西藏错那-拿日雍错地堑的第四纪正断层作用及其形成机制探讨
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摘要
青藏高原内部的近东西向伸展变形在藏南地区形成了一系列近南北向裂谷带,对其中最东端的错那-沃卡裂谷带南段错那-拿日雍错地堑调查结果表明,它是第四纪活动明显的半地堑式断陷盆地。控制该盆地发育的主边界断裂带是近南北走向、倾向东侧和长80~110km左右的盆地西缘正断层,是区域内N90°~92°E方向伸展变形的产物。断裂活动速率的多种估算结果表明,该断裂带百万年时间尺度的平均垂直活动速率介于0.2~0.9mm/a之间;MIS 8和MIS 6以来的断裂平均活动速率的合理估计值是0.6±0.2mm/a;但末次冰期盛冰阶以来的断裂平均活动速率明显增加,介于1.0~2.1mm/a之间,合理的估计值为1.3±0.3mm/a,末次冰盛期以来断裂垂直活动速率的增加极可能是该断裂带进入地震丛集期的反映。该地堑近于严格的南北走向及其与当雄-羊八井地堑相似的活动强度,指示了下地壳物质侧向流动所产生的纵向拉张作用最有利于该区近南北向裂谷带的形成。
The Cona-Nariyong Co graben,forming the southern section of the NNE trending Cona-Woka rift zone which is the only rift located at the east of the Yadong-Gulu rift zone in Southern Tibet,is a north-trending extensional basin in eastern Himalaya Mountains.The basin is about 80km long and 1～10km wide and contains three small paleo-dammed lakes called Nariyong Co,Yang Co,and Yaba Co from north to south respectively.There are 4 sets of tills and fluvioglacial deposits,corresponding to the Nyanyxungla Ice Age,Jilongshi Ice Age,Ronbushi Ice Age,and Holocene glaciations respectively from oldest to youngest.Eight samples of calcareous sands and coats for U-series and coarse-fine grained sands for TL datings respectively were collected from natural and digging exposures either within or associated with the moraines and fluvioglacial deposits.The dating results show that the first(oldest)set of tills was formed before marine isotope stage MIS6;the second set of tills was formed during MIS6,and the third and fourth moraines were formed during the last glacial maximum and the Holocene glaciations respectively.Based on remote images and field survey,the main boundary fault of the graben is found to be located at the western margