地下水测年方法及其在地震监测中的应用展望
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摘要
对地下水动力学特征的观测与研究,是地震前兆监测的重要方法之一。地下水动力学研究中,利用地下水测年方法,可以对地下水的补给、径流特征及更新能力作出定性和定量的分析。本文介绍了近年来国际上常用的地下水测年方法,总结了前人在该领域的主要研究进展,重点分析了地下水更新能力与地震前兆信息的关系、地下水运动规律与地震构造活动的关系以及地下水浅层补给与异常干扰排除的方法等。已有的研究成果表明,地下水年龄的测定与分析方法对于了解监测点映震能力、评价构造活动与地震活动程度以及在观测资料异常变化的现场核实等方面,可以发挥重要作用。
It is a significant method to monitor and study on the dynamic characteristics of groundwater for earthquake monitoring and prediction. For the research of groundwater dynamics,groundwater dating can provide quantitative basis on the characteristics of groundwater recharge and runoff as well as the renewal capacity. This article illustrates the methods used globally and summarizes the main advances and achievements in groundwater dating. It also focuses on the relationships between groundwater renewal capacity and seismic monitoring, groundwater movement and seismic activity, shallow groundwater recharge and abnormal interference elimination. The studies show that groundwater dating plays an important role in water-rock interaction,geological tectonic and seismic activity evaluation. Therefore,groundwater dating can be widely used to monitor and analyze the seismic information within underground fluid in the near future.
It is a significant method to monitor and study on the dynamic characteristics of groundwater for earthquake monitoring and prediction. For the research of groundwater dynamics,groundwater dating can provide quantitative basis on the characteristics of groundwater recharge and runoff as well as the renewal capacity. This article illustrates the methods used globally and summarizes the main advances and achievements in groundwater dating. It also focuses on the relationships between groundwater renewal capacity and seismic monitoring, groundwater movement and seismic activity, shallow groundwater recharge and abnormal interference elimination. The studies show that groundwater dating plays an important role in water-rock interaction,geological tectonic and seismic activity evaluation. Therefore,groundwater dating can be widely used to monitor and analyze the seismic information within underground fluid in the near future.
引文
车用太、刘五洲、鱼金子等,2000,板内强震的中地壳硬夹层孕震与流体促震假设,地震学报,22(1),93~101。
陈宗宇、聂振龙、张荷生等,2004,从黑河流域地下水年龄论其资源属性,地质学报,78(4),560~567。
李晨、秦大军,2009,关中盆地浅层地下水CFC年龄的计算,工程勘察,9,39~44。
李小倩、周爱国、张俊刚等,2008,SF6在地下水应用中的研究现状,地球学报,29(5),665~670。
李阳春、徐永福、赵亮等,2006,全球海洋模式对CFC-11分布的初步模拟研究,大气科学,30(4),671~681。
刘耀炜,2006,我国地震地下流体科学发展40年探索历程回顾,中国地震,22(3),210~222。
刘耀炜、任宏微、王博,2009,环境同位素及其示踪技术在地震预测研究中的应用前景,地学前缘,16(2),369~377。
孟淑德、陈淑海,1979,从几个震例来探讨水文地球化学预报地震的若干问题,地震地质,1(4),61~71。
潘树新、高安泰,2001,地下水年龄与泉点映震能力的关系及其在地震预报中应用的初步探讨,西北地震学报,23(2),189~193。
秦大军,2002,用氟里昂(CFC)数据确定地下水的补给年龄,地质评论,48(增刊),210~214。
邵永新、马建英、张磊,2011,天津地区咸水层观测井的改造与优化问题讨论,国际地震动态,(3),18~26。
苏小四,2002,同位素技术在黄河流域典型地区地下水可更新能力研究中的应用———以银川平原和包头平原为例,博士论文,长春:吉林大学。
孙小龙、刘耀炜、晏锐,2013,云南姚安井2009年10月后水位下降的成因分析,地震学报,35(3),410~420。
汪成民、李宣瑚、魏柏林,1991,断层气测量在地震科学中的应用,北京:地震出版社。
汪成民、万迪堃、董守玉,1988,地下水微动态研究,北京:地震出版社。
邢玉安、王吉易,2000,水氡动态图强震危险区预测的新方法,地震,20(4),1~6。
杨丽芝、张光辉、刘中业等,2009,鲁北平原地下水同位素年龄及可更新能力评价,地球学报,30(2),235~242。
翟远征、王金生、左锐等,2011,地下水年龄在地下水研究中的应用研究进展,地球与环境,39(1),113~120。
张俊刚、李晶晶、周爱国等,2005,大气和地下水中SF6测试技术,地球学报,26(B09),293~295。
张炜、王吉易、鄂秀满等,1988,水文地球化学预报地震的原理与方法,北京:教育科学出版社。
张玉玺、孙继朝、黄冠星,2008,CFCs环境示踪技术的研究进展及发展趋势,工程勘察,12,26~30。
Alley W M,Healy R W,LaB augh J W,et al,2002,Flow and storage in groundwater systems,Science,296(5575),1985~1990.
