中高层大气对低层大气脉冲扰动的响应
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摘要
从基本的大气运动方程出发,采用二维全隐欧拉格式(FICE)建立极坐标下二维声重波传播的数值模式.对小振幅高斯形态声重波传播过程的模拟结果表明,该数值模式能够再现声重波波包向上的稳定传播过程.应用此数值模式模拟了在没有背景风场和存在背景风场条件下中高层大气对10km高空处近似脉冲点源扰动的响应过程,获得了中高层大气对低层大气脉冲扰动响应的图像.结果表明,电离层高度对重力波扰动的响应不但出现在激发源激发之后,还与激发源具有较大距离,扰动的幅度随高度的增大而增大;有背景风时,顺风情况下重力波波动传播路径较逆风情况下平缓,且传播的水平距离比逆风情况下远,波动的振幅较逆风情况下弱,逆向背景风场能够加速重力波向上传播.同时,模拟还表明脉冲扰动正上方可以激发产生一种以6 min为主要周期,具有声学分支特性的快速波动.本文模拟的扰动结果与2004年12月26日苏门答腊-安达曼地震引起的电离层TEC扰动具有类似的图像.
By using a two-dimensional Full Implicit Continuous Eulerian(FICE)scheme and taking the atmospheric basic motion equations as the governing equations,a numerical model for nonlinear propagation of Acoustic Gravity Wave(AGW)disturbance in two-dimensional polar coordinates is solved.Results of numerical simulation show that the AGW packets propagate steadily upward and keep its shape well after several periods.This shows that FICE scheme is reliable for simulating the nonlinear propagation of AGW disturbance in a two-dimensional compressible atmosphere.The re- sponse of middle and upper atmosphere to the pulse disturbance of lower atmosphere in background winds or without background winds is simulated by using this model,and obtain the distribution of a certain physical quantity in time and space from earth's surface to 300 km above.The results reveal that the response of ionosphere occurs at a large horizontal distance from the source and the disturbance becomes greater with increasing of height.The situation when the direction of the background wind is opposite to or the same as the direction of disturbed velocity of gravity-wave is studied.The results show that gravity wave propagating against winds is easier than those propa- gating along winds and the background wind can accelerate gravity wave propagation.Just upon the source,an acoustic wave component with period of 6min can be found.These images of simulation are similar to observations of the Total Electron Content(TEC)disturbances caused by the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on December 26 in 2004.
By using a two-dimensional Full Implicit Continuous Eulerian(FICE)scheme and taking the atmospheric basic motion equations as the governing equations,a numerical model for nonlinear propagation of Acoustic Gravity Wave(AGW)disturbance in two-dimensional polar coordinates is solved.Results of numerical simulation show that the AGW packets propagate steadily upward and keep its shape well after several periods.This shows that FICE scheme is reliable for simulating the nonlinear propagation of AGW disturbance in a two-dimensional compressible atmosphere.The re- sponse of middle and upper atmosphere to the pulse disturbance of lower atmosphere in background winds or without background winds is simulated by using this model,and obtain the distribution of a certain physical quantity in time and space from earth's surface to 300 km above.The results reveal that the response of ionosphere occurs at a large horizontal distance from the source and the disturbance becomes greater with increasing of height.The situation when the direction of the background wind is opposite to or the same as the direction of disturbed velocity of gravity-wave is studied.The results show that gravity wave propagating against winds is easier than those propa- gating along winds and the background wind can accelerate gravity wave propagation.Just upon the source,an acoustic wave component with period of 6min can be found.These images of simulation are similar to observations of the Total Electron Content(TEC)disturbances caused by the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on December 26 in 2004.
引文
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[2]Yuan Hong,Wan Weixing,Liang Jun.The statistical sources distribution of TIDs observed in Central China. Chin.J.Geophys.,1997,40(2):164～169.in Chinese(袁洪，万卫星，梁君．中国中部地区TID激发源的统计分布．地球物理学报，1997，40(2)：164～169)
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[4]Xiao Saiguan,Hao Yongqiang,Zhang Donghe et al.A case study on whole response processes of the ionosphere to typhoons.Chin.J.Geophys.,2006,49(3):623～628. in Chinese(肖赛冠，郝永强，张东和等．电离层对台风响应的全过程的特例研究．地球物理学报，2006，49(3)：623～628)
[5]Astafyeva E I,Afraimovich E L.Long-distance traveling ionospheric disturbances caused by the great Sumatra- Andaman earthquake on 26 December 2004.Earth Planets Space,2006,58(8):1025～1031
[6]Zhang Shaodong,Yi Fan.The nonlinear propagation of gravity wave packets in compressible atmosphere.Chin. J.Space Sci.,1998,18(1):39～51.in Chinese(张绍东，易帆．重力波波包在可压大气中的非线性传播．空间科学学报，1998，18(1)：39～51)
[7]Zhang Shaodong,Yi Fan,Xiong Donghui.A numeri- cal solution method of nonlinear propagation of gravity- wave packet in a 3-dimensional spherical coordinate sys- tem.Chin.J.Space Sci.,2001,21(1):17～28.in Chinese (张绍东，易帆，熊东辉．三维球坐标系下波包非线性传播过程的一种数值求解方法．空间科学学报，2001，21(1)：17～28)
[8]Yue Xianchang,Yi Fan.A study of nonlinear propaga- tion of 3D gravity-wave packets in a compressible atmo- sphere by using ADI scheme.Chin.J.Space Sci.,2001, 21(2)：148～158．in Chinese(岳显昌，易帆．三维重力波非线性传播数值模型的一种求解格式．空间科学学报，2001，21(2)：148～158)
[9]Yue X C,Yi F,Liu Y J et al.Numerical study of the propagation of small-amplitude atmospheric gravity wave.Chin.Sci.Bull.,2005,50(13):1381～1385
[10]Andreassenφ,Wasberg C E,Fritts D G,Islet J R. Gravity wave breaking in two and three dimensions 1. Model description and comparison of two-dimensional evolutions.J.Geophys.Res.,1994,99(D4):8095～8108
[11]Huang Chunming,Yi Fan,Zhang Shaodong.A spec- tral numerical solution of Navier-Stokes equations in a 3- dimensional spherical coordinate system.Chin.J.Space Sci．，2005，25(1)：37～43．in Chinese(黄春明，易帆，张绍东．利用谱方法数值求解三维球坐标系下的Navier-Stokes方程．空间科学学报，2005，25(1)：37～43)
[12]Liu Xiao,Xu Jiyao,Ma Ruiping.Initial application of unequal step grid and explicit method in the simulation of nonlinear propagation of gravity wave.Chin.J.Space Sci．，2007，27(2)：132～139．in Chinese(刘晓，徐寄遥，马瑞平．非等间距显式算法在重力波非线性传播数值模拟中的初步应用．空间科学学报，2007，27(2)：132～139)
[13]Hu Y Q,Wu,S T.A Full-Implicit-Continus-Eulerian (FICE)scheme for multidimensional transient magne- tohydrodynamic(MHD).J.Comput.Phys.,1984, 55(1):33～64
[14]Fu Zhufeng,Hu Youqiu.The Numerical Simulation of Space Plasma.Anhui:Anhui Science and Technology Press，1995，in Chinese(傅竹风，胡友秋．空间等离子体数值模拟．安徽：安徽科学技术出版社，1995)
[15]Wang S,Hu Y Q,Wu S T.Full-implicit continuous Eu- lerian scheme in the spherical coordinates and its ap- plications to solar phenomena.Sci.China A,1982, XXV(12):1305～1318
[16]Xu J Y,Smith A K,Ma R P.A numerical study of the effect of gravity-wave propagation on minor species dis- tributions in the mesopause region.J.Geophys.Res., 2003,108(D3):4119～4125
[17]Huang Chunming,Zhang Shaodong,Yi Fan.A nu- merical study on the energy propagation and conver- sion of gravity-wave packets excited by wave-like dister- bance in the mesosphere.Chin.J.Space Sci.,2003, 23(2)：110～117．in Chinese(黄春明，张绍东，易帆．波状扰动激发的重力波波包在中层大气中能量传播和转换特性的数值研究．空间科学学报，2003，23(2)：110～117)
[18]Yeh K C,Liu Z H.Theory of Ionospheric Waves.Bei- jing：Science Press，1983．in Chinese(叶公节，刘兆汉．电离层波理论．北京：科学出版社，1983)
[19]Hedin A E.Extension of the MSIS thermosphere model into the middle and lower atmosphere.J.Geophys. Res.,1991,96(1):1159～1172
[20]Sun Lingfeng,Wan Weixing,Ding Feng et al.Atheoreti- cal model of gravitywave propagation based on the trans- fer function.Chin.J.Geophys.,2006,49(4):957～964. in Chinese(孙凌峰，万卫星，丁锋等．用传输函数构建的大气重力波传播理论模式．地球物理学报，2006，49(4)：957～964)
[21]Hedina A E,Flemingb E L,Manson A H et al.Empirical wind model for the upper,middle and lower atmosphere. J.Atmos.Terr.Phys.,1996,58(13):1421～1447
[22]Liu Xiao,Xu Jiyao.Nonlinear interactions between gravity waves and background winds.Prog.Nat.Sci., 2006，16(11)：1436～1441．in Chinese(刘晓，徐寄遥．重力波与不同背景风场之间的非线性相互作用．自然科学进展，2006，16(11)：1436～1441)
[23]Sun Lingfeng,Wan Weixing,Ding Feng et al.Study of internal gravity dimensional transfer function model. Chin.J.Space Sci.,2007,27(3):211～217.in Chinese (孙凌峰，万卫星，丁锋等．内重力波传播的3维传输函数模式研究．空间科学学报，2007，27(3)：211～217)
[2]Yuan Hong,Wan Weixing,Liang Jun.The statistical sources distribution of TIDs observed in Central China. Chin.J.Geophys.,1997,40(2):164～169.in Chinese(袁洪，万卫星，梁君．中国中部地区TID激发源的统计分布．地球物理学报，1997，40(2)：164～169)
[3]Xu Guirong,Wan Weixing,Ning Baiqi.Effects of ex- treme heavy rainfall in the troposphere on the iono- sphere.Chin.J.Space Sci.,2005,25(2):104～110.in Chinese(徐桂荣，万卫星，宁百齐．对流层特大暴雨天气对电离层变化的影响．空间科学学报，2005，25(2)：104～110)
[4]Xiao Saiguan,Hao Yongqiang,Zhang Donghe et al.A case study on whole response processes of the ionosphere to typhoons.Chin.J.Geophys.,2006,49(3):623～628. in Chinese(肖赛冠，郝永强，张东和等．电离层对台风响应的全过程的特例研究．地球物理学报，2006，49(3)：623～628)
[5]Astafyeva E I,Afraimovich E L.Long-distance traveling ionospheric disturbances caused by the great Sumatra- Andaman earthquake on 26 December 2004.Earth Planets Space,2006,58(8):1025～1031
[6]Zhang Shaodong,Yi Fan.The nonlinear propagation of gravity wave packets in compressible atmosphere.Chin. J.Space Sci.,1998,18(1):39～51.in Chinese(张绍东，易帆．重力波波包在可压大气中的非线性传播．空间科学学报，1998，18(1)：39～51)
[7]Zhang Shaodong,Yi Fan,Xiong Donghui.A numeri- cal solution method of nonlinear propagation of gravity- wave packet in a 3-dimensional spherical coordinate sys- tem.Chin.J.Space Sci.,2001,21(1):17～28.in Chinese (张绍东，易帆，熊东辉．三维球坐标系下波包非线性传播过程的一种数值求解方法．空间科学学报，2001，21(1)：17～28)
[8]Yue Xianchang,Yi Fan.A study of nonlinear propaga- tion of 3D gravity-wave packets in a compressible atmo- sphere by using ADI scheme.Chin.J.Space Sci.,2001, 21(2)：148～158．in Chinese(岳显昌，易帆．三维重力波非线性传播数值模型的一种求解格式．空间科学学报，2001，21(2)：148～158)
