海底烃类渗漏的地球物理识别
摘要
海底烃类渗漏在向上运移过程中会改变深部地层和海底表层沉积物的声学性质,在地震和浅地层剖面上会形成各种可能指示烃类渗漏的地球物理标志。渗漏烃到达海底后会改变海底表面形态,形成与海底烃类渗漏有关的表面特征,如麻坑构造、海底凸起、海底古河道、碳酸盐丘、硬地面、泥火山以及表面断层等。渗漏烃进入海水后在继续上升过程中会形成气泡、渗漏羽,到达海面后会形成表面油膜。利用侧扫声纳、多波束测深和浅地层剖面可以探测到与海底烃类渗漏有关的表面特征。合成孔径雷达能够识别因海底烃类渗漏形成的海水表面油膜。海底烃类渗漏的地球物理标志是间接的,必须通过地球化学校验才能确定渗漏的存在。
引文
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[5]Sager W W,Macgonald I R.Geophysical signatures of mud mounds at hydrocarbon seeps on the Louisiana con-tinental slope,northern Gulf of Mexico[J].Continental Shelf Research,2002,22:229-301.
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[7]Judd A G,Hovland M.The evidence of shallow gas in marine sediments[J].Continental Shelf Research,1992,12(10):1081-1095.
[8]Heggland R.Gas seepage as anindicator of deeper pro-spective reservoirs:A study based on exploration3D seismic data[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,1998,15:1-9.
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[19]O’Brien G W.Yampi Shelf,Browse Basin,North-West Shelf,Australia:a test-bed for constraining hy-drocarbon migration and seepage rates using combina-tions of2D and3D seismic data and multiple,inde-pendent remote sensing technologies[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2005,22:517-549.
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[27]Judd A G.The geological methane budget at continen-tal margins and its influence on climate change[J].Geofliuds,2002,2:109-126.
[28]Judd A G.The global importance and context of meth-ane escape from the seabed[J].Geo-Mar.Lett.,2003,23:147-154.
[29]Garciagil S,Vilas F.Shallow gas features in incised-valley fills(Ria de Vigo,NW Spain):a case study[J].Continental Shelf Research,2002,22:2303-2315.
[30]Taner MT,Koehler F,Sheriff R E.Complex trace a-nalysis[J].Geophysics,1979,44(6):1041-1063.
[31]Hovland M,Judd A G.Seabed pockmarks and seepag-es:Impact on the geology,biology and the marine en-vironment[M].London:Graham and Trot man,1988.
[32]Mazurenko L L,Soloviev V A.Worldwide distribution of deepwater fluid venting and potential occurrences of gas hydrate accumulations[J].Geo-Mar.Lett.,2003,23:162-176.
[33]Zühlsdorff L,Spieb V.Implications for focused fluid transport at the northern Cascadia accretionary prism froma correlation between BSR occurrence and near-seafloor reflectivity anomalies imaged in a multi-fre-quency seismic data set[J].Int.Journ.Earth Sci-ences,2000,88:655-667.
[34]Fleischer P,Orsi T H.Distribution of free gas in ma-rine sediments:a global overview[J].Geo-Mar.Lett.,2001,21:103-122.
[35]Sager W W,Lee C S.High-frequency near seeps on the Northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope[J].Marine Geology,2003,195:153-176.
[36]Baraza J,Ercilla G.Gas-charged sediments and large pockmark-like features on the sediment of the slope,Gulf of Cadiz(SWSpain)[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,1996,(13)2:253-261.
[37]Casas D,Ercilla G,Baraza J.Acoustic evidences of gas in the continental slope of the Gulf of Cadiz[J].Geo-Mar.lett.,2003,23:300-310.
[38]Orange D L,Yun J.Tracking California sea floor seeps with bathymetry,backscatter and ROVs[J].Conti-nental Shelf Research,2002,22:2273-2290.
[39]陈多福,冯东,陈光谦,等.海底天然气渗漏系统演化特征及对形成水合物的影响[J].沉积学报,2005,23(2):323-328.
[40]Chen D F,Huang Y Y.Seep carbonates and preserved methane oxidizing archaea and sulfate reducing bacteria fossils suggest recent gas venting on the seafloor in the Northeastern South China Sea[J].Marine and Petro-leum Geology,2005,22:613-621.
[41]栾锡武,秦蕴珊.冲绳海槽宫古段西部槽底海底气泉的发现[J].科学通报,2005,50(8):802-810.