Bayari S,Ozyurt N N,Hatipoglu Z,et al,2006,Groundwater age:a vital information in protecting the groundwater dependentecosystem,Groundwater and Ecosystems,70,33~46.
Clark I D,Fritz P,1997,Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology,U S:Lewis Publishers.Darling W G,Gooddy D C,MacD onald A M,et al,2012,The practicalities of using CFCs and SF6for groundwater dating andtracing,Applied Geochemistry,27(9),1688~1697.
Dunkle S A,Plummer L N,Busenberg E,et al,1993,Chlorofluorocarbons(CCl3F and CCl2F2)as dating tools and hydrologictracers in shallow groundwater of the Delmarva Peninsula,Atlantic Coastal Plain,United States,Water Resources Research,29(12),3837~3860.
Egboka B C E,Cherry J A,Farvolden R N,et al,1983,Migration of contaminants in groundwater at a landfill:a case study.3.Tritium as an indicator of dispersion and recharge,Journal of Hydrology,63(1),51-80.
Ekwurzel B,Schlosser P,Smethie W M,et al,1994,Dating of shallow groundwater:Comparison of the transient tracers3H/3He,chlorofluorocarbons,and85Kr,Water Resources Research,30(6),1693~1708.Engesgaard P,Jensen K H,Molson J,et al,1996,Large-scale dispersion in a sandy aquifer:Simulation of subsurface transport ofenvironmental tritium,Water Resources Research,32(11),3253~3266.
Engesgaard P,Molson J,1998,Direct simulation of ground water age in the Rabis Creek aquifer,Denmark,Groundwater,36(4),577~582.Goode D J,1996,Direct simulation of groundwater age,Water Resources Research,32(2),289~296.
Gourcy L,Baran N,Vittecoq B,2009,Improving the knowledge of pesticide and nitrate transfer processes using age-dating tools(CFC,SF6,3H)in a volcanic island(Martinique,French West Indies),Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,108(3),107~117.
Han L,Pang Z,Manfred G,2001,Study of groundwater mixing using CFC data,Science in China Series E:Technological Sciences,44(1),21~28.
Liu J,Chen Z,Wei W,et al,2014,Using chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)and tritium(3H)to estimate groundwater age and flowvelocity in Hohhot Basin,China,Hydrological Processes,28(3),1372~1382.
Manning A H,Kip S D,Thiros S A,2005,3H/3He age data in assessing the susceptibility of wells to contamination,Ground Water,43(3),353~367.
Nir A,1964,On the interpretation of tritium‘age’measurements of groundwater,Journal of Geophysical Research,69(12),2589~2595.
Oster H,Sonntag C,Münnich K O,1996,Groundwater age dating with chlorofluorocarbons,Water Resources Research,32(10),2989~3001.
Plummer L N,Busenberg E,Bohlke J K,et al,2001,Groundwater residence times in Shenandoah National Park,Blue RidgeMountains,Virginia,USA:a multi-tracer approach,Chemical Geology,179(1),93~111.
Qin D,Zhao Z,Han L,et al,2012,Determination of groundwater recharge regime and flowpath in the Lower Heihe River basin inan arid area of Northwest China by using environmental tracers:Implications for vegetation degradation in the Ejina Oasis,Applied Geochemistry,27(6),1133~1145.
Robertson W D,Cherry J A,1989,Tritium as an indicator of recharge and dispersion in a groundwater system in central Ontario,Water Resources Research,25(6),1097~1109.
