陆源碎屑岩中的古土壤在地层分析中的应用
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摘要
对各种古土壤的分类标准进行比较之后,重点介绍了Mack的古土壤分类及其土壤的演变序列。Mack主要依据稳定矿物和保存在土壤中的古地貌属性,将古土壤划分为9种。在地层序列中古土壤的识别标志主要包括颜色、粒度、生物成因构造(植物生长痕迹)、原生沉积构造退化特征、层次化和边界特征、宏观结构特征、矿物及地球化学特征等。可以通过野外观察、室内显微镜观察、实验室化验及地震、测井资料来进行鉴别。陆相盆地具有很强的分隔性,盆地相变又非常复杂,寻找区域性较稳定的层序界面比较困难。越来越多的研究证实用古土壤划分陆相成因地层层序、解决地区及全球对比具有重要的实用价值。
After comparing all the standards of each classification scheme for paleosols, Mack′s classification scheme and its evolvement succession are introduced. This scheme is largely based on the stable minerals and the geomorphology attributes preserved in the soils. According to Mack′s theory,paleosols can be divided into nine kinds. The features for identifying paleosols mainly include color,granularity,biogenetic structure (the trace of plant growth),degradation character of original depositional structure,arrangement,boundary character,macro-structure character,mineral and geochemical characters. We can distinguish the paleosols by means of field observation,microscopic examination,laboratory experiments,seismic and logging data. Non-marine basins show strong separation characters,and complex lateral facies variation so that it is difficult to find a regional stable sequence boundary. More and more studies prove that paleosols play an important role in the division of terrigenous stratigraphic sequence,and the regional and global correlation .
After comparing all the standards of each classification scheme for paleosols, Mack′s classification scheme and its evolvement succession are introduced. This scheme is largely based on the stable minerals and the geomorphology attributes preserved in the soils. According to Mack′s theory,paleosols can be divided into nine kinds. The features for identifying paleosols mainly include color,granularity,biogenetic structure (the trace of plant growth),degradation character of original depositional structure,arrangement,boundary character,macro-structure character,mineral and geochemical characters. We can distinguish the paleosols by means of field observation,microscopic examination,laboratory experiments,seismic and logging data. Non-marine basins show strong separation characters,and complex lateral facies variation so that it is difficult to find a regional stable sequence boundary. More and more studies prove that paleosols play an important role in the division of terrigenous stratigraphic sequence,and the regional and global correlation .
引文
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陈景冈.1997.土壤地质学[M].北京:地质出版社,90-91.
陈清华,刘池阳,李琴.2003.胜利油区孤岛新近系辅助标志层研究[J].地层学杂志,27(1):46-47.
高山林.1997.陆相层序地层学若干问题讨论[J].西北地质,18(1):3-4.
侯春红.1999.西安地区全新世古土壤研究[J].中国岩溶,18(3):207-208.
邵龙义,窦建伟,张鹏飞.1998.含煤岩系沉积学和层序地层学研究现状和展望[J].煤田地质与勘探,26(1):7-8.
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杨利军,邵龙义,张鹏飞.2002.古土壤的类型及识别标志[J].煤田地质,14(3):1-3.
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张柏桥,胡涛.2002.河湖沉积体系层序地层学研究[J].江汉石油学院学报,24(4):30-32.
张林,魏国齐,郭英海.2005.四川盆地志留系层序地层及有利储集层分布[J].天然气工业,25(5):9-10.
赵景波.2005.关中平原420-350KaBp的古土壤与环境[J].地理学报,60(1):32-34.
AdamsKD,WesnouskySG.1999.ThelakeLahontanhighstand:Age,surficialcharacteristics,soildevelopment,andregionalshorelinecorrelation[J].Geomorphology,30:377-383.
PuTao.1999.Someproblemsonfluvialstratigraphyresearch[J].SedimentaryFaciesandPalaeogeography,19(6):55-56(inChinese).
ChenJinggang.1997.Geopedology[M].Beijing:GeologicalPublish-ingHouse,90-91(inChinese).
ChenQinghua,LiuChiyang,LiQin.2003.Thestudyontheauxil-iaryindexhorizonsoftheNeogeneinGudaooilfield,Shandong[J].JournalofStratigraphy,27(1):46-47(inChinesewithEnglishabstract).
ClemmenseLarsB,KentDV,JenkinsJrFA.1998.AlateTriassiclakesysteminEastGreenland:Facies,depositioncyclesandpalaeoclimate[J].Palaeogeo.,Palaeoc.,Palaeoe.,140:149-150.
