针对不同地质目标的叠前时间偏移成像解释评价
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摘要
随着计算机硬件和地震勘探成像技术的发展,叠前时间偏移正逐步替代常规的NMO加DMO加叠后时间偏移成为地震数据成像处理方法的主流。但对于不同的地质目标,叠前时间偏移的成像效果是否优于常规 NMO加DMO加叠后时间偏移的成像效果呢?为此,从地震数据成像处理方法、处理流程和处理参数等方面进行了讨论,并基于某地区三维数据常规处理结果和叠前时间偏移处理结果,针对不同地质目标进行了剖析与评价。认为:叠前时间偏移成像的垂向分辨率较常规处理明显降低,但对于空间波阻抗变化明显的河流和断层,叠前时间偏移成像的空间分辨率要高于常规处理;对于小于1／4波长的叠置薄储层,叠前时间偏移成像的垂向和空间分辨率低于常规处理结果。
With the increase of computer power and the development of seismic imaging technologies, pre-stack time migration (PrSTM) has gradually replaced the conventional process of NMO+DMO+ Post-stack time migration (N+ D+PoSTM) and become a mainstream of processing in migration and imaging. In order to make it clear if PrSTM has advantages over N+D+PoSTM in imaging when geological targets vary from case to case, we study seismic data migration and imaging in terms of processing methods, sequences and parameters. We also analyze and evaluate the results obtained by 3D N+D+PoSTM and PrSTM respectively with the datasets of different geophysical targets. The results indicate that the vertical resolution of PrSTM is obviously lower than that of N+D+PoSTM, but bas higher spatial resolution for the channels and faults with a sharp variation of spatial impedance. If the thickness of overlapped thin beds is less than 1/4 of a wavelength, both vertical and spatial resolutions of PrSTM are lower than those of N+D+PoSTM.
With the increase of computer power and the development of seismic imaging technologies, pre-stack time migration (PrSTM) has gradually replaced the conventional process of NMO+DMO+ Post-stack time migration (N+ D+PoSTM) and become a mainstream of processing in migration and imaging. In order to make it clear if PrSTM has advantages over N+D+PoSTM in imaging when geological targets vary from case to case, we study seismic data migration and imaging in terms of processing methods, sequences and parameters. We also analyze and evaluate the results obtained by 3D N+D+PoSTM and PrSTM respectively with the datasets of different geophysical targets. The results indicate that the vertical resolution of PrSTM is obviously lower than that of N+D+PoSTM, but bas higher spatial resolution for the channels and faults with a sharp variation of spatial impedance. If the thickness of overlapped thin beds is less than 1/4 of a wavelength, both vertical and spatial resolutions of PrSTM are lower than those of N+D+PoSTM.
引文
1 Dix C H. Seismic velocities from surface measure-ments[J]. Geophysics, 1955, 20(1) : 68-86
2 Mayne W H. Common reflection point horizontal stacking techniques[J]. Geophysics, 1962, 27(6) : 927-938
3 Taner M T, Koehiler F. Velocity Spectra-Digital com- puter derviation and applications of velocity function [J]. Geophysics, 1969,34(6) :859-881
4 Bolshix C F. Approximate model for the reflected wave traveltime curve in multilayered media[J]. Applied Geophysics, 1956,15(1):3-14
5 Tsvankin I, Thomsen L. Nonhyperbolic reflection moveout in anisotropic media[J]. Geophsics, 1994,59 (8): 1290-1304
6 Castle R J. A theory of normal moveout[J]. Geophys- ics, 1994,59(6) :983-999
7 Alkhalifah T. Velocity analysis using nonhyperbolic moveout in transversely isotropic media[J]. Geophy-ics, 1997,62(6):1 839-1854
8 Doherty S M,Claerbout J F. Velocity analysis based on the wave equation[R]. Stanford Exploration Project Reprot No1. Stanfords California: Stanford University, 1974
9 Doherty S M. Structure-independent velocity estimation[Ph D]. Stanfords California: Stanford University, 1975
10 Hale D. Dip moveout by Fourier transform[J]. Geophysics,1984,49(6):741-757