[9]Yue X C,Yi F,Liu Y J et al.Numerical study of the propagation of small-amplitude atmospheric gravity wave.Chin.Sci.Bull.,2005,50(13):1381～1385
[10]Andreassenφ,Wasberg C E,Fritts D G,Islet J R. Gravity wave breaking in two and three dimensions 1. Model description and comparison of two-dimensional evolutions.J.Geophys.Res.,1994,99(D4):8095～8108
[11]Huang Chunming,Yi Fan,Zhang Shaodong.A spec- tral numerical solution of Navier-Stokes equations in a 3- dimensional spherical coordinate system.Chin.J.Space Sci．，2005，25(1)：37～43．in Chinese(黄春明，易帆，张绍东．利用谱方法数值求解三维球坐标系下的Navier-Stokes方程．空间科学学报，2005，25(1)：37～43)
[12]Liu Xiao,Xu Jiyao,Ma Ruiping.Initial application of unequal step grid and explicit method in the simulation of nonlinear propagation of gravity wave.Chin.J.Space Sci．，2007，27(2)：132～139．in Chinese(刘晓，徐寄遥，马瑞平．非等间距显式算法在重力波非线性传播数值模拟中的初步应用．空间科学学报，2007，27(2)：132～139)
[13]Hu Y Q,Wu,S T.A Full-Implicit-Continus-Eulerian (FICE)scheme for multidimensional transient magne- tohydrodynamic(MHD).J.Comput.Phys.,1984, 55(1):33～64
[14]Fu Zhufeng,Hu Youqiu.The Numerical Simulation of Space Plasma.Anhui:Anhui Science and Technology Press，1995，in Chinese(傅竹风，胡友秋．空间等离子体数值模拟．安徽：安徽科学技术出版社，1995)
[15]Wang S,Hu Y Q,Wu S T.Full-implicit continuous Eu- lerian scheme in the spherical coordinates and its ap- plications to solar phenomena.Sci.China A,1982, XXV(12):1305～1318
[16]Xu J Y,Smith A K,Ma R P.A numerical study of the effect of gravity-wave propagation on minor species dis- tributions in the mesopause region.J.Geophys.Res., 2003,108(D3):4119～4125
[17]Huang Chunming,Zhang Shaodong,Yi Fan.A nu- merical study on the energy propagation and conver- sion of gravity-wave packets excited by wave-like dister- bance in the mesosphere.Chin.J.Space Sci.,2003, 23(2)：110～117．in Chinese(黄春明，张绍东，易帆．波状扰动激发的重力波波包在中层大气中能量传播和转换特性的数值研究．空间科学学报，2003，23(2)：110～117)
[18]Yeh K C,Liu Z H.Theory of Ionospheric Waves.Bei- jing：Science Press，1983．in Chinese(叶公节，刘兆汉．电离层波理论．北京：科学出版社，1983)
[19]Hedin A E.Extension of the MSIS thermosphere model into the middle and lower atmosphere.J.Geophys. Res.,1991,96(1):1159～1172
[20]Sun Lingfeng,Wan Weixing,Ding Feng et al.Atheoreti- cal model of gravitywave propagation based on the trans- fer function.Chin.J.Geophys.,2006,49(4):957～964. in Chinese(孙凌峰，万卫星，丁锋等．用传输函数构建的大气重力波传播理论模式．地球物理学报，2006，49(4)：957～964)
[21]Hedina A E,Flemingb E L,Manson A H et al.Empirical wind model for the upper,middle and lower atmosphere. J.Atmos.Terr.Phys.,1996,58(13):1421～1447
[22]Liu Xiao,Xu Jiyao.Nonlinear interactions between gravity waves and background winds.Prog.Nat.Sci., 2006，16(11)：1436～1441．in Chinese(刘晓，徐寄遥．重力波与不同背景风场之间的非线性相互作用．自然科学进展，2006，16(11)：1436～1441)
[23]Sun Lingfeng,Wan Weixing,Ding Feng et al.Study of internal gravity dimensional transfer function model. Chin.J.Space Sci.,2007,27(3):211～217.in Chinese (孙凌峰，万卫星，丁锋等．内重力波传播的3维传输函数模式研究．空间科学学报，2007，27(3)：211～217)
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