[42]Somoza L.Seabed morphology and hydrocarbon seep-age inthe Gulf of Cadiz mud volcano area:Acousticim-agery,multibeamand ultra-high resolution seismic data[J].Marine Geology,2003,195:153-176.
[43]MacDonald I R,Leifer I.Transfer of hydrocarbons from natural seeps to the water column and at mos-phere[J].Geofluids,2002,2:95-107.
[44]Abrams M.Significance of hydrocarbon seepage relative to petroleum generation and entrapment[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2005,22:457-477.
[45]Abrams M.Evaluating petroleum systems in frontier exploration areas using seabed geochemistry[J].World Oil,2004,225(6):53-60.
[2]Gaedicke C,Baranov B V.Seismic stratigraphy,BSR distribution and venting of methane-rich fluids west of Paramushir and Onekotan Islands,northern Kurils[J].Marine Geology,1997,136:259-276.
[3]Riedel M.Seismic investigations of a vent field associat-ed with gas hydrates,offshore Vancouver Island[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2002,107:1-16.
[4]Schroot B M,Klaver G T.Surface and subsurface ex-pressions of gas seepage tothe seabed-examples fromthe Southern North Sea[J].Marine and Petroleum Geolo-gy,2005,22:499-515.
[5]Sager W W,Macgonald I R.Geophysical signatures of mud mounds at hydrocarbon seeps on the Louisiana con-tinental slope,northern Gulf of Mexico[J].Continental Shelf Research,2002,22:229-301.
[6]Missiaen T,Murphy S.Very high-resolution seismic mapping of shallowgas in the Belgian coastal zone[J].Marine Geology,2003,198:97-132.
[7]Judd A G,Hovland M.The evidence of shallow gas in marine sediments[J].Continental Shelf Research,1992,12(10):1081-1095.
[8]Heggland R.Gas seepage as anindicator of deeper pro-spective reservoirs:A study based on exploration3D seismic data[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,1998,15:1-9.
[9]Yun J W,Orange D L.Subsurface gas offshore of northern California and its link to submarine geomor-phology[J].Marine Geology,1999,154:357-368.
[10]宋海斌.海洋天然气水合物的地球物理研究Ⅱ:地震方法[J],地球物理学进展,2001,16(3):110-118.
[11]Xie X,Li S.Seismic evidence for fluid migration path-ways froman overpressured systemin the South China Sea[J].Geofluids,2003,3:245-253.
[12]Taylor M H,Dillon W P.Trapping and migration of methane associated with the gas hydrate stability zone at the Blake Ridge Diapir:newinsights bottomacoustic reflection signature of hydrocarbon ultrahigh resolution seismic data[J].Geo-Marine Letters,1999,18:267-276.
[13]Thomas R D.3D multichannel seismic reflection study of variable-flux hydrocarbon seeps,continental slope,northern Gulf of Mexico[D].M S.thesis,Texas A&M University,2003.
[14]Kopf AJ.Significance of mud volcanism[J].Review of Geophysics,2002,40(2):1-52.
[15]Milkow A V.Worldwide distribution of submarine mud volcanoes and associated gas hydrates[J].Geolo-gy,2000,167:29-42.
[16]Lee S H,Chough S K.Distribution and origin of shal-low gas in deep-sea sediments of the Ulleung Basin,East Sea(Sea of Japan)[J].Geo-Mar.Letter,2003,322:204-209.
[17]Ludmann T,Wong H K.Characteristics of gas hydrate occurrences associated with mud diapirism and gas es-cape structures in the northwestern Sea of Okhotsk[J].Marine Geology,2003,201:269-286.
[18]Rollet N.Characterisation and correlation of active hy-drocarbon seepage using geophysical data sets:An ex-ample fromthe tropical,carbonate Yampi Shelf,North-west Australia[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2006,23:145-16.
[19]O’Brien G W.Yampi Shelf,Browse Basin,North-West Shelf,Australia:a test-bed for constraining hy-drocarbon migration and seepage rates using combina-tions of2D and3D seismic data and multiple,inde-pendent remote sensing technologies[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2005,22:517-549.
[20]Beukelaer M D.Distinct side-scan sonar,RADARSAT SAR,and acoustic profiler signatures of gas and oil seeps on the Gulf of Mexico slope[J].Geo-Mar.Lett.,2003,23:177-186.