DuchanfourP.1982.Pedology[M].London:AllenandUnwin,448-449.
GaoShanlin.1997.Discussingsomeproblemsonsequencestratigra-phyofcontinentalstrata[J].NorthwesternGeology,18(1):3-4(inChinese).
GardnerTW,WilliansEG,HolbrookPW.1998.PedogenesisofsomePennsylvanianunderclays,groud-water,topographicandtectoniccontrols[R].GeologicalSocietyofAmericaSpecialPa-per,216:81-101.
HannemanDL,WidemanCJ,HalvorsonJW.1994.Calcicpale-osols:theiruseinsubsurfacestratigraphy[J].Am.Assoc.Pet.Geol.Bull,78:1360-1371.
HouChunhong.1999.HolocenepaleosolintheregionofXi′an[J].Carsological,18(3):207-208(inChinesewithEnglishab-stract).
KochPL,ZachosJC,GingerichPD.1992.CorrelationbetweenisotoperecordsinmarineandcontinentalcarbonreservoirsnearthePaleocene/Eoceneboundary[J].Nature,358,319-322.
KrausMJ.1999.Paleosolinclasticsedimentaryrocks:Theirgeologicapplications[J].Earth-scienceReviews,47:41-70.
MackGH,JamesWC,MongerHC.1993.Classificationofpale-osols[J].Geol.Soc.Am.Bull.,105:129-136.
MackGH,JamesWC.1994.Paleoclimateandglobaldistributionofpaleosols[J].TheJournalofGeology,102:360-365.
McCarthyPaulJ,PlintAGuy.1998.Recognitionofinterfluvese-quenceboundaries:Intergratingpaleopedologyandsequencestratigraphy[J].Geology,26(5):387-388.
NeltletionWD,WysockiDA.2000.Paleosolclassification:Problemsandsolutions[J].Catena,41:61-62.
Retallack,GJ.1988.Fieldrecognitionofpaleosols[C].In:Rein-hardtJ,SigleoWR(eds),Paleosolsandweatheringthroughge-ologictime:Principlesandapplications.Specialpaperofthegeo-logicalsocietyofAmerica,216:1-21.
RetallackGJ.1998.Fossilsoilandcompletenessoftherockandfossilrecords[C].In:DonovanSK,Paul,CRC(Eds).TheAde-quacyofthefossilRecord.Willey,Chichester,133-163.
SedovS,Solleio-RobolledoE,Morales-PuenteP.2003.MineralandorganiccomponentsoftheburialpaleosolsoftheNevadodeTolu-ca,centralMexicoasindicatorsofPaleoenvironmentsandsoilevo-lution[J].QuaternaryInternational,106-107:181-182.
ShanleyKW,McCabePJ.1994.Perspectivesonthesequencestratigraphyofcontinentalstrata[J].AAPG,78(4):556-557.
ShaoLongyi,DouJianwei,ZhangPengfei.1998.Thestatusandprospectofsedimentologyandsequencestratigraphyresearchonthecoal-bearingstrata[J].CoalGeology&Exploration,26(1):7-8(inChinesewithEnglishabstract).
ShaoLongyi,HeZhiping,LuoWenlin.2005.CharacteristicsofthepaleosolsinthecoalmeasuresofCarboniferousandPermianinsouthernHebei,China[J].JournalofXi′anShiyouUniversity,20(3):9-10(inChinesewithEnglishabstract).
SigeoW,ReinhardtJ.1988.PaleosolsfromsomeCretaceousenviron-mentsinthesoutheasternUnitedStates[R].GeologicalSocietyofAmericaSpecialPaper,216:123-142.
WrightVP.1992.Paleosolrecognition:Aguidetoearlydiagnosisinterrestrialsetting[C].In:WolfKHandchillingarian(eds),DiagenesisⅢ,Developmentsinsedimentology47[C].Elsevier,Amsterdam,591-619.
XieYuan,LiuJiaduo,WangJian,etal.2002.Currentadvancesandfutureaspectsofcontinentalsequencestratigraphy[J].Sedi-mentaryGeologyandTethyanGeology,22(2):9-13(inChi-nesewithEnglishabstract).
YangLijun,ShaoLongyi,ZhangPengfei.2002.Paleosols:typesandrecognition[J].CoalGeologyofChina,14(3):1-3(inChi-nesewithEnglishabstract).
YeLiangmiao,QiuYinan.1991.Fluvialpaleosolanditsapplicationonthecorrelationoffluvialdeposition[J].ActaSedimentologicaSinica,9(2):63-64(inChinesewithEnglishabstract).
YinGuoxun,ZhangHanrui.1996.Featuresandsignficanceofpale-osolsfromtheUpperTriassicofJiyuan,Henan[J].JournalofStratigraphy,20(2):128-132(inChinesewithEnglishab-stract).
ZhangBoqiao,HuTao.2002.Sequencestratigraphystudyoffluviola-custrinesedimentarysystem[J].JournalofJianghanPetroleumInstitute,24(4):30-32(inChinesewithEnglishabstract).
ZhangLin,WeiGuoqi,GuoYinghai.2005.Favorablereservoirdis-tributioninSichuanBasin[J].NaturalGasIndustry,25(5):9-10(inChinesewithEnglishabstract).
ZhaoJingbo.2005.PaleosoldevelopmentandpaleoenvironmentintheGuanzhongPlainduring420～350kaBp[J].ActaGeographicaSinica,60(1):32-34(inChinesewithEnglishabstract).
陈景冈.1997.土壤地质学[M].北京:地质出版社,90-91.
陈清华,刘池阳,李琴.2003.胜利油区孤岛新近系辅助标志层研究[J].地层学杂志,27(1):46-47.
高山林.1997.陆相层序地层学若干问题讨论[J].西北地质,18(1):3-4.
侯春红.1999.西安地区全新世古土壤研究[J].中国岩溶,18(3):207-208.
邵龙义,窦建伟,张鹏飞.1998.含煤岩系沉积学和层序地层学研究现状和展望[J].煤田地质与勘探,26(1):7-8.
邵龙义,何志平,罗文林.2005.河北南部石炭-二叠纪煤系土壤特征[J].西安石油大学学报,20(3):9-10.
谢渊,刘家铎,王剑,等.2002.陆相层序地层学研究进展与挑战[J].沉积与特提斯地质,22(2):9-13.
杨利军,邵龙义,张鹏飞.2002.古土壤的类型及识别标志[J].煤田地质,14(3):1-3.
叶良苗,裘亦楠.1991.河流相古土壤及其在河流沉积地层对比中的应用[J].沉积学报,9(2):63-64.
尹国勋,张汉瑞.1996.济源上三叠统古土壤及其意义[J].地层学杂志,20(2):128-132.
张柏桥,胡涛.2002.河湖沉积体系层序地层学研究[J].江汉石油学院学报,24(4):30-32.
张林,魏国齐,郭英海.2005.四川盆地志留系层序地层及有利储集层分布[J].天然气工业,25(5):9-10.
赵景波.2005.关中平原420-350KaBp的古土壤与环境[J].地理学报,60(1):32-34.
AdamsKD,WesnouskySG.1999.ThelakeLahontanhighstand:Age,surficialcharacteristics,soildevelopment,andregionalshorelinecorrelation[J].Geomorphology,30:377-383.
PuTao.1999.Someproblemsonfluvialstratigraphyresearch[J].SedimentaryFaciesandPalaeogeography,19(6):55-56(inChinese).
ChenJinggang.1997.Geopedology[M].Beijing:GeologicalPublish-ingHouse,90-91(inChinese).
ChenQinghua,LiuChiyang,LiQin.2003.Thestudyontheauxil-iaryindexhorizonsoftheNeogeneinGudaooilfield,Shandong[J].JournalofStratigraphy,27(1):46-47(inChinesewithEnglishabstract).
ClemmenseLarsB,KentDV,JenkinsJrFA.1998.AlateTriassiclakesysteminEastGreenland:Facies,depositioncyclesandpalaeoclimate[J].Palaeogeo.,Palaeoc.,Palaeoe.,140:149-150.
DuchanfourP.1982.Pedology[M].London:AllenandUnwin,448-449.
GaoShanlin.1997.Discussingsomeproblemsonsequencestratigra-phyofcontinentalstrata[J].NorthwesternGeology,18(1):3-4(inChinese).
GardnerTW,WilliansEG,HolbrookPW.1998.PedogenesisofsomePennsylvanianunderclays,groud-water,topographicandtectoniccontrols[R].GeologicalSocietyofAmericaSpecialPa-per,216:81-101.
HannemanDL,WidemanCJ,HalvorsonJW.1994.Calcicpale-osols:theiruseinsubsurfacestratigraphy[J].Am.Assoc.Pet.Geol.Bull,78:1360-1371.
HouChunhong.1999.HolocenepaleosolintheregionofXi′an[J].Carsological,18(3):207-208(inChinesewithEnglishab-stract).
