南海陆坡大型块体搬运体系的结构与识别特征
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摘要
近年来的地质与地球物理调查发现,在大陆坡第四系中发育有大规模块体搬运体系(现今的块体搬运体系也称海底滑坡)。块体搬运体系是深水常见的一种沉积物搬运机制,主要包括滑动、滑塌和碎屑流等重力流过程及其沉积物。南海陆坡白云块体搬运体系面积逾10000km2,可划分为3个结构单元,即头部拉张区、体部滑移-挤压区和趾部挤压区。在地震剖面中,发育多种构造:正断层、杂乱反射、逆冲断层、挤压脊和褶皱等。块体搬运体系严重威胁深水设施安全,并可能诱发海啸,是海洋地质灾害之一。同时,块体搬运体系与海洋油气及天然气水合物关系密切,物源决定块体搬运体系的物性,泥质物源的块体搬运体系通常作为良好的油气盖层,砂质物源形成的块体搬运体系可以成为储层。
A lot of large mass transport depositions (MTDs) have been discovered in the Quaternary strata according to recent geological and geophysical investigation results. MTDs are very popular sedimentary systems in the continental slope,which include slides,slumps and debris flows. Total area of Baiyun MTDs in Quaternary strata of the northern South China Sea is over 10 000 km2. Architecture of MTDs in Quaternary strata is divided into headwall extensional domain,translational-compressional domain and toe domain compressional area. On the seismic profiles,MTDs show many structures such as: normal fault,chaotic reflection,thrust fault,pressure ridge and fold. MTDs are one of the important geological hazards,do harm to deepwater equipments and induce tsunamis. At the same time,MTDs have close relationship with formation of deepwater hydrocarbon and gas hydrate. MTDs are usually good seals in deepwater because of its lower porosity and permeability,and could be reservoirs if the slumps are originally good sandstones.
A lot of large mass transport depositions (MTDs) have been discovered in the Quaternary strata according to recent geological and geophysical investigation results. MTDs are very popular sedimentary systems in the continental slope,which include slides,slumps and debris flows. Total area of Baiyun MTDs in Quaternary strata of the northern South China Sea is over 10 000 km2. Architecture of MTDs in Quaternary strata is divided into headwall extensional domain,translational-compressional domain and toe domain compressional area. On the seismic profiles,MTDs show many structures such as: normal fault,chaotic reflection,thrust fault,pressure ridge and fold. MTDs are one of the important geological hazards,do harm to deepwater equipments and induce tsunamis. At the same time,MTDs have close relationship with formation of deepwater hydrocarbon and gas hydrate. MTDs are usually good seals in deepwater because of its lower porosity and permeability,and could be reservoirs if the slumps are originally good sandstones.
引文
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[2]Pettingill H S,Wei mer P.Worldwide deepwater exploration and production:Past,present and future[J].The Leading Edge,2002,135:371-376.
[3]Martinez J F,Cartwright J,James D.Frontally confined ver-sus frontally emergent submarine landslides:a3D seismic characterization[J].Marine&Petroleum Geology,2006,23(5):585-604.
[4]张功成,米立军,吴时国,等.深水区—南海大陆边缘盆地油气勘探新领域[J].石油学报,2007,28(2):15-21.[ZHANG Gongcheng,MI Lijun,WUShiguo,et al.Deep water area the new prospecting targets of northern continental margin of South China Sea[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2007,28(2):15-21.]
[5]李铁刚,曹奇原,李安春,等.从源到汇:大陆边缘的沉积作用[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(5):713-722.[LI Tiegang,CAO Qiyuan,LI Anchun,et al.Source to sink:Sedi menta-tion in the continental margins[J].Advance in Earth Sci-ences,2003,18(5):713-722.]
[6]Beaubouef R T,Abreu V,Van Wagoner J C.Basin4of the Brazos-Trinity slope system,western Gulf of Mexico[C]//Perkins Research Conference.2003:182-203.
[7]McGilvery T A,Haddad G,Cook D L.Seafloor and shallow subsurface examples of mass transport complexes,offshore Brunei[C]//OTC Conference.2004:16780.
[8]Newton C S,Shipp R C,Mosher D C,et al.I mportance of mass transport complexes in the Quaternary development of the Nile Fan,Egypt[C]//Offshore Technology Conference.2004:16742.
[9]冯志强,冯文科,薛万俊.南海北部地质灾害及海底工程地质条件评价[M].南京:河海大学出版社,1996:178.[FENG Zhiqiang,FENG Wenke,XUE Wanjun.Evaluation of Geo-hazards and Submarine Engineering-Geological Conditions in the North of South China Sea[M].Nanjing:Hohai University Press,1996:178.]
[10]Canals M,Lastras G,Urgeles R,et al.Slope failure dynam-ics and i mpacts from seafloor and shallow sub-seafloor geo-physical data:case studies fromthe COSTAproject[J].Ma-rine Geology,2004,213:9-72.
[11]Mienert J,Vanneste M,Bnt S,et al.Ocean warming and gas hydrate stability on the mid-Norwegian margin at the Storegga Slide[J].Marine&Petroleum Geology,2005,22:233-244.
[12]Wu S,Wong H K,L dmann T.Graviy driven sedi mentation on the northwest continental slope of the South China Sea:results from high-resolution seismic data and piston cores[J].Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Li mnology,1999,17(2):155-169.
[13]Kvenvolden K A.Gas hydrate:geological perspective and global change[J].Rev.Geophys,1993,31(2):173-187.
[14]MacDonald GJ.Role of methane clathratesin past andfuture cli mates[J].Cli m.Change,1990,16:247-281.
[15]寇养琦.南海北部的海底滑坡[J].海洋与海岸带开发,1990,7(3):48-52.[KOU Yangqi.Landslide in the north of South China Sea[J].Exploitation of Ocean and Coastal Zone,1990,7(3):48-52.]
[16]姚永坚,姜玉坤,曾祥辉.南沙海域新生代构造运动特征[J].中国海上油气(地质),2002,16(2):113-119.[YAO Yongjian,JI ANG Yukun,ZENG Xianghui.Cenozoic tectonic movements in Nansha area,South China Sea[J].China Off-shore Oil and Gas(Geology),2002,16(2):113-119.]
[17]吴世敏,周蒂,刘海龄.南沙地块构造格局及其演化特征[J].大地构造与成矿学,2004,28(1):23-28.[WU Shi min,ZHOU Di,LI U Hailing.Tectonic framework and evolution-ary characteristics of Nansha Block,South China Sea[J].Geotectonica et Metallogeni,2002,16(2):113-119.]
[18]McGilvery T,Cook D.Theinfluence of local gradients on ac-commodation space and linked depositional elements across a stepped slope profile,offshore Brunei[C]//In:Roberts H,Rosen N,Fillon R,et al,eds.Gulf Coast Section-SEPM Foundation23rd Annual Bob F.Perkins Research Confer-ence.2003:23-55.
[19]朱伟林,张功成,杨少坤,等.南海北部大陆边缘盆地天然气地质[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2007.[ZHU Weilin,ZHANG Gongcheng,YANGShaokun,et al.Gas Geologyin the Northern Continental Margin Basin of South China Sea[M].Beijing:PetroleumIndustry Press,2007.]
[20]孙龙涛,陈长民,詹文欢,等.珠江口盆地断层封堵特征及其影响因素[J].石油学报,2007,28(4):36-40.[SUN Long-tao,CHEN Changmin,ZHAN Wenhuan,et al.Characteris-tics and influencing factors of fault sealing in Pearl River Mouth Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2007,28(4):36-40.]
[21]石万忠,陈红汉,陈长民,等.珠江口盆地白云凹陷地层压力演化与油气运移模拟[J].地球科学——中国地质大学学报,2006,31(2):229-236.[SHI Wanzhong,CHEN Honghan,CHEN Changmin,et al.Modeling of pressure evolution and hydrocarbon migrationin the Baiyun Depression,Pearl River Mouth Basin,China[J].Earth Science Journal of China U-niversity of Geosciences,2006,31(2):229-236.]
[22]孙运宝,吴时国,王志君,等.南海北部白云海底滑坡的形态与演化研究[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2008,28(6):69-77.[SUN Yunbao,WUShiguo,WANG Zhijun,et al.The ge-ometry and deformation character of Baiyun Landslide[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,2008,28(6):69-77.]
[23]Prior D B,Bornhold B,Johns M.Depositional characteristics of a submarine debris flow[J].Journal of Geology,1984,92:707-727.
[24]Moscardelli L,Wood L.New classification systemfor mass transport complexes in offshore Trinidad[J].Basin Re-search,2008,20:73-98.
[25]Bull S,Cartwright J,Huuse M.Areviewof kinematic indi-cators from mass-transport complexes using3D seismic data[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2008,8:66-68.
[26]David R.Submarine-slump-generated tsunamis[J].Marine Geology,2004,203(3-4):199-386.
[27]Brown H E,Holbrook W S,Hornbach M J,et al.Slide structure and role of gas hydrate at the northern boundary of the Storegga Slide,offshore Norway[J].Marine Geology,2006,229:179-186.
[28]陈俊仁.珠江口盆地海底稳定性分析[J].热带海洋,1991,10(2):49-57.[CHENJunren.An analysis on seafloor stability of the Pearl River Mouth Basin[J].Journal of Tropic Ocea-nography,1991,10(2):49-57.]
[29]吴时国,姚伯初.天然气水合物赋存的地质构造分析与资源评价[M].北京:科学出版社,2008:16-20.[WU Shiguo,YAO Bochu.Analysis of Geology Tectonic and Evaluation to Gas Hydrate Resources[M].Beijing:Science Press,2008:16-20.]
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