Saar M O,Manga M,2003,Seismicity induced by seasonal groundwater recharge at Mt Hood,Oregon,Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters,214(3),605~618.
Sano Y,Takahata N,Igarashi G,et al,1998,Helium degassing related to the Kobe earthquake,Chemical Geology,150(1),171~179.
Smethie W M,Solomon D K,Schiff S L,et al,1992,Tracing groundwater flow in the Borden aquifer using krypton-85,Journal ofHydrology,130(1),279~297.
Solomon D K,Schiff S L,Poreda R J,et al,1993,A validation of the3H/3He method for determining groundwater recharge,WaterResources Research,29(9),2951~2962.
Thompson G M,Hayes J M,1979,Trichlorofluoromethane in groundwater—a possible tracer and indicator of groundwater age,Water Resources Research,15(3),546~554.
Verhagen B T,Mazor E,Sellschop J P F,1974,Radiocarbon and tritium evidence for direct rain recharge to ground waters in thenorthern Kalahari,Nature,249(14),643~644.
Wang G C,Zhang Z,Wang M,et al,2005,Implications of ground water chemistry and flow patterns for earthquake studies,GroundWater,43(4),478~484.
陈宗宇、聂振龙、张荷生等,2004,从黑河流域地下水年龄论其资源属性,地质学报,78(4),560~567。
李晨、秦大军,2009,关中盆地浅层地下水CFC年龄的计算,工程勘察,9,39~44。
李小倩、周爱国、张俊刚等,2008,SF6在地下水应用中的研究现状,地球学报,29(5),665~670。
李阳春、徐永福、赵亮等,2006,全球海洋模式对CFC-11分布的初步模拟研究,大气科学,30(4),671~681。
刘耀炜,2006,我国地震地下流体科学发展40年探索历程回顾,中国地震,22(3),210~222。
刘耀炜、任宏微、王博,2009,环境同位素及其示踪技术在地震预测研究中的应用前景,地学前缘,16(2),369~377。
孟淑德、陈淑海,1979,从几个震例来探讨水文地球化学预报地震的若干问题,地震地质,1(4),61~71。
潘树新、高安泰,2001,地下水年龄与泉点映震能力的关系及其在地震预报中应用的初步探讨,西北地震学报,23(2),189~193。
秦大军,2002,用氟里昂(CFC)数据确定地下水的补给年龄,地质评论,48(增刊),210~214。
邵永新、马建英、张磊,2011,天津地区咸水层观测井的改造与优化问题讨论,国际地震动态,(3),18~26。
苏小四,2002,同位素技术在黄河流域典型地区地下水可更新能力研究中的应用———以银川平原和包头平原为例,博士论文,长春:吉林大学。
孙小龙、刘耀炜、晏锐,2013,云南姚安井2009年10月后水位下降的成因分析,地震学报,35(3),410~420。
汪成民、李宣瑚、魏柏林,1991,断层气测量在地震科学中的应用,北京:地震出版社。
汪成民、万迪堃、董守玉,1988,地下水微动态研究,北京:地震出版社。
邢玉安、王吉易,2000,水氡动态图强震危险区预测的新方法,地震,20(4),1~6。
杨丽芝、张光辉、刘中业等,2009,鲁北平原地下水同位素年龄及可更新能力评价,地球学报,30(2),235~242。
翟远征、王金生、左锐等,2011,地下水年龄在地下水研究中的应用研究进展,地球与环境,39(1),113~120。
张俊刚、李晶晶、周爱国等,2005,大气和地下水中SF6测试技术,地球学报,26(B09),293~295。
张炜、王吉易、鄂秀满等,1988,水文地球化学预报地震的原理与方法,北京:教育科学出版社。
张玉玺、孙继朝、黄冠星,2008,CFCs环境示踪技术的研究进展及发展趋势,工程勘察,12,26~30。
Alley W M,Healy R W,LaB augh J W,et al,2002,Flow and storage in groundwater systems,Science,296(5575),1985~1990.
Bayari S,Ozyurt N N,Hatipoglu Z,et al,2006,Groundwater age:a vital information in protecting the groundwater dependentecosystem,Groundwater and Ecosystems,70,33~46.
Clark I D,Fritz P,1997,Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology,U S:Lewis Publishers.Darling W G,Gooddy D C,MacD onald A M,et al,2012,The practicalities of using CFCs and SF6for groundwater dating andtracing,Applied Geochemistry,27(9),1688~1697.
