南海北部深水区油气勘探关键地质问题
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摘要
南海北部深水区已经获得了重大的天然气发现,正逐渐成为全球深水油气勘探的热点区之一。通过与相邻陆架区以及世界上典型深水盆地的类比发现,南海北部深水区具有独特的石油地质特征。南海北部大陆边缘经历了从燕山期主动陆缘向新生代边缘海被动陆缘的转变,其演化过程和成盆机制复杂;陆坡深水区具"热盆"特征,凹陷发育超压,其生烃机制不明;深水区距离物源区较远,缺乏世界级大河系的注入,具远源沉积特征,未发现盐层及其相关构造,其油气成藏条件具有特殊性。此外,南海北部深水区海底地形崎岖、多火山,还面临着地震采集、处理等地球物理难题。因此,南海北部深水油气勘探需要在借鉴相邻陆架区和世界其他深水区成功经验的基础上,一方面深入研究其独特的油气地质特征,另一方面研发适应于我国深水环境的地球物理勘探新技术,切实推动深水油气勘探的进程。
The discovery of natural gas field in the deep water area of the northern margin of the South China Sea(SCS) made it as one of the hot areas in global oil and gas exploration.Comparative studies of deepwater basins in the world and the SCS adjacent continental shelf areas show that the deepwater area of the northern SCS is featured by unique petroleum geology as follows:tectonic transition from the active margin in Yanshan period to Cenozoic passive margin accounts for the complex evolution and basin formation mechanism.The thermal regime is hotter in the deepwater slope area and overpressure phenomenon is generally found in the depressions there,along with ambiguous hydrocarbon formation process.Due to the long distance from the provenance and lack of the material flux from the big rivers,this area is with distal sedimentation.No salt related tectonics is found in this area.All the phenomena mentioned above suggest its unique hydrocarbon formation.Additionally,the topography in deep water area of the northern SCS is rugged,along with multiple volcanoes,which undoubtedly arises difficulties for geophysical data acquisition and process.In a conclusion,the oil and gas exploration in deep water areas in SCS should apply the successful experiences to any other deep water areas in the world,and enhance the basic research on its structural and petroleum geology;meanwhile,the new geophysical technologies for deep water environment also needs to speed up the progress of oil and gas exploration.
The discovery of natural gas field in the deep water area of the northern margin of the South China Sea(SCS) made it as one of the hot areas in global oil and gas exploration.Comparative studies of deepwater basins in the world and the SCS adjacent continental shelf areas show that the deepwater area of the northern SCS is featured by unique petroleum geology as follows:tectonic transition from the active margin in Yanshan period to Cenozoic passive margin accounts for the complex evolution and basin formation mechanism.The thermal regime is hotter in the deepwater slope area and overpressure phenomenon is generally found in the depressions there,along with ambiguous hydrocarbon formation process.Due to the long distance from the provenance and lack of the material flux from the big rivers,this area is with distal sedimentation.No salt related tectonics is found in this area.All the phenomena mentioned above suggest its unique hydrocarbon formation.Additionally,the topography in deep water area of the northern SCS is rugged,along with multiple volcanoes,which undoubtedly arises difficulties for geophysical data acquisition and process.In a conclusion,the oil and gas exploration in deep water areas in SCS should apply the successful experiences to any other deep water areas in the world,and enhance the basic research on its structural and petroleum geology;meanwhile,the new geophysical technologies for deep water environment also needs to speed up the progress of oil and gas exploration.
引文
陈长民,施和生,许仕策,等.2003.珠江口盆地(东部)第三系油气藏形成条件.北京:科学出版社.
龚再升,李思田,谢泰俊,等.1997.南海北部大陆边缘盆地分析与油气聚集.北京:科学出版社.
龚再升,李思田,杨甲明,等.2004.南海北部大陆边缘盆地油气成藏动力学研究.北京:科学出版社.
李思田,林畅松,张启明,等.1998.南海北部大陆边缘盆地幕式裂陷的动力学过程及10Ma以来的构造事件.科学通报,43(8):797
刘绍文,施小斌,王良书,等.2007.南海成因机制及北部岩石圈热-流变结构研究进展.海洋地质与第四纪地质,26(4):117～124.
刘铁树,何仕斌.2001.南海北部陆缘盆地深水区油气勘探前景.中国海上油气(地质),15(3):164～170.
米立军,袁玉松,张功成,等.2009.南海北部深水区地热特征及其成因.石油学报,30(1):27～32.
庞雄,陈长民,彭大钧,等.2007.南海珠江深水扇系统及油气.北京:科学出版社.
