南天山库车秋里塔格褶皱带三维构造分析
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摘要
笔者利用库车秋里塔格地区3000km的二维地震反射资料,结合地表构造测量成果,分段叙述秋里塔格褶皱带的构造几何学和运动学性质,说明构造交汇部位断层和褶皱的叠加过渡关系,并通过二维构造剖面的组合,建立秋里塔格褶皱带的三维构造几何模型。研究发现秋里塔格褶皱带为浅部断层传播褶皱与深部断层转折褶皱叠加形成的复合型背斜带,深部台阶状逆断层的叠加作用、叠加断层位移量的转换、断层断坡高度的变化造成地表背斜沿走向发生变化,笔者通过测量断层叠加方式、断层位移量转换、断层断坡高度,说明秋里塔格褶皱带背斜叠加、扭曲、分叉现象的构造机理,并且给出了秋里塔格褶皱带断层的滑移量。
The south margin of the Tianshan Mountains has undergone multiple phases of compressional deformation since the Oilgocene and Pleistocene. This deformation created the EW-striking Qiulitag anticline zone, 300 km long and 15 - 20 km wide, which is part of the Kuqa thrust-and-fold belt along the southern piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains. This paper presents a detailed description and analysis of a 3-D geometrical and kinematical model of the Qiulitag anticline zone. Over 3000 km-long 2-D seismic refection profiles, five exploratory wells and 1: 100000 scale geological mapping were used in the analysis. Two different thrust systems characterized by southward tectonic transport were found: an upper imbricate fault zone, which deforms Cenozoic strata with fault-propagation folds in the hanging wall, and a duplex structure of fault-bend-folds and fault ramps composed of Jurassic, Cretaceous and Paleogene rocks. The shallow folds of the Qiulitag anticline zone are tight and asymmetric, while the core of the Qiulitag anticline may be disharmonically folded at the level of Plaeogene shale and gypsum. The restoring balanced cross sections suggest that the minimum shortening of the deep fault system in the Qiulitag anticline zone is more than 10 km and decreases eastwards and westwards along its strike. The ramp height of the deep fault system is 3 km in the east regional cross section (where a sole thrust fault is developed) and declines westwards by 1 km to somewhere an imbricate fault is developed.
The south margin of the Tianshan Mountains has undergone multiple phases of compressional deformation since the Oilgocene and Pleistocene. This deformation created the EW-striking Qiulitag anticline zone, 300 km long and 15 - 20 km wide, which is part of the Kuqa thrust-and-fold belt along the southern piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains. This paper presents a detailed description and analysis of a 3-D geometrical and kinematical model of the Qiulitag anticline zone. Over 3000 km-long 2-D seismic refection profiles, five exploratory wells and 1: 100000 scale geological mapping were used in the analysis. Two different thrust systems characterized by southward tectonic transport were found: an upper imbricate fault zone, which deforms Cenozoic strata with fault-propagation folds in the hanging wall, and a duplex structure of fault-bend-folds and fault ramps composed of Jurassic, Cretaceous and Paleogene rocks. The shallow folds of the Qiulitag anticline zone are tight and asymmetric, while the core of the Qiulitag anticline may be disharmonically folded at the level of Plaeogene shale and gypsum. The restoring balanced cross sections suggest that the minimum shortening of the deep fault system in the Qiulitag anticline zone is more than 10 km and decreases eastwards and westwards along its strike. The ramp height of the deep fault system is 3 km in the east regional cross section (where a sole thrust fault is developed) and declines westwards by 1 km to somewhere an imbricate fault is developed.
引文
① 钟端,夏维书,等.1998． 库车前陆盆地露头区中新生代地层构造沉积相及含油性调查研究报告(附1:10万库车前陆盆地地质图).塔里木石油股份公司研究报告(内部).
② 石油地球物理勘探局第三地质调查处.2000． 却勒1井VSP成果报告.塔里木石油股份公司研究报告(内部).
③ 管树巍,陈松,等.2000． 东秋里塔格构造带地震资料处理与区带评价.塔里木石油股份公司研究报告(内部).
