologyandMinerals,ChineseAcademyofGeology GeologicalMapoftheQinghai TibetanPlateauandNeighboredRegions(1∶1500000)[M] Beijing:GeologicalPress 1986[中国地质科学院成都地质矿产研究所 青藏高原及邻区地质图1∶1500000(说明书)[M] 北京:地质出版社,1986 ]
[7]LuXinjing TheMainEngineeringGeologicProblemsontheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorthviatheWesternCourse[A] In:TheProceedingsonEngineeringGeologyStudyoftheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorthviatheWesternCourse[C] Beijing:ChinaConservancyandPowerPress 2002,181～191 [路新景 南水北调西线工程主要工程地质问题综述[A] 见:南水北调工程地质分析研究论文集[C],北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002,181～191 ]
[8]TheYangtzeRiverCommittee StudyonEngineeringGeologyofThreeGorges[M] Wuhan:HubeiSciencesandTechnologyPress,1997,79～126 [长江水利委员会 三峡工程地质研究[M] 武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,1997,79～126 ]
[9]DuRonghuan,LiuXinmin,YuanJianmoetal AStudyonLandslideandDebrisFlowintheReservoirAreaoftheThreeGorgesProject[M] Chengdu:SichuanScienceandTechnologyPress,1990,25～44 [杜榕桓,刘新民,袁建模,等 长江三峡库区滑坡与泥石流研究[M] 成都:四川科学技术出版社,1990,25～44 ]
[10]ChenChengzong,WangShichun TunnelsGeologicDisastersandTheirMitigationCountermeasures[J] JournalofTunnelandUndergroundEngineering,1991,12(3):1～5 [陈成宗,王石春隧道地质灾害与防治对策[J] 隧道及地下工程,1991,12(3):1～5 ]
[11]ShiShouliang,ZhangHui,YangWei EngineeringGeologicHazardsandTheirMitigationonXiejiaWaterDivisionSchemeoftheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorthviatheWesternCourse[A] In:TheProceedingsonEngineeringGeologyStudyoftheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorthviatheWesternCourse[C] Beijing:ChinaConservancyandPowerPress 2002,203～207 [石守亮,张辉,杨伟 南水北调西线工程斜贾调水方案工程地质灾害及防治措施[A] 见:南水北调工程地质分析研究论文集[C],北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002,203～207 ]
[12]ZhangChangqing,ZhuLinnan FrozenGroundandEngineeringintheAreaoftheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorthviatheWesternCourse[J] JournalofGlaciologyandGeocryology 1993,15(1):90～95 [张长庆,朱林楠 中国南水北调西线工程地区的冻土与工程[J] 冰川冻土,1993,15(1):90～95 ]
[13]ChenShutao,ShiShouliang,QinJianpu EnvironmentGeologicProblemsintheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorthviatheWesternCourse[J] People'sYellowRiver1999,21(10):29～30 [陈书涛,石守亮,秦建普 南水北调西线工程环境地质问题分析[J] 人民黄河,1999,21(10):29～30 ]
[14]ShangYuming,DingZixian,TongHaihong AnAnalyzingofInfluencesonEco environmentsoftheProjectofWaterDivisionfromtheSouthtotheNorthviatheWesternCourse[J] People'sYellowRiver,2001,23(10):21～23 [尚宇鸣,丁自鲜,童海鸿 南水北调西线工程生态环境影响分析[J] 人民黄河,2001,23(10):21～23 ]
[15]MaDongtao,ZhaoShangxue,LiAidi AnApproachonDebrisFlowinReservoirAreas[A] In:TheProceedingsofthe4thNationalSymposiumonDebrisFlow[C] Lanzhou:GansuCulturePress,1994,125～131 [马东涛,赵尚学,李爱弟 试论库区泥石流[A] 见:第四届全国泥石流学术讨论会论文集[C] 兰州:甘肃文化出版社,1994,125～131 ]
[16]LiDeji DebrisFlowMitigationTheoriesandPractices[M].Beijing:SciencesPress,1997,3～8 [李德基 泥石流减灾理论与实
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