施小斌,周蒂,张毅祥,等.2000.南海北部陆缘岩石圈的热流变结构.科学通报,45(15):1160～1165.
孙珍,钟志洪,周蒂,等.2006.南海的发育机制研究:相似模拟证据.中国科学(D辑),36(9):797～810.
陶维祥,丁放,何仕斌,等.2006.国外深水油气勘探述评及中国深水油气勘探前景.地质科技情报,25(6):59～66.
吴时国,袁圣强.2005.世界深水油气勘探进展与我国南海深水油气勘探前景.天然气地球科学,16(6):693～699.
夏斌,崔学军,谢建华,等.2005.关于南海构造演化动力学机制研究的一点思考.大地构造与成矿学,29(3):328～333.
沿海大陆架及毗邻海域油气区石油地质志编写组.1992.沿海大陆架及毗邻海域油气区(下册).见:中国石油地质志(卷16).北京:石油工业出版社.
杨川恒,杜栩,潘和顺,等.2000.国外深水领域油气勘探新进展及我国南海北部陆坡深水区油气勘探潜力.地学前缘,7(3):247～256.
姚伯初,万玲,刘振湖,等.2004.南海海域新生代沉积盆地构造演化的动力学特征及其油气资源.地球科学,9(5):543～549.
周蒂,陈汉宗,吴世敏,等.2002.南海的右行裂解成因.地质学报,76(2):180～190.
周蒂,孙珍,陈汉宗.2007.世界著名深水油气盆地的构造特征及对我国南海北部深水油气勘探的启示.地球科学进展,22(6):561～572.
张功成,米立军,吴时国,等.2007.深水区——南海北部大陆边缘盆地油气勘探新领域.石油学报,28(2):15～21.
朱伟林,张功成,高乐.2008.南海北部大陆边缘盆地油气地质特征与勘探方向.石油学报,29(1):1～9.
Flower M F J,Tamaki K,Hoang N.1998.Mantle extrusion:Model for dispersed volcanism and DUPAL-like asthenospherein East Asia and the Western Pacific.In:Flower MF J,ChunS L,Lo C H,et al.,eds.Mantle Dynamics and PlateInteractionsin East Asia.AGU Monograph Geodynamic Series,27:67～88.
Hall R.1996.Reconstructing Cenozoic SE Asia.In:Hall R,Blundell DJ,eds.Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia.Geol.Soc.London,Spec.Pub.,106:203～224.
Northrup C J,Royden L H,Burchfiel B C.1995.Motion of thePacific plate relative to Eurasia and its potential relation toCenozoic extension along the eastern margin of Eurasia.Geology,23:719～722.
Ren J,Tamaki K,Sitian L,et al.2002.Late Mesozic and Cenozoicrifting and dynamic settingin Eastern China and adjacent areas.Tectonophysics,344:175～205.
Ru Ke,Pigott J D.1986.Episodic rifting and subsidence in the South China Sea.AAPG Bulletin,70:1136～1155.
Schellart WP,Lister G S.2005.The role of the East Asian activemargin in widespread extension and strike-slip deformation inEast Asia.J.of the Geological Society,London,162:959～972.
Tamaki K.1995.Upper mantle extrusion tectonics of SoutheastAsia and formation of the western Pacific back-arc basins.Workshop:Cenozoic Evolution of the Indochina Peninsula,Hanoi/Do son.Abstract with program,89.
Tapponnier P,Peltzer G,Le Dain A Y,et al.1982.Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia:new insights from si mpleexperi ments with plasticine.Geology,7:611～616.
Taylor B,Hayes D E.1980.The tectonic evolution of the SouthChina basin.In:Hayes D E.ed.The tectonic and geologicalevolution of southeast Asian Seas and islands.AGUGeophysical Monograph.,23:89～104.
Taylor B,Hayes D E.1983.Origin and history of the South ChinaSea basin.In In:Hayes D E.ed.The tectonic and geologicalevolution of southeast Asian Seas and islands:Part2.AGUGeophysical Monograph.,27:23～56.
龚再升,李思田,谢泰俊,等.1997.南海北部大陆边缘盆地分析与油气聚集.北京:科学出版社.
龚再升,李思田,杨甲明,等.2004.南海北部大陆边缘盆地油气成藏动力学研究.北京:科学出版社.
李思田,林畅松,张启明,等.1998.南海北部大陆边缘盆地幕式裂陷的动力学过程及10Ma以来的构造事件.科学通报,43(8):797
刘绍文,施小斌,王良书,等.2007.南海成因机制及北部岩石圈热-流变结构研究进展.海洋地质与第四纪地质,26(4):117～124.