[21]Jeong K S.Geophysical and geochemical observations on actively seeping hydrocarbon gases on the south-eastern Yellow Sea continental shelf[J].Geo-Mar.Lett.,2004,24:53-62.
[22]Abrams M.Geophysical and geochemical evidence for subsurface hydrocarbon leakage in the Bering Sea,Alaska[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,1992,9:208-221.
[23]吴传芝,赵克斌,丁相玉.近海油气藏渗漏烃的检测方法综述[J].地质科技情报,2004,23(3):61-65.
[24]陈林,宋海斌.海底天然气渗漏的地球物理特征及识别方法[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(4):1067-1073.
[25]陈林,宋海斌.海底天然气渗漏地震探测方法的研究进展[J].天然气工业,2006,26(7):34-38.
[26]Kruglyakova R P,Byakov Y A.Natural oil and gas seeps on the Black Sea floor[J].Geo-Mar.Lett.,2004,24:150-162.
[27]Judd A G.The geological methane budget at continen-tal margins and its influence on climate change[J].Geofliuds,2002,2:109-126.
[28]Judd A G.The global importance and context of meth-ane escape from the seabed[J].Geo-Mar.Lett.,2003,23:147-154.
[29]Garciagil S,Vilas F.Shallow gas features in incised-valley fills(Ria de Vigo,NW Spain):a case study[J].Continental Shelf Research,2002,22:2303-2315.
[30]Taner MT,Koehler F,Sheriff R E.Complex trace a-nalysis[J].Geophysics,1979,44(6):1041-1063.
[31]Hovland M,Judd A G.Seabed pockmarks and seepag-es:Impact on the geology,biology and the marine en-vironment[M].London:Graham and Trot man,1988.
[32]Mazurenko L L,Soloviev V A.Worldwide distribution of deepwater fluid venting and potential occurrences of gas hydrate accumulations[J].Geo-Mar.Lett.,2003,23:162-176.
[33]Zühlsdorff L,Spieb V.Implications for focused fluid transport at the northern Cascadia accretionary prism froma correlation between BSR occurrence and near-seafloor reflectivity anomalies imaged in a multi-fre-quency seismic data set[J].Int.Journ.Earth Sci-ences,2000,88:655-667.
[34]Fleischer P,Orsi T H.Distribution of free gas in ma-rine sediments:a global overview[J].Geo-Mar.Lett.,2001,21:103-122.
[35]Sager W W,Lee C S.High-frequency near seeps on the Northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope[J].Marine Geology,2003,195:153-176.
[36]Baraza J,Ercilla G.Gas-charged sediments and large pockmark-like features on the sediment of the slope,Gulf of Cadiz(SWSpain)[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,1996,(13)2:253-261.
[37]Casas D,Ercilla G,Baraza J.Acoustic evidences of gas in the continental slope of the Gulf of Cadiz[J].Geo-Mar.lett.,2003,23:300-310.
[38]Orange D L,Yun J.Tracking California sea floor seeps with bathymetry,backscatter and ROVs[J].Conti-nental Shelf Research,2002,22:2273-2290.
[39]陈多福,冯东,陈光谦,等.海底天然气渗漏系统演化特征及对形成水合物的影响[J].沉积学报,2005,23(2):323-328.
[40]Chen D F,Huang Y Y.Seep carbonates and preserved methane oxidizing archaea and sulfate reducing bacteria fossils suggest recent gas venting on the seafloor in the Northeastern South China Sea[J].Marine and Petro-leum Geology,2005,22:613-621.
[41]栾锡武,秦蕴珊.冲绳海槽宫古段西部槽底海底气泉的发现[J].科学通报,2005,50(8):802-810.
[42]Somoza L.Seabed morphology and hydrocarbon seep-age inthe Gulf of Cadiz mud volcano area:Acousticim-agery,multibeamand ultra-high resolution seismic data[J].Marine Geology,2003,195:153-176.
[43]MacDonald I R,Leifer I.Transfer of hydrocarbons from natural seeps to the water column and at mos-phere[J].Geofluids,2002,2:95-107.
[44]Abrams M.Significance of hydrocarbon seepage relative to petroleum generation and entrapment[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2005,22:457-477.
[45]Abrams M.Evaluating petroleum systems in frontier exploration areas using seabed geochemistry[J].World Oil,2004,225(6):53-60.
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