深水钻探面临的挑战:浅水流灾害问题
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摘要
浅水流(shallow water flow,简称SWF)灾害被看作深水钻探中面临的重要挑战之一,它是指深水钻探中,钻头钻过一超压砂层时,孔隙压力太大以致砂和水激烈流进到井眼里,导致了井和钻井平台损坏的事件.SWF问题仅发生在深水区,位于海底泥线下几百米以下,主要出现在一种原位超压的未固结的斜状砂体中,这种砂体一般被低渗透的泥覆盖.超压的形成常认为是快速沉积压实所致,也可能与构造因素或水合物分解有关.SWF砂体具有低密度、低速度和高Vp/Vs的性质,是可能被地震勘探方法所检测的.我国即将进入深水钻探领域,为了避免或减轻深水钻探中可能面对的SWF灾害,我们建议开展有关SWF灾害问题的前期研究.
One of challenges in deepwater drilling is shallow water flow(SWF)hazard,which is referred to that sand and water eject into drill hole shrewdly,when drilling into poorly consolidated overpressured layer,and cause damage to drill platform.SWF hazards are only met in deep water regions and occurred in hundreds meters below sea floor.They locate in the sloppy loosen sands with overpressure,covered with shale with low permeability.The origin of overpressure is often related to rapid deposit compression,or to geological structure and gas hydrate.SWF sands have the properties of low density,low velocity and high Vp/Vs,and hence can be identified by the seismic exploration techniques.Deepwater drilling will be proceeded in our country,and the studies of SWF hazards should be carried out in order to avoid and lessen the potent hazards in the deepwater drilling works.
One of challenges in deepwater drilling is shallow water flow(SWF)hazard,which is referred to that sand and water eject into drill hole shrewdly,when drilling into poorly consolidated overpressured layer,and cause damage to drill platform.SWF hazards are only met in deep water regions and occurred in hundreds meters below sea floor.They locate in the sloppy loosen sands with overpressure,covered with shale with low permeability.The origin of overpressure is often related to rapid deposit compression,or to geological structure and gas hydrate.SWF sands have the properties of low density,low velocity and high Vp/Vs,and hence can be identified by the seismic exploration techniques.Deepwater drilling will be proceeded in our country,and the studies of SWF hazards should be carried out in order to avoid and lessen the potent hazards in the deepwater drilling works.
引文
[1]Ostermeier R M,Pelletier J H,Winker C D,Nicholson J W,Rambow F H,Cowan K M.Dealing with shallow-water flow in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico[A].In:Proc.Offshore Tech.Conf.,1999,32(1):75～86.
[2]Pelletier J H,Ostermeier R M,Winker C D,Nicholson J W,Rambow F H.Shallow water flowsandsinthe deepwater Gulf of Mexico:some recent Shell experience[A].In:International Forum on Shallow Water Flows Conference,League City,TX,6～9Oct.,1999.
[3]Bob A.Gas hydrate-a source of shallow water flow?[J].The Leading Edge,May,2006,634～635.
[4]Larry H.Flak P E.Reviewof Deepwater Blowout Risks[A].In:I UMI Conference,New York,2002,15～19.
[5]Ralph W.Baird.Shallow Gas&the Near Surface:There are only6shallow hazards[OL].http://www.bairdpetro.com/shallow-gas.ht m,2006.
[6]Bruce B,Borel R,Bowers G.Well planning for SWF and o-verpressure at the Kestrel Well[J].Leading Edge,2002,21(7):669～671.
[7]Thomson J,Weiland R.Shallow water flowseverity:a quali-tative classification scheme for ROVobservations while making connections[OL].http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/off-shore/safety/wtrflow.ht ml,2003.
[8]Huff man A R,Castagna J P.Rock physics and mechanics con-siderations for shallow water flowcharacterization[A].In:In-ternational Forumon Shallow Water Flows,League City,TX,6?8Oct.,1999.
[9]Huff man A R,Castagna J P.Shallow water flow prediction fromseismic analysis of multicomponent seismic data[A].In:Offshore Technology Conference,2000,1～6.
[10]Hubbert M K,Rubey W W.Role of fluid pressure in me-chanics of overthrust faulting,I.Mechanics of fluid-filled porous solids and its application to overthrust faulting[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1959,70:115～166.
[11]Fertl WH.Abnormal formation pressures[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier,1976.
[12]Eric K,Greg M.Deepwater isolation,shallow-water flow hazards test cement in Marco Polo[J].Offshore,2004,76～80.
[13]Huff man A R,Castagna J P.The petrophysical basis for shallow-water flow prediction using multicompone-nt seismic data[J].The Leading Edge,2001,1030～1036.
