北美裂缝性页岩气勘探开发的启示
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摘要
北美实践证明,非常规油气资源——页岩气是现实的接替能源,勘探风险在于能否从低渗透的页岩储集层中获取经济可采储量,勘探目标是有机质和硅质含量高、裂缝发育的脆性优质烃源岩。页岩气生产机制复杂,涉及吸附气与游离气、天然裂缝与诱导裂缝系统之间的相互关系。在地质、地化、测井和地震综合评价基础上,通过水力压裂等增产措施提高储集层渗透能力是页岩气开采的关键。中国广泛分布海相和湖相细粒碎屑岩,有效烃源岩多富含炭质、灰质或硅质,已陆续发现裂缝性油气藏,有条件寻找丰富的页岩气资源,特别是液态烃在高成熟或过成熟阶段裂解产生的甲烷气滞留在烃源岩内形成的连续分布式非常规页岩气资源。图3表5参34
The history of exploration and production in North America shows that shale gas is a realistic alternative energy.As an unconventional resource,its critical risk is whether the low permeability shale produces gas economically.Source rocks could be good reservoirs for gas if they had rich organic material and abundant silica which makes the shale more brittle.The complex production mechanism involves the relationships between absorbed and free gases and between natural and induced fractures.To enhance the permeability by artificial hydraulic fracturing is a key step for shale reservoirs on the basis of the evaluation of geology,geochemistry,wire line and seismic data.Many fractured reservoirs in China have been discovered in extensive fine-clastic source rocks from marine and lacustrine environments,with carbonaceous/calcareous mudstone or siliceous shale.The undiscovered resources within effective shale reservoirs would be significant,especially the resources due to the secondary thermogenic cracking of oil to gas at high maturity.
The history of exploration and production in North America shows that shale gas is a realistic alternative energy.As an unconventional resource,its critical risk is whether the low permeability shale produces gas economically.Source rocks could be good reservoirs for gas if they had rich organic material and abundant silica which makes the shale more brittle.The complex production mechanism involves the relationships between absorbed and free gases and between natural and induced fractures.To enhance the permeability by artificial hydraulic fracturing is a key step for shale reservoirs on the basis of the evaluation of geology,geochemistry,wire line and seismic data.Many fractured reservoirs in China have been discovered in extensive fine-clastic source rocks from marine and lacustrine environments,with carbonaceous/calcareous mudstone or siliceous shale.The undiscovered resources within effective shale reservoirs would be significant,especially the resources due to the secondary thermogenic cracking of oil to gas at high maturity.
引文
[1]陈章明,张树林,万龙贵.古龙凹陷北部青山口组泥岩构造裂缝的形成及其油气藏分布预测[J].石油学报,1988,9(4):5-7.
[2]王德新,江裕彬,吕从容.在泥页岩中寻找裂缝性油、气藏的一些看法[J].西部探矿工程,1996,8(2):12-14.
[3]张金川,金之钧,袁明生.页岩气成藏机理和分布[J].天然气工业,2004,24(7):15-18.
[4]陈佳梁,兰素清,王昌杰.裂缝性储层的预测方法及应用[J].勘探地球物理进展,2004,27(1):35-40.
[5]袁士义,宋新民,冉启全.裂缝性油藏开发技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2004.
[6]王宣龙,李厚裕,冯红霞.利用声波和自然伽马能谱分析泥岩裂缝储层[J].测井技术,1996,20(6):432-435.
[7]张研,张颖,孙夕平,等.地震储集层预测技术在不同勘探开发阶段的应用[J].石油勘探与开发,2006,33(1):59-63.
[8]袁士义,胡永乐,罗凯.天然气开发技术现状、挑战及对策[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(6):1-6.
[9]李勇明,郭建春,赵金洲.裂缝性油藏压裂井产能数值模拟模型研究与应用[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(2):126-128.
[10]刘继民,刘建中,刘志鹏,等.用微地震法监测压裂裂缝转向过程[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(2):75-77.
[11]Kuuskraa V A.Unconventional natural gas,industry savior orbridge?[R].Washington,D.C.:EIA Energy Outlook andModeling Conference,2006.
[12]Montgomery S L,Jarvie D M,Bowker K A,et al.Mississippianbarnett shale,Fort Worth basin,north-central Texas:gas-shaleplay with multi-trillion cubic foot potential[J].AAPG Bulletin,2005,89(2):155-175.
[13]Caldwell R.Unconventional resources:are they for real?[J].Scotia Newsletter,Mar.,2006:1-2.
[14]McCallister T.Unconventional gas production projections in theannual energy outlook 2006:an overview[R].Washington,D.C.:EIA Energy Outlook and Modeling Conference,2006.
[15]Faraj B,Williams H,Addison G,et al.Gas potential of selectedshale formations in the western Canadian sedimentary basin[J].Gas TIPS,2004,10(1):21-25.
[16]Gatens M.Unconventional gas in Canada:an important newresource[R].Calgary:CERI 2005 Energy&EnvironmentWorkshop,2005.
[17]Roche P.Technology and prices help release shale gas from"unconventional"status[J].New Technology Magazine,Oct/Nov,2006:15-20.
[18]Hamblin A P.The"shale gas"concept in Canada:a preliminaryinventory of possibilities[R].GSC 2006 Open File Report 5384.
[19]戴金星.我国天然气资源及其前景[J].天然气工业,1999,19(1):3-6.
[20]Curtis J B.Fractured shale-gas systems[J].AAPG Bulletin,2002,86(11):1921-1938.
[21]Nuttall B C,Drahovzal J A,Eble C F,et al.U.S.DOE/NETLDE-FC26-02NT41442:Analysis of the Devonian shale inKentucky for potential CO2sequestration and enhanced naturalgas production[R].Lexington:Kentucky Geological Survey,2005.
[22]Jarvie D.Evaluation of hydrocarbon generation and storage in theBarnett shale,Ft.Worth basin,Texas[R].Texas:HumbleGeochemical Services Division,2004.
[23]Mavor M.Barnett shale gas-in-place volume including sorbed andfree gas volume(abs.)[R].Fort Worth,Texas:AAPGSouthwest Section Metting,2003.
[24]Frantz J H,Jochen Jr V.Shale gas[R].Schlumberger WhitePaper 2005.
[25]胡见义.石油天然气地质与资源论文集[C].北京:石油工业出版社,2000.
[26]宋岩,赵孟军,柳少波,等.中国3类前陆盆地油气成藏特征[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(3):1-6.
[27]Montgomery S.Barnett shale:a new gas play in the Fort Worthbasin[J].Petroleum Frontiers Excerpt,2004,20(1):1-76.
[28]Tissot B P,Welte D H.石油形成和分布[M].徐永元,徐濂,郝石生,等(译).北京:石油工业出版社,1989.
[29]赵文智,王兆云,张水昌,等.有机质“接力成气”模式的提出及其在勘探中的意义[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(2):1-7.
[30]宋岩,徐永昌.天然气成因类型及其鉴别[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(4):24-29.
[31]焦大庆,王德仁,武晓玲.东濮凹陷天然气成藏及富集规律[J].石油与天然气地质,2006,27(6):794-803.
[32]曲寿利,季玉新,王鑫.泥岩裂缝油气藏地震检测方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2003.
[33]赖生华,刘文碧,李德发,等.泥质岩裂缝油藏特征及控制裂缝发育的因素[J].矿物岩石,1998,18(2):47-51.
[34]叶军.川西坳陷侏罗系烃源岩评价[J].油气地质与采收率,2001,8(3):11-14.
[2]王德新,江裕彬,吕从容.在泥页岩中寻找裂缝性油、气藏的一些看法[J].西部探矿工程,1996,8(2):12-14.
[3]张金川,金之钧,袁明生.页岩气成藏机理和分布[J].天然气工业,2004,24(7):15-18.
[4]陈佳梁,兰素清,王昌杰.裂缝性储层的预测方法及应用[J].勘探地球物理进展,2004,27(1):35-40.
[5]袁士义,宋新民,冉启全.裂缝性油藏开发技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2004.
[6]王宣龙,李厚裕,冯红霞.利用声波和自然伽马能谱分析泥岩裂缝储层[J].测井技术,1996,20(6):432-435.
[7]张研,张颖,孙夕平,等.地震储集层预测技术在不同勘探开发阶段的应用[J].石油勘探与开发,2006,33(1):59-63.
[8]袁士义,胡永乐,罗凯.天然气开发技术现状、挑战及对策[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(6):1-6.
[9]李勇明,郭建春,赵金洲.裂缝性油藏压裂井产能数值模拟模型研究与应用[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(2):126-128.
[10]刘继民,刘建中,刘志鹏,等.用微地震法监测压裂裂缝转向过程[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(2):75-77.
[11]Kuuskraa V A.Unconventional natural gas,industry savior orbridge?[R].Washington,D.C.:EIA Energy Outlook andModeling Conference,2006.
[12]Montgomery S L,Jarvie D M,Bowker K A,et al.Mississippianbarnett shale,Fort Worth basin,north-central Texas:gas-shaleplay with multi-trillion cubic foot potential[J].AAPG Bulletin,2005,89(2):155-175.
[13]Caldwell R.Unconventional resources:are they for real?[J].Scotia Newsletter,Mar.,2006:1-2.
[14]McCallister T.Unconventional gas production projections in theannual energy outlook 2006:an overview[R].Washington,D.C.:EIA Energy Outlook and Modeling Conference,2006.
[15]Faraj B,Williams H,Addison G,et al.Gas potential of selectedshale formations in the western Canadian sedimentary basin[J].Gas TIPS,2004,10(1):21-25.
[16]Gatens M.Unconventional gas in Canada:an important newresource[R].Calgary:CERI 2005 Energy&EnvironmentWorkshop,2005.
[17]Roche P.Technology and prices help release shale gas from"unconventional"status[J].New Technology Magazine,Oct/Nov,2006:15-20.
[18]Hamblin A P.The"shale gas"concept in Canada:a preliminaryinventory of possibilities[R].GSC 2006 Open File Report 5384.
[19]戴金星.我国天然气资源及其前景[J].天然气工业,1999,19(1):3-6.
[20]Curtis J B.Fractured shale-gas systems[J].AAPG Bulletin,2002,86(11):1921-1938.
[21]Nuttall B C,Drahovzal J A,Eble C F,et al.U.S.DOE/NETLDE-FC26-02NT41442:Analysis of the Devonian shale inKentucky for potential CO2sequestration and enhanced naturalgas production[R].Lexington:Kentucky Geological Survey,2005.
[22]Jarvie D.Evaluation of hydrocarbon generation and storage in theBarnett shale,Ft.Worth basin,Texas[R].Texas:HumbleGeochemical Services Division,2004.
[23]Mavor M.Barnett shale gas-in-place volume including sorbed andfree gas volume(abs.)[R].Fort Worth,Texas:AAPGSouthwest Section Metting,2003.
[24]Frantz J H,Jochen Jr V.Shale gas[R].Schlumberger WhitePaper 2005.
[25]胡见义.石油天然气地质与资源论文集[C].北京:石油工业出版社,2000.
[26]宋岩,赵孟军,柳少波,等.中国3类前陆盆地油气成藏特征[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(3):1-6.
[27]Montgomery S.Barnett shale:a new gas play in the Fort Worthbasin[J].Petroleum Frontiers Excerpt,2004,20(1):1-76.
[28]Tissot B P,Welte D H.石油形成和分布[M].徐永元,徐濂,郝石生,等(译).北京:石油工业出版社,1989.
[29]赵文智,王兆云,张水昌,等.有机质“接力成气”模式的提出及其在勘探中的意义[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(2):1-7.
[30]宋岩,徐永昌.天然气成因类型及其鉴别[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(4):24-29.
[31]焦大庆,王德仁,武晓玲.东濮凹陷天然气成藏及富集规律[J].石油与天然气地质,2006,27(6):794-803.
[32]曲寿利,季玉新,王鑫.泥岩裂缝油气藏地震检测方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2003.
[33]赖生华,刘文碧,李德发,等.泥质岩裂缝油藏特征及控制裂缝发育的因素[J].矿物岩石,1998,18(2):47-51.
[34]叶军.川西坳陷侏罗系烃源岩评价[J].油气地质与采收率,2001,8(3):11-14.
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