11 Tsvankin I. Normal moveout from dipping reflectors in anisotropic media[J]. Geophysics, 1995, 60 (1) : 268-284
12 Claerbout J F, Doherty S M Downward continuation of moveout-corrected seismograms[J]. Geophysics, 1972, 37(5):741-768
13 Stolt R H. Migration by Fourier Transform[J]. Geo- physics,1978,43(1):23-48
14 Gazdag J. Wave equation migration with the phase shift method[J]. Geophysics,1978, 43(7):1 342 -1351
15 Kjartansson E. Modeling and migration by the mono- chromatic 45-degree equation[R]. Stanford Exploration Project Reprot No15. Stanfords California:Stanford University, 1979
16马在田．高阶方程的分裂算法[J]．地球物理学报, 1983,26(4):377～388
17 Baysal E, Kosloff D, Sherwood J W C. Reverse time migration[J]. Geophysics, 1983,48(11):1 514 -1542
18 Gazdag J, Sguazzero P. Migration of seismic data by phase shift plus interpolation[J]. Geophysics, 1984, 49(2):124-131
19 Zhiming L. Wave field extrapolation by the linearly transformed wave equation[J]. Geophysics, 1986, 51 (8):1 538-1 551
20 Larner K L,Beasley C. Cascaded migration: improving the accuracy of finite-difference migration[J]. Geophysics, 1987, 52(5): 618-643
21凌云研究组．叠后相对保持振幅处理研究[J]．石油地 球物理勘探,2003,38(5):501-506
22凌云研究组．叠前相对保持振幅、频率、相位和波形处 理的研究[J]．石油地球物理勘探,2004,39(5):543- 552
23高军,凌云,周兴元,等,时频域球面发散与吸收补偿 [J]．石油地球物理勘探,1996,33(6):856-866
24凌云,高军,吴琳．时频空间域球面发散与吸收补偿 [J]．石油地球物理勘探,2005,40(2):176-182
25 Morley L, Claerbout J F. Predictive deconvolution in shot-receiver space[J]. Geophysics, 1983, 48(5): 515-531
26张永刚．两步法统计子波反褶积[J]．物探科技通讯, 1988,6(2):19～28
27 Levin S A. Surface-consistent deconvolution[J]. Geophysics, 1989, 54(9) :1 123-1 133
28凌云研究组．三维地震数据的分析与检测方法研究 [J]．石油地球物理勘探,2002,37(5):433-440
29 Schleicher J, Hubral P, Tygel M, et al. Minimum apertures and Fresnel zones in migration and demigration[J]. Geophysics, 1997, 62(1) :183-194
30 Sun J. On the limited aperture migration in two dimensions[J]. Geophysics, 1998, 63(3):984-994
31 Lumley D E. Claerbout J F, Bevc D. Antialiased Kirchhoff 3-D migration[J]. Expanded Abstracts of 64th Annual Internat SEG Mtg,1994,1 282-1 285
32 Hale D. A Nonaliased Integral Method for Dip Moveout[J]. Geophysics, 1991, 56(6): 795-805
33 Gray S H. Frequency-selective design of the Kirchhoff migration operator [J]. Geophysical Prospecting, 1992, 40(5):565-571
34 Wang C. Kirchhoff antialiasing methods in the imaging domain[J]. Expanded Abstracts of 70th Annual Internat SEG Mtg, 2000, 806-809
35 Zhang Y,Gray S, Sun J, et al. Theory of migration anti-aliasing[J]. Expanded Abstracls of 71st Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2001, 997-1 000
36 Sun C, Malinez R D. Amplitude preserving 3D prestack Kirchhoff lime migralion for V (z) and VTI media[J]. Expanded Abstracts of 62nd Annual Internat SEG Mtg, 2002,1 224-1 227
37 Schleicher J, Tygel M, Hubral P. 3-D true amplitude finite-offset migration[J]. Geophysics, 1993, 58(8): 1 112-1 126
38 Dessing F J, Wapenaar C P A. Wavefield exlrapolation using the wavelet transform[J]. Expanded Abstracls of 64th Annual Internat SEG Mtg, 1994, 1 355-1 358
2 Mayne W H. Common reflection point horizontal stacking techniques[J]. Geophysics, 1962, 27(6) : 927-938
3 Taner M T, Koehiler F. Velocity Spectra-Digital com- puter derviation and applications of velocity function [J]. Geophysics, 1969,34(6) :859-881
4 Bolshix C F. Approximate model for the reflected wave traveltime curve in multilayered media[J]. Applied Geophysics, 1956,15(1):3-14
5 Tsvankin I, Thomsen L. Nonhyperbolic reflection moveout in anisotropic media[J]. Geophsics, 1994,59 (8): 1290-1304
6 Castle R J. A theory of normal moveout[J]. Geophys- ics, 1994,59(6) :983-999