[14]Prasad M.Acoustic measurements in unconsolidated sands at loweffective pressure and overpressure detection[J].Geo-physics,2002,67:405～412
[15]沈联蒂,史哥.岩性、油气性、有效覆盖压力对纵横波速度的影响[J].地球物理学报,1994,37(3):391～398.Shen Liandi,Shi Ge.Effect of lithologic character,petrole-umand effective overburden pressure on compressional wave and shear wave velocity[J].Chinese Journal of geophysics,1994,37(3):391～398.
[16]Flemings P B,Alan Huff man,et al.Overpressure and fluid flow processes in the deepwater gulf of mexico:slope stabili-ty,seeps,and shallow water flow[R].Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition308Preliminary Report,2005.
[17]Stump B B,Flemings P B,Feinbeiner T,Zoback MD.Pres-sure differences between overpressured sands and bounding shales of the Eugene Island330Field(Offshore Louisiana,USA)with implications for fluid flow induced by sediment loading[J].Overpressures in Petroleum Exploration,Mem-oire22,Elf EP Editions,1998
[18]KolléJ J,Max MD.Seafloor drilling of the hydrate econom-ic zone for exploration and production of methane[R].Tem-press Technologies,Inc.,2000.
[19]Xu W,Germonovich L N.Excess pore pressure resulting from methane hydrate dissociation in marine sediments:A theoretical approach[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,Vol.111,B01104,doi:10.1029/2004JB003600,2006.
[20]Yardley G S,Aplin A,Macleod G,Osborne MJ,Swarbrick R E.Pore pressure enhancement at structural crests bylater-al transfer[A].In:Proceedings of AADE Meeting on Pres-sure Regimes in Sedimentary Basins and Their Predictions[C],Lake Conroe,Texas,2-4September,1998.
[21]Dugan B,Flemings P B,in review,Overpressure and fluidflowin the New Jersey continental slope:implications for slope failure and cold seeps[J].Science,2000,1～13.
[22]Ayers A,Theilen F.Relation ship between P-and S-wave velocities and geological properties of near-surface sediments of the Barents Sea[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1999,47:431～441.
[23]Blangy J P,Strandenes S,Moos D,Nur A.Ultrasonic veloc-ities in sands[J].Geophysics,1993,58:344～356.
[24]Nc Dutta.Deepwater geohazard prediction using prestackin-version of large offset P-wave data and rock model[J].The Leading Edge,Februa,2002,193～198.
[25]丁韫玉,狄秀玲,袁志祥,薛广盈.渭河断陷地壳三维S波速度结构和Vp/Vs分布图像[J].地球物理学报,2000,43(2):194～201.Ding Y Y,Di X L,Yuan Z X,Xue G Y.Three-dimensional shear wave velocity structure and distributionimage ofVp/Vs beneath the Weihe fault depression[J].Chinese Journal of geophysics,2000,43(2):194～201.
[26]Castagna J P,Batzle ML,Kan T K.Rock physics—Thelink between rock properties and AVOresponse,in Castagna,J.P.and Backus,M.M.,Eds.,Offset-dependent reflectivi-ty—Theory and practice of AVO analysis:Soc.Expl.Geo-phys,1993,135～171.
[27]Subhashis Mallick,NaderC Dutta.Shallow water flow pre-diction using prestack waveforminversion of conventional3D seismic data and rock modeling[J].The Leading Edge,2002,675～680.
[28]Tapan Mukerji,Nader Dutta,Manika Prasad,Jack Dvorkin.Detection and estimation of overpressure,part I:the rock physics basis[J].CSEG Recorder,September,2002,36～57.
[29]Nader D,Tapan M,Manika P,Jack D.Detection and esti-mation of overpressure,part II:field applications[J].CSEG Recorder,2002,59～73.
[2]Pelletier J H,Ostermeier R M,Winker C D,Nicholson J W,Rambow F H.Shallow water flowsandsinthe deepwater Gulf of Mexico:some recent Shell experience[A].In:International Forum on Shallow Water Flows Conference,League City,TX,6～9Oct.,1999.
[3]Bob A.Gas hydrate-a source of shallow water flow?[J].The Leading Edge,May,2006,634～635.
[4]Larry H.Flak P E.Reviewof Deepwater Blowout Risks[A].In:I UMI Conference,New York,2002,15～19.
[5]Ralph W.Baird.Shallow Gas&the Near Surface:There are only6shallow hazards[OL].http://www.bairdpetro.com/shallow-gas.ht m,2006.
[6]Bruce B,Borel R,Bowers G.Well planning for SWF and o-verpressure at the Kestrel Well[J].Leading Edge,2002,21(7):669～671.
[7]Thomson J,Weiland R.Shallow water flowseverity:a quali-tative classification scheme for ROVobservations while making connections[OL].http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/off-shore/safety/wtrflow.ht ml,2003.