Dunkle S A,Plummer L N,Busenberg E,et al,1993,Chlorofluorocarbons(CCl3F and CCl2F2)as dating tools and hydrologictracers in shallow groundwater of the Delmarva Peninsula,Atlantic Coastal Plain,United States,Water Resources Research,29(12),3837~3860.
Egboka B C E,Cherry J A,Farvolden R N,et al,1983,Migration of contaminants in groundwater at a landfill:a case study.3.Tritium as an indicator of dispersion and recharge,Journal of Hydrology,63(1),51-80.
Ekwurzel B,Schlosser P,Smethie W M,et al,1994,Dating of shallow groundwater:Comparison of the transient tracers3H/3He,chlorofluorocarbons,and85Kr,Water Resources Research,30(6),1693~1708.Engesgaard P,Jensen K H,Molson J,et al,1996,Large-scale dispersion in a sandy aquifer:Simulation of subsurface transport ofenvironmental tritium,Water Resources Research,32(11),3253~3266.
Engesgaard P,Molson J,1998,Direct simulation of ground water age in the Rabis Creek aquifer,Denmark,Groundwater,36(4),577~582.Goode D J,1996,Direct simulation of groundwater age,Water Resources Research,32(2),289~296.
Gourcy L,Baran N,Vittecoq B,2009,Improving the knowledge of pesticide and nitrate transfer processes using age-dating tools(CFC,SF6,3H)in a volcanic island(Martinique,French West Indies),Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,108(3),107~117.
Han L,Pang Z,Manfred G,2001,Study of groundwater mixing using CFC data,Science in China Series E:Technological Sciences,44(1),21~28.
Liu J,Chen Z,Wei W,et al,2014,Using chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)and tritium(3H)to estimate groundwater age and flowvelocity in Hohhot Basin,China,Hydrological Processes,28(3),1372~1382.
Manning A H,Kip S D,Thiros S A,2005,3H/3He age data in assessing the susceptibility of wells to contamination,Ground Water,43(3),353~367.
Nir A,1964,On the interpretation of tritium‘age’measurements of groundwater,Journal of Geophysical Research,69(12),2589~2595.
Oster H,Sonntag C,Münnich K O,1996,Groundwater age dating with chlorofluorocarbons,Water Resources Research,32(10),2989~3001.
Plummer L N,Busenberg E,Bohlke J K,et al,2001,Groundwater residence times in Shenandoah National Park,Blue RidgeMountains,Virginia,USA:a multi-tracer approach,Chemical Geology,179(1),93~111.
Qin D,Zhao Z,Han L,et al,2012,Determination of groundwater recharge regime and flowpath in the Lower Heihe River basin inan arid area of Northwest China by using environmental tracers:Implications for vegetation degradation in the Ejina Oasis,Applied Geochemistry,27(6),1133~1145.
Robertson W D,Cherry J A,1989,Tritium as an indicator of recharge and dispersion in a groundwater system in central Ontario,Water Resources Research,25(6),1097~1109.
Saar M O,Manga M,2003,Seismicity induced by seasonal groundwater recharge at Mt Hood,Oregon,Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters,214(3),605~618.
Sano Y,Takahata N,Igarashi G,et al,1998,Helium degassing related to the Kobe earthquake,Chemical Geology,150(1),171~179.
Smethie W M,Solomon D K,Schiff S L,et al,1992,Tracing groundwater flow in the Borden aquifer using krypton-85,Journal ofHydrology,130(1),279~297.
Solomon D K,Schiff S L,Poreda R J,et al,1993,A validation of the3H/3He method for determining groundwater recharge,WaterResources Research,29(9),2951~2962.
Thompson G M,Hayes J M,1979,Trichlorofluoromethane in groundwater—a possible tracer and indicator of groundwater age,Water Resources Research,15(3),546~554.
Verhagen B T,Mazor E,Sellschop J P F,1974,Radiocarbon and tritium evidence for direct rain recharge to ground waters in thenorthern Kalahari,Nature,249(14),643~644.
Wang G C,Zhang Z,Wang M,et al,2005,Implications of ground water chemistry and flow patterns for earthquake studies,GroundWater,43(4),478~484.
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