城市活动断裂探测的方法和技术
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摘要
发生在城市范围内的直下型大地震可能产生巨大的灾害 ,包括高的振动破坏和强的断裂地表错动。因此 ,城市范围内的直下型活动断裂和隐伏活动断裂探测及地震危险性和危害性评价是十分重要的。立足于城市环境复杂、污染重、干扰强的特点 ,文中介绍了城市活动断裂探测的主要方法 ,包括地质地貌、地球化学和地球物理方面的多种探测方法。在地质地貌方法中 ,最新断裂活动面的断错地质地貌制图及针对断裂新活动和古地震研究的钻探和槽探具有特别重要的意义 ,年轻地质体和地貌面年龄测定是一项关键技术 ;地球化学探查 ,尤其是多种气体测项在隐伏断裂初步定位中起到先锋作用 ;在各种地球物理探测中 ,浅层地震勘探起着关键作用 ,而在探查活动断裂深部背景和孕震可能性时 ,各种深地震探测方法是十分重要的。在城市活动断裂探测这一新的工作中 ,必须更多地强调和更好地做到地质地貌、地球化学和地球物理探测的结合 ,做到多种探测手段和勘探方法的综合运用 ,这样才能做好断裂定位、断裂活动性判定及分析断裂孕震条件工作。
Large earthquake that occurs in the urban area may cause tremendous disaster, involving damages generated by strong ground shaking and surface rupturing along the seismogenic active fault Therefore, it is very important to survey and prospect the active faults and concealed active faults, and to assess their seismic hazards in the urban areas Considering these problems that most of the urban areas facing high noisy and shaking disturbance, heavy pollution and complicated surroundings, here some main methods for surveying and prospecting the active faults are introduced including geological and geomorphologic mapping as well as geochemical and geophysical prospecting methods Geological and geomorphic mapping for latest faulting traces, and drilling and trenching for study of recent activity of the faults and paleoseismology are very important, while the age dating to the young geologic body and geomorphologic surfaces is a key technique Geochemical prospecting, especially surveying by use of multiple geogases, is often used in the first step to locate a possible concealed active fault Shallow seismic prospecting method will play main role among various geophysical exploration methods Various kinds of deep seismic prospecting methods are strongly recommended to detect the deep tectonic settings of active faults which may likely induce future destructive earthquakes Nevertheless, in this new task for active fault detection in the urban areas, we must emphasize and rely on the comprehensive utilization of various kinds of techniques and methods from geology, geomorphology, geochemistry and geophysics, so that we can locate active faults, and better assess the activity of the faults and their capability to generate destructive earthquake
Large earthquake that occurs in the urban area may cause tremendous disaster, involving damages generated by strong ground shaking and surface rupturing along the seismogenic active fault Therefore, it is very important to survey and prospect the active faults and concealed active faults, and to assess their seismic hazards in the urban areas Considering these problems that most of the urban areas facing high noisy and shaking disturbance, heavy pollution and complicated surroundings, here some main methods for surveying and prospecting the active faults are introduced including geological and geomorphologic mapping as well as geochemical and geophysical prospecting methods Geological and geomorphic mapping for latest faulting traces, and drilling and trenching for study of recent activity of the faults and paleoseismology are very important, while the age dating to the young geologic body and geomorphologic surfaces is a key technique Geochemical prospecting, especially surveying by use of multiple geogases, is often used in the first step to locate a possible concealed active fault Shallow seismic prospecting method will play main role among various geophysical exploration methods Various kinds of deep seismic prospecting methods are strongly recommended to detect the deep tectonic settings of active faults which may likely induce future destructive earthquakes Nevertheless, in this new task for active fault detection in the urban areas, we must emphasize and rely on the comprehensive utilization of various kinds of techniques and methods from geology, geomorphology, geochemistry and geophysics, so that we can locate active faults, and better assess the activity of the faults and their capability to generate destructive earthquake
引文
①KinugasaY ,IrikuraK ,KikutaH ComprehencegeophysicalsurveyforlargeurbanareasinJapan2000
[1] YEATSRS ,SIEHK ,ALLENCR TheGeologyofEarth quakes[M ]NewYorkandOxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1997473485
[2] DENGQidong,YUGuihua,YEWenhuaRelationshipbe tweenearthquakemagnitudeandparametersofsurfaceruptureassociatedwithhistoricalearthquakes[J]ResearchonActiveFault,1992(2):247264(inChinese) [邓起东,于贵华,叶文华.地震地表破裂参数与震级的关系研究[J].活动断裂研究,1992(2):247264]
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[4] FUISGS ,RYBERGT ,GODFREGNJ,etalCrustalstruc tureandtectonicsfromtheLosAngelesBasintotheMojaveDesert,SouthernCalifornia[J]Geology,2001,29(1):1518
[5] FUISGS WestmarginofNorthAmerica-asynthesisofre centseismictransects[J]Tectonophysics,1998,288:265292
[6] DENGQidongExplorationofactivefaultsandtheirseismichazardassessments[J]SeismologyandGeology,2002,24(4):601605(inChinese) [邓起东.城市活动断裂探测和地震危险性评价问题[J].地震地质,2002,24(4):601605]
[7] DENGQidong,FENGXianyue,ZHANGPeizhen,etalAc tivereversefault foldzonesandearthquakesalongnorthernTian shan,Xinjiang,China[J]SeismologyandGeology,1996,18(Suppl):2137
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[9] XUXiwei,JIFengju,YUGuihua,etalReconstructionofpa leoearthquakesequenceusingstratigraphicrecordsfromdrilllogs:astudyattheXiadianfault,Hebei[J]SeismologyandGeology,2000,22(1):919(inChinese) [徐锡伟,计凤桔,于贵华,等.用钻孔地层剖面记录恢复古地震序列:河北夏垫断裂古地震研究[J]地震地质,2000,22(1):919]
[10] SIEHKE Pre historiclargeearthquakesproducedbyslipontheSanAndreasfaultatPallettCreek,California[J]JGeophyRes,1978,83:3907\|3939
[11] DENGQidong,WANGYipeng,LIAOYuhua,etalColluvialwedgesandHoloceneactivityalongtherange frontfaultofHelanShan[J]ChineseScienceBulletin,1984(9):557560(inChi nese) [邓起东,汪一鹏,廖玉华,等.断层崖崩积楔及贺兰山山前断裂全新世活动历史[J].科学通报,1984(9):557560]
[12] RANYongkang,DENGQidongHistory,statusandtrendabouttheresearchofpaleoseismology[J]ChineseScienceBul letin,1999,44(10):880889(inChinese) [冉勇康,邓起东.古地震学研究的历史、现状和发展趋势[J].科学通报,1999,44(1):1220]
[13] DENGQidong,ZHANGPeizhenColluvialwedgesassociatedwithpre historicalreversefaultingpaleoearthquakes[J]Chi neseScienceBulletin,2000,45(17):15981604(inChinese) [邓起东,张培震.逆断层崩积楔[J].科学通报,2000,45(6):650655]
[14] NAKATAT ,SHIMAZAKIK Geo slicer,anewlyinventedsoilsampler,forhigh resolutionactivefaultstudies[J]JournalofGeography,1997,106:5969(inJapanese) [中田高,岛崎邦彦.活动断层研究:直接从地下提取切片的装置(Geo slicer)[J].地理学杂志,1997,106:5969]
[15] HEHonglin,EIKICHIT ,KOUICHIS ,etalGeoslicer-anewtechniquefordetectingactivefault[J]SeismologyandGeology,2003,25(inpress)(inChinese) [何宏林,佃荣吉,下川浩一,等.大地切片———一种新的活动断层探测技术[J].地震地质,2003,25(待刊)]
[16] CHENWenji,PENGGuiAgeDatingtotheYoungGeologicalSystem[M]Beijing:SeismologicalPress,19911297(inChi nese) [陈文寄,彭贵.年轻地质体系的年代测定[M ].北京:地震出版社,19911297]
[17] CHENWenji,JIFengju,WANGFeiAgeDatingtotheYoungGeologicalSystem(Continued)-NewMethodsandProgress[M ]Beijing:SeismologicalPress,19991269(inChinese) [陈文寄,计凤桔,王非.年轻地质体系的年代测定(续)———新方法、新进展[M ].北京:地震出版社,19991269]
[18] LOMBARDIS ,ETIOPEG ,GUERRAM ,etalTherefine mentofsoilgasanalysisasageologicalinvestigativetechnique:Conclusiveresultsofgasmigrationfieldstudies[A].CommissionoftheEuropeanCommunities,NuclearScienceandTechnology.ReportEUR 16746EN[R]1996
[19] ETIOPEG ,LOMBARDIS Laboratorysimulationofgeogasmicrobubbleflow[J]EnvironmentalGeology,1996,27(3):226232
[20] KINGCY ,KINGBS ,EVANSWC ,etalS
[1] YEATSRS ,SIEHK ,ALLENCR TheGeologyofEarth quakes[M ]NewYorkandOxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1997473485
[2] DENGQidong,YUGuihua,YEWenhuaRelationshipbe tweenearthquakemagnitudeandparametersofsurfaceruptureassociatedwithhistoricalearthquakes[J]ResearchonActiveFault,1992(2):247264(inChinese) [邓起东,于贵华,叶文华.地震地表破裂参数与震级的关系研究[J].活动断裂研究,1992(2):247264]
[3] HANZhujun,RENFuhu,OGAWAYujiro,etalResearchontheseismotectonicsoftheJanuary17,1995HanshinM 72earthquake[J]ActaSeismologicaSinica,1996,18(4):523528(inChinese). [韩竹君,任伏虎,小川雄二郎,等.1995年1月17日日本阪神72级地震的构造条件研究[J].地震学报,1996,18(4):523528]
[4] FUISGS ,RYBERGT ,GODFREGNJ,etalCrustalstruc tureandtectonicsfromtheLosAngelesBasintotheMojaveDesert,SouthernCalifornia[J]Geology,2001,29(1):1518
[5] FUISGS WestmarginofNorthAmerica-asynthesisofre centseismictransects[J]Tectonophysics,1998,288:265292
[6] DENGQidongExplorationofactivefaultsandtheirseismichazardassessments[J]SeismologyandGeology,2002,24(4):601605(inChinese) [邓起东.城市活动断裂探测和地震危险性评价问题[J].地震地质,2002,24(4):601605]
[7] DENGQidong,FENGXianyue,ZHANGPeizhen,etalAc tivereversefault foldzonesandearthquakesalongnorthernTian shan,Xinjiang,China[J]SeismologyandGeology,1996,18(Suppl):2137
[8] NAKATAT Studyonpaleoearthquakesofmarineactivefaults[A ]SHIMAZAKIKunihiko,OTAYokoStudyonPale oearthquake[M ]AncientandModernPublishingHouse,1995168192(inJapanese) [中田高.海底活断层の古地震学的研究[A].岛崎邦彦,太田阳子古地震を探る[M ]古今书院,1995168192]
[9] XUXiwei,JIFengju,YUGuihua,etalReconstructionofpa leoearthquakesequenceusingstratigraphicrecordsfromdrilllogs:astudyattheXiadianfault,Hebei[J]SeismologyandGeology,2000,22(1):919(inChinese) [徐锡伟,计凤桔,于贵华,等.用钻孔地层剖面记录恢复古地震序列:河北夏垫断裂古地震研究[J]地震地质,2000,22(1):919]
[10] SIEHKE Pre historiclargeearthquakesproducedbyslipontheSanAndreasfaultatPallettCreek,California[J]JGeophyRes,1978,83:3907\|3939
[11] DENGQidong,WANGYipeng,LIAOYuhua,etalColluvialwedgesandHoloceneactivityalongtherange frontfaultofHelanShan[J]ChineseScienceBulletin,1984(9):557560(inChi nese) [邓起东,汪一鹏,廖玉华,等.断层崖崩积楔及贺兰山山前断裂全新世活动历史[J].科学通报,1984(9):557560]
[12] RANYongkang,DENGQidongHistory,statusandtrendabouttheresearchofpaleoseismology[J]ChineseScienceBul letin,1999,44(10):880889(inChinese) [冉勇康,邓起东.古地震学研究的历史、现状和发展趋势[J].科学通报,1999,44(1):1220]
[13] DENGQidong,ZHANGPeizhenColluvialwedgesassociatedwithpre historicalreversefaultingpaleoearthquakes[J]Chi neseScienceBulletin,2000,45(17):15981604(inChinese) [邓起东,张培震.逆断层崩积楔[J].科学通报,2000,45(6):650655]
[14] NAKATAT ,SHIMAZAKIK Geo slicer,anewlyinventedsoilsampler,forhigh resolutionactivefaultstudies[J]JournalofGeography,1997,106:5969(inJapanese) [中田高,岛崎邦彦.活动断层研究:直接从地下提取切片的装置(Geo slicer)[J].地理学杂志,1997,106:5969]
[15] HEHonglin,EIKICHIT ,KOUICHIS ,etalGeoslicer-anewtechniquefordetectingactivefault[J]SeismologyandGeology,2003,25(inpress)(inChinese) [何宏林,佃荣吉,下川浩一,等.大地切片———一种新的活动断层探测技术[J].地震地质,2003,25(待刊)]
[16] CHENWenji,PENGGuiAgeDatingtotheYoungGeologicalSystem[M]Beijing:SeismologicalPress,19911297(inChi nese) [陈文寄,彭贵.年轻地质体系的年代测定[M ].北京:地震出版社,19911297]
[17] CHENWenji,JIFengju,WANGFeiAgeDatingtotheYoungGeologicalSystem(Continued)-NewMethodsandProgress[M ]Beijing:SeismologicalPress,19991269(inChinese) [陈文寄,计凤桔,王非.年轻地质体系的年代测定(续)———新方法、新进展[M ].北京:地震出版社,19991269]
[18] LOMBARDIS ,ETIOPEG ,GUERRAM ,etalTherefine mentofsoilgasanalysisasageologicalinvestigativetechnique:Conclusiveresultsofgasmigrationfieldstudies[A].CommissionoftheEuropeanCommunities,NuclearScienceandTechnology.ReportEUR 16746EN[R]1996
[19] ETIOPEG ,LOMBARDIS Laboratorysimulationofgeogasmicrobubbleflow[J]EnvironmentalGeology,1996,27(3):226232
[20] KINGCY ,KINGBS ,EVANSWC ,etalS
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