7 Alkhalifah T. Velocity analysis using nonhyperbolic moveout in transversely isotropic media[J]. Geophy-ics, 1997,62(6):1 839-1854
8 Doherty S M,Claerbout J F. Velocity analysis based on the wave equation[R]. Stanford Exploration Project Reprot No1. Stanfords California: Stanford University, 1974
9 Doherty S M. Structure-independent velocity estimation[Ph D]. Stanfords California: Stanford University, 1975
10 Hale D. Dip moveout by Fourier transform[J]. Geophysics,1984,49(6):741-757
11 Tsvankin I. Normal moveout from dipping reflectors in anisotropic media[J]. Geophysics, 1995, 60 (1) : 268-284
12 Claerbout J F, Doherty S M Downward continuation of moveout-corrected seismograms[J]. Geophysics, 1972, 37(5):741-768
13 Stolt R H. Migration by Fourier Transform[J]. Geo- physics,1978,43(1):23-48
14 Gazdag J. Wave equation migration with the phase shift method[J]. Geophysics,1978, 43(7):1 342 -1351
15 Kjartansson E. Modeling and migration by the mono- chromatic 45-degree equation[R]. Stanford Exploration Project Reprot No15. Stanfords California:Stanford University, 1979
16马在田．高阶方程的分裂算法[J]．地球物理学报, 1983,26(4):377～388
17 Baysal E, Kosloff D, Sherwood J W C. Reverse time migration[J]. Geophysics, 1983,48(11):1 514 -1542
18 Gazdag J, Sguazzero P. Migration of seismic data by phase shift plus interpolation[J]. Geophysics, 1984, 49(2):124-131
19 Zhiming L. Wave field extrapolation by the linearly transformed wave equation[J]. Geophysics, 1986, 51 (8):1 538-1 551
20 Larner K L,Beasley C. Cascaded migration: improving the accuracy of finite-difference migration[J]. Geophysics, 1987, 52(5): 618-643
21凌云研究组．叠后相对保持振幅处理研究[J]．石油地 球物理勘探,2003,38(5):501-506
22凌云研究组．叠前相对保持振幅、频率、相位和波形处 理的研究[J]．石油地球物理勘探,2004,39(5):543- 552
23高军,凌云,周兴元,等,时频域球面发散与吸收补偿 [J]．石油地球物理勘探,1996,33(6):856-866
24凌云,高军,吴琳．时频空间域球面发散与吸收补偿 [J]．石油地球物理勘探,2005,40(2):176-182
25 Morley L, Claerbout J F. Predictive deconvolution in shot-receiver space[J]. Geophysics, 1983, 48(5): 515-531
26张永刚．两步法统计子波反褶积[J]．物探科技通讯, 1988,6(2):19～28
27 Levin S A. Surface-consistent deconvolution[J]. Geophysics, 1989, 54(9) :1 123-1 133
28凌云研究组．三维地震数据的分析与检测方法研究 [J]．石油地球物理勘探,2002,37(5):433-440
29 Schleicher J, Hubral P, Tygel M, et al. Minimum apertures and Fresnel zones in migration and demigration[J]. Geophysics, 1997, 62(1) :183-194
30 Sun J. On the limited aperture migration in two dimensions[J]. Geophysics, 1998, 63(3):984-994
31 Lumley D E. Claerbout J F, Bevc D. Antialiased Kirchhoff 3-D migration[J]. Expanded Abstracts of 64th Annual Internat SEG Mtg,1994,1 282-1 285
32 Hale D. A Nonaliased Integral Method for Dip Moveout[J]. Geophysics, 1991, 56(6): 795-805
33 Gray S H. Frequency-selective design of the Kirchhoff migration operator [J]. Geophysical Prospecting, 1992, 40(5):565-571
34 Wang C. Kirchhoff antialiasing methods in the imaging domain[J]. Expanded Abstracts of 70th Annual Internat SEG Mtg, 2000, 806-809
35 Zhang Y,Gray S, Sun J, et al. Theory of migration anti-aliasing[J]. Expanded Abstracls of 71st Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2001, 997-1 000
36 Sun C, Malinez R D. Amplitude preserving 3D prestack Kirchhoff lime migralion for V (z) and VTI media[J]. Expanded Abstracts of 62nd Annual Internat SEG Mtg, 2002,1 224-1 227
37 Schleicher J, Tygel M, Hubral P. 3-D true amplitude finite-offset migration[J]. Geophysics, 1993, 58(8): 1 112-1 126
38 Dessing F J, Wapenaar C P A. Wavefield exlrapolation using the wavelet transform[J]. Expanded Abstracls of 64th Annual Internat SEG Mtg, 1994, 1 355-1 358
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