刘铁树,何仕斌.2001.南海北部陆缘盆地深水区油气勘探前景.中国海上油气(地质),15(3):164～170.
米立军,袁玉松,张功成,等.2009.南海北部深水区地热特征及其成因.石油学报,30(1):27～32.
庞雄,陈长民,彭大钧,等.2007.南海珠江深水扇系统及油气.北京:科学出版社.
施小斌,周蒂,张毅祥,等.2000.南海北部陆缘岩石圈的热流变结构.科学通报,45(15):1160～1165.
孙珍,钟志洪,周蒂,等.2006.南海的发育机制研究:相似模拟证据.中国科学(D辑),36(9):797～810.
陶维祥,丁放,何仕斌,等.2006.国外深水油气勘探述评及中国深水油气勘探前景.地质科技情报,25(6):59～66.
吴时国,袁圣强.2005.世界深水油气勘探进展与我国南海深水油气勘探前景.天然气地球科学,16(6):693～699.
夏斌,崔学军,谢建华,等.2005.关于南海构造演化动力学机制研究的一点思考.大地构造与成矿学,29(3):328～333.
沿海大陆架及毗邻海域油气区石油地质志编写组.1992.沿海大陆架及毗邻海域油气区(下册).见:中国石油地质志(卷16).北京:石油工业出版社.
杨川恒,杜栩,潘和顺,等.2000.国外深水领域油气勘探新进展及我国南海北部陆坡深水区油气勘探潜力.地学前缘,7(3):247～256.
姚伯初,万玲,刘振湖,等.2004.南海海域新生代沉积盆地构造演化的动力学特征及其油气资源.地球科学,9(5):543～549.
周蒂,陈汉宗,吴世敏,等.2002.南海的右行裂解成因.地质学报,76(2):180～190.
周蒂,孙珍,陈汉宗.2007.世界著名深水油气盆地的构造特征及对我国南海北部深水油气勘探的启示.地球科学进展,22(6):561～572.
张功成,米立军,吴时国,等.2007.深水区——南海北部大陆边缘盆地油气勘探新领域.石油学报,28(2):15～21.
朱伟林,张功成,高乐.2008.南海北部大陆边缘盆地油气地质特征与勘探方向.石油学报,29(1):1～9.
Flower M F J,Tamaki K,Hoang N.1998.Mantle extrusion:Model for dispersed volcanism and DUPAL-like asthenospherein East Asia and the Western Pacific.In:Flower MF J,ChunS L,Lo C H,et al.,eds.Mantle Dynamics and PlateInteractionsin East Asia.AGU Monograph Geodynamic Series,27:67～88.
Hall R.1996.Reconstructing Cenozoic SE Asia.In:Hall R,Blundell DJ,eds.Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia.Geol.Soc.London,Spec.Pub.,106:203～224.
Northrup C J,Royden L H,Burchfiel B C.1995.Motion of thePacific plate relative to Eurasia and its potential relation toCenozoic extension along the eastern margin of Eurasia.Geology,23:719～722.
Ren J,Tamaki K,Sitian L,et al.2002.Late Mesozic and Cenozoicrifting and dynamic settingin Eastern China and adjacent areas.Tectonophysics,344:175～205.
Ru Ke,Pigott J D.1986.Episodic rifting and subsidence in the South China Sea.AAPG Bulletin,70:1136～1155.
Schellart WP,Lister G S.2005.The role of the East Asian activemargin in widespread extension and strike-slip deformation inEast Asia.J.of the Geological Society,London,162:959～972.
Tamaki K.1995.Upper mantle extrusion tectonics of SoutheastAsia and formation of the western Pacific back-arc basins.Workshop:Cenozoic Evolution of the Indochina Peninsula,Hanoi/Do son.Abstract with program,89.
Tapponnier P,Peltzer G,Le Dain A Y,et al.1982.Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia:new insights from si mpleexperi ments with plasticine.Geology,7:611～616.
Taylor B,Hayes D E.1980.The tectonic evolution of the SouthChina basin.In:Hayes D E.ed.The tectonic and geologicalevolution of southeast Asian Seas and islands.AGUGeophysical Monograph.,23:89～104.
Taylor B,Hayes D E.1983.Origin and history of the South ChinaSea basin.In In:Hayes D E.ed.The tectonic and geologicalevolution of southeast Asian Seas and islands:Part2.AGUGeophysical Monograph.,27:23～56.
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