KochPL,ZachosJC,GingerichPD.1992.CorrelationbetweenisotoperecordsinmarineandcontinentalcarbonreservoirsnearthePaleocene/Eoceneboundary[J].Nature,358,319-322.
KrausMJ.1999.Paleosolinclasticsedimentaryrocks:Theirgeologicapplications[J].Earth-scienceReviews,47:41-70.
MackGH,JamesWC,MongerHC.1993.Classificationofpale-osols[J].Geol.Soc.Am.Bull.,105:129-136.
MackGH,JamesWC.1994.Paleoclimateandglobaldistributionofpaleosols[J].TheJournalofGeology,102:360-365.
McCarthyPaulJ,PlintAGuy.1998.Recognitionofinterfluvese-quenceboundaries:Intergratingpaleopedologyandsequencestratigraphy[J].Geology,26(5):387-388.
NeltletionWD,WysockiDA.2000.Paleosolclassification:Problemsandsolutions[J].Catena,41:61-62.
Retallack,GJ.1988.Fieldrecognitionofpaleosols[C].In:Rein-hardtJ,SigleoWR(eds),Paleosolsandweatheringthroughge-ologictime:Principlesandapplications.Specialpaperofthegeo-logicalsocietyofAmerica,216:1-21.
RetallackGJ.1998.Fossilsoilandcompletenessoftherockandfossilrecords[C].In:DonovanSK,Paul,CRC(Eds).TheAde-quacyofthefossilRecord.Willey,Chichester,133-163.
SedovS,Solleio-RobolledoE,Morales-PuenteP.2003.MineralandorganiccomponentsoftheburialpaleosolsoftheNevadodeTolu-ca,centralMexicoasindicatorsofPaleoenvironmentsandsoilevo-lution[J].QuaternaryInternational,106-107:181-182.
ShanleyKW,McCabePJ.1994.Perspectivesonthesequencestratigraphyofcontinentalstrata[J].AAPG,78(4):556-557.
ShaoLongyi,DouJianwei,ZhangPengfei.1998.Thestatusandprospectofsedimentologyandsequencestratigraphyresearchonthecoal-bearingstrata[J].CoalGeology&Exploration,26(1):7-8(inChinesewithEnglishabstract).
ShaoLongyi,HeZhiping,LuoWenlin.2005.CharacteristicsofthepaleosolsinthecoalmeasuresofCarboniferousandPermianinsouthernHebei,China[J].JournalofXi′anShiyouUniversity,20(3):9-10(inChinesewithEnglishabstract).
SigeoW,ReinhardtJ.1988.PaleosolsfromsomeCretaceousenviron-mentsinthesoutheasternUnitedStates[R].GeologicalSocietyofAmericaSpecialPaper,216:123-142.
WrightVP.1992.Paleosolrecognition:Aguidetoearlydiagnosisinterrestrialsetting[C].In:WolfKHandchillingarian(eds),DiagenesisⅢ,Developmentsinsedimentology47[C].Elsevier,Amsterdam,591-619.
XieYuan,LiuJiaduo,WangJian,etal.2002.Currentadvancesandfutureaspectsofcontinentalsequencestratigraphy[J].Sedi-mentaryGeologyandTethyanGeology,22(2):9-13(inChi-nesewithEnglishabstract).
YangLijun,ShaoLongyi,ZhangPengfei.2002.Paleosols:typesandrecognition[J].CoalGeologyofChina,14(3):1-3(inChi-nesewithEnglishabstract).
YeLiangmiao,QiuYinan.1991.Fluvialpaleosolanditsapplicationonthecorrelationoffluvialdeposition[J].ActaSedimentologicaSinica,9(2):63-64(inChinesewithEnglishabstract).
YinGuoxun,ZhangHanrui.1996.Featuresandsignficanceofpale-osolsfromtheUpperTriassicofJiyuan,Henan[J].JournalofStratigraphy,20(2):128-132(inChinesewithEnglishab-stract).
ZhangBoqiao,HuTao.2002.Sequencestratigraphystudyoffluviola-custrinesedimentarysystem[J].JournalofJianghanPetroleumInstitute,24(4):30-32(inChinesewithEnglishabstract).
ZhangLin,WeiGuoqi,GuoYinghai.2005.Favorablereservoirdis-tributioninSichuanBasin[J].NaturalGasIndustry,25(5):9-10(inChinesewithEnglishabstract).
ZhaoJingbo.2005.PaleosoldevelopmentandpaleoenvironmentintheGuanzhongPlainduring420～350kaBp[J].ActaGeographicaSinica,60(1):32-34(inChinesewithEnglishabstract).
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