陈楚铭,卢华复,贾东,贾承造.1999． 塔里木盆地北缘库车再生前陆褶皱逆冲带中秋丘里塔格前锋带的构造和油气.地质论评,45(4) :423～433．
范湘涛,卢华复,阎福礼,郭华东,邵芸.2002． 航天飞机成像雷达数据在库车冲断带前缘构造分析中的应用.地质科学,37(3) :257～263．
卢华复,贾东,陈楚铭,刘志宏,王国强,贾承造.1999． 库车新生代构造性质和变形时间.地学前缘,6(4) :215～221．
卢华复,贾承造,贾东,陈楚铭,刘志宏,王国强,王胜利.2001． 库车再生前陆盆地冲断构造模特征.高校地质学报,7(3) :257～271．
汪新,贾承造,杨树锋,Aurelia Hubert-Ferrari,John Suppe.2002． 南天山库车冲断褶皱带构造变形时间--以库车河地区为例.地质学报,76(1) :55～63．
汪新,贾承造,杨树锋.2002． 南天山库车褶皱带构造几何学和运动学.地质科学.37(3) :372～384．
Apotria T, Wilkerson M S. 2002． Seismic expression and kinematics of a fault-related fold termination: Rosario structure, Maracaibo Basin, Vnenzuela. Journal of Structural of Geology, 24 (4) : 671 ～ 687．
Bilotti F, Shaw J H, Brennan P A. 2000． Quantitative structural analysis with stereoscopic remote sensing imagery. AAPG Bulletin, 84 (6) : 727～740．
Chen Chuming, Lu Huafu, Jia Dong, Jia Chengzao. 1999． Structures and petroleum accumulation in the Qiulitag thrust front of the Kuche Rejuvenated foreland fold-thrust belt on the northern margin of the Tarim basin. Geological Review, 45(4) : 423～433 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Dahlstrom C D A. 1970． Structural geology in the eastern margin of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geologists, 18: 332 ～ 406．
Elliot D. 1976． The energy balance and deformation mechanisms of thrust sheets. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society of London, 283: 289 ～ 312．
Fan Xiangtao, Lu Huafu, Yan Fuli, Guo Huadong, Shao Yun. 2002． Tectonic analysis on front of the Kuqa thrust belt using TM and SIR-C/X-SAR data. Seientia Geologica Sinica, 37 (3) : 257～263 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Lu Huafu, Jia Dong, Chen Chuming, Liu Zhihong, Wang Guoqiang, Jia Chengzao. 1999． Nature and timing of Kuqa Cenosoic structures. Earth Sciences Forward, 6 (4) : 215 ～ 221 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Lu Huafu, Jia Chengzao, Jia Deng, Chen Chuming, Liu Zhihong, Wang Guoqiang, Wang Shengli. 2001． Features of the thrust wedge of deformation belt in Kuqa rejuvenation foreland basin. Geological Journal of China Universities, 7 (3) : 257 ～ 271 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Marrett R, Bentham P A. 1997． Geometric analysis of hybrid fault-propagation/detachment folds. Journal of Structural Geology, 19 (3～4) : 243 ～ 248．
Mitra S. 1986． Duplex structures and imbricate thrust systems: geometry, structural position,and hydrocarbon potential. AAPG Bulletin, 70(9) : 1087 ～ 1112．
Mitra S. 1990． Fault-propagation folds: geometry, kinematic evolution, and hydrocarbon traps. AAPG Bulletin, 74: 921 ～ 945．
Mitra S. 2002． Fold-accommodation faults. AAPG Bulletin, 86 (4) : 671 ～ 693．
Rowan M G, Linares R. 2000． Fold-evolution matrices and axial-surface analysis of fault-bend folds: application to the Medina anticline, eastern Cordillera, Colombia. AAPG Bulletin, 84 (6) : 741 ～ 764．
Shaw J H, Hook S C, Suppe J. 1994． Structural trend analysis by axial surface mapping. AAPG Bulletin, 78 (5) : 700 ～ 721．
Shaw J H, Bilotte F, Brennan P A. 1999． Patterns of imbricate thrusting, GSA Bulletin, 111 (7) , 1140 ～ 1154
Suppe J. 1983． Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend folding. American Journal of Science, 283: 684 ～ 721．
Suppe J, Medwedeff D. 1990, Geometry and kinematics of fault-propagation folding. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 83(3) : 409 ～ 454．
Wang Xin, Jia Chengzao, Yang Shufeng, Aurelia Hubert-Ferrari, Suppe J. 2002． The time of deformation on the Kuqa fold-and-thrust belt in the southern Tianshan-based on the Kuqa River area. Acta Geologica Sinica, 76 (1) : 55 ～ 63 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Xin, Jia Chengzao, Yang Shufeng. 2002． Geometry and kinematics of the Kuqa fold-and thrust belt in the southern Tianshan. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 37 (3) : 372 ～ 384．
Wilkerson M S, Medwedeff D, Marshak S. 1991． Geometrical modeling of fault-related folds: a pseudo-three dimensional approach. Journal of Structural Geology, 13 (7) : 801 ～ 812．
Wilkerson M S, Apotria M, Farid T. 2002． Interpreting the geologic map expression of contractional fault-related fold terminations: lateral/oblique ramps versus displacement gradients. Journal of Structural Geology, 24 (4) : 593 ～ 607．
② 石油地球物理勘探局第三地质调查处.2000． 却勒1井VSP成果报告.塔里木石油股份公司研究报告(内部).
③ 管树巍,陈松,等.2000． 东秋里塔格构造带地震资料处理与区带评价.塔里木石油股份公司研究报告(内部).