[8]Huff man A R,Castagna J P.Rock physics and mechanics con-siderations for shallow water flowcharacterization[A].In:In-ternational Forumon Shallow Water Flows,League City,TX,6?8Oct.,1999.
[9]Huff man A R,Castagna J P.Shallow water flow prediction fromseismic analysis of multicomponent seismic data[A].In:Offshore Technology Conference,2000,1～6.
[10]Hubbert M K,Rubey W W.Role of fluid pressure in me-chanics of overthrust faulting,I.Mechanics of fluid-filled porous solids and its application to overthrust faulting[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1959,70:115～166.
[11]Fertl WH.Abnormal formation pressures[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier,1976.
[12]Eric K,Greg M.Deepwater isolation,shallow-water flow hazards test cement in Marco Polo[J].Offshore,2004,76～80.
[13]Huff man A R,Castagna J P.The petrophysical basis for shallow-water flow prediction using multicompone-nt seismic data[J].The Leading Edge,2001,1030～1036.
[14]Prasad M.Acoustic measurements in unconsolidated sands at loweffective pressure and overpressure detection[J].Geo-physics,2002,67:405～412
[15]沈联蒂,史哥.岩性、油气性、有效覆盖压力对纵横波速度的影响[J].地球物理学报,1994,37(3):391～398.Shen Liandi,Shi Ge.Effect of lithologic character,petrole-umand effective overburden pressure on compressional wave and shear wave velocity[J].Chinese Journal of geophysics,1994,37(3):391～398.
[16]Flemings P B,Alan Huff man,et al.Overpressure and fluid flow processes in the deepwater gulf of mexico:slope stabili-ty,seeps,and shallow water flow[R].Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition308Preliminary Report,2005.
[17]Stump B B,Flemings P B,Feinbeiner T,Zoback MD.Pres-sure differences between overpressured sands and bounding shales of the Eugene Island330Field(Offshore Louisiana,USA)with implications for fluid flow induced by sediment loading[J].Overpressures in Petroleum Exploration,Mem-oire22,Elf EP Editions,1998
[18]KolléJ J,Max MD.Seafloor drilling of the hydrate econom-ic zone for exploration and production of methane[R].Tem-press Technologies,Inc.,2000.
[19]Xu W,Germonovich L N.Excess pore pressure resulting from methane hydrate dissociation in marine sediments:A theoretical approach[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,Vol.111,B01104,doi:10.1029/2004JB003600,2006.
[20]Yardley G S,Aplin A,Macleod G,Osborne MJ,Swarbrick R E.Pore pressure enhancement at structural crests bylater-al transfer[A].In:Proceedings of AADE Meeting on Pres-sure Regimes in Sedimentary Basins and Their Predictions[C],Lake Conroe,Texas,2-4September,1998.
[21]Dugan B,Flemings P B,in review,Overpressure and fluidflowin the New Jersey continental slope:implications for slope failure and cold seeps[J].Science,2000,1～13.
[22]Ayers A,Theilen F.Relation ship between P-and S-wave velocities and geological properties of near-surface sediments of the Barents Sea[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1999,47:431～441.
[23]Blangy J P,Strandenes S,Moos D,Nur A.Ultrasonic veloc-ities in sands[J].Geophysics,1993,58:344～356.
[24]Nc Dutta.Deepwater geohazard prediction using prestackin-version of large offset P-wave data and rock model[J].The Leading Edge,Februa,2002,193～198.
[25]丁韫玉,狄秀玲,袁志祥,薛广盈.渭河断陷地壳三维S波速度结构和Vp/Vs分布图像[J].地球物理学报,2000,43(2):194～201.Ding Y Y,Di X L,Yuan Z X,Xue G Y.Three-dimensional shear wave velocity structure and distributionimage ofVp/Vs beneath the Weihe fault depression[J].Chinese Journal of geophysics,2000,43(2):194～201.
[26]Castagna J P,Batzle ML,Kan T K.Rock physics—Thelink between rock properties and AVOresponse,in Castagna,J.P.and Backus,M.M.,Eds.,Offset-dependent reflectivi-ty—Theory and practice of AVO analysis:Soc.Expl.Geo-phys,1993,135～171.
[27]Subhashis Mallick,NaderC Dutta.Shallow water flow pre-diction using prestack waveforminversion of conventional3D seismic data and rock modeling[J].The Leading Edge,2002,675～680.
[28]Tapan Mukerji,Nader Dutta,Manika Prasad,Jack Dvorkin.Detection and estimation of overpressure,part I:the rock physics basis[J].CSEG Recorder,September,2002,36～57.
[29]Nader D,Tapan M,Manika P,Jack D.Detection and esti-mation of overpressure,part II:field applications[J].CSEG Recorder,2002,59～73.
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