陈楚铭,卢华复,贾东,贾承造.1999． 塔里木盆地北缘库车再生前陆褶皱逆冲带中秋丘里塔格前锋带的构造和油气.地质论评,45(4) :423～433．
范湘涛,卢华复,阎福礼,郭华东,邵芸.2002． 航天飞机成像雷达数据在库车冲断带前缘构造分析中的应用.地质科学,37(3) :257～263．
卢华复,贾东,陈楚铭,刘志宏,王国强,贾承造.1999． 库车新生代构造性质和变形时间.地学前缘,6(4) :215～221．
卢华复,贾承造,贾东,陈楚铭,刘志宏,王国强,王胜利.2001． 库车再生前陆盆地冲断构造模特征.高校地质学报,7(3) :257～271．
汪新,贾承造,杨树锋,Aurelia Hubert-Ferrari,John Suppe.2002． 南天山库车冲断褶皱带构造变形时间--以库车河地区为例.地质学报,76(1) :55～63．
汪新,贾承造,杨树锋.2002． 南天山库车褶皱带构造几何学和运动学.地质科学.37(3) :372～384．
Apotria T, Wilkerson M S. 2002． Seismic expression and kinematics of a fault-related fold termination: Rosario structure, Maracaibo Basin, Vnenzuela. Journal of Structural of Geology, 24 (4) : 671 ～ 687．
Bilotti F, Shaw J H, Brennan P A. 2000． Quantitative structural analysis with stereoscopic remote sensing imagery. AAPG Bulletin, 84 (6) : 727～740．
Chen Chuming, Lu Huafu, Jia Dong, Jia Chengzao. 1999． Structures and petroleum accumulation in the Qiulitag thrust front of the Kuche Rejuvenated foreland fold-thrust belt on the northern margin of the Tarim basin. Geological Review, 45(4) : 423～433 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Dahlstrom C D A. 1970． Structural geology in the eastern margin of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geologists, 18: 332 ～ 406．
Elliot D. 1976． The energy balance and deformation mechanisms of thrust sheets. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society of London, 283: 289 ～ 312．
Fan Xiangtao, Lu Huafu, Yan Fuli, Guo Huadong, Shao Yun. 2002． Tectonic analysis on front of the Kuqa thrust belt using TM and SIR-C/X-SAR data. Seientia Geologica Sinica, 37 (3) : 257～263 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Lu Huafu, Jia Dong, Chen Chuming, Liu Zhihong, Wang Guoqiang, Jia Chengzao. 1999． Nature and timing of Kuqa Cenosoic structures. Earth Sciences Forward, 6 (4) : 215 ～ 221 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Lu Huafu, Jia Chengzao, Jia Deng, Chen Chuming, Liu Zhihong, Wang Guoqiang, Wang Shengli. 2001． Features of the thrust wedge of deformation belt in Kuqa rejuvenation foreland basin. Geological Journal of China Universities, 7 (3) : 257 ～ 271 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Marrett R, Bentham P A. 1997． Geometric analysis of hybrid fault-propagation/detachment folds. Journal of Structural Geology, 19 (3～4) : 243 ～ 248．
Mitra S. 1986． Duplex structures and imbricate thrust systems: geometry, structural position,and hydrocarbon potential. AAPG Bulletin, 70(9) : 1087 ～ 1112．
Mitra S. 1990． Fault-propagation folds: geometry, kinematic evolution, and hydrocarbon traps. AAPG Bulletin, 74: 921 ～ 945．
Mitra S. 2002． Fold-accommodation faults. AAPG Bulletin, 86 (4) : 671 ～ 693．
Rowan M G, Linares R. 2000． Fold-evolution matrices and axial-surface analysis of fault-bend folds: application to the Medina anticline, eastern Cordillera, Colombia. AAPG Bulletin, 84 (6) : 741 ～ 764．
Shaw J H, Hook S C, Suppe J. 1994． Structural trend analysis by axial surface mapping. AAPG Bulletin, 78 (5) : 700 ～ 721．
Shaw J H, Bilotte F, Brennan P A. 1999． Patterns of imbricate thrusting, GSA Bulletin, 111 (7) , 1140 ～ 1154
Suppe J. 1983． Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend folding. American Journal of Science, 283: 684 ～ 721．
Suppe J, Medwedeff D. 1990, Geometry and kinematics of fault-propagation folding. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 83(3) : 409 ～ 454．
Wang Xin, Jia Chengzao, Yang Shufeng, Aurelia Hubert-Ferrari, Suppe J. 2002． The time of deformation on the Kuqa fold-and-thrust belt in the southern Tianshan-based on the Kuqa River area. Acta Geologica Sinica, 76 (1) : 55 ～ 63 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Xin, Jia Chengzao, Yang Shufeng. 2002． Geometry and kinematics of the Kuqa fold-and thrust belt in the southern Tianshan. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 37 (3) : 372 ～ 384．
Wilkerson M S, Medwedeff D, Marshak S. 1991． Geometrical modeling of fault-related folds: a pseudo-three dimensional approach. Journal of Structural Geology, 13 (7) : 801 ～ 812．
Wilkerson M S, Apotria M, Farid T. 2002． Interpreting the geologic map expression of contractional fault-related fold terminations: lateral/oblique ramps versus displacement gradients. Journal of Structural Geology, 24 (4) : 593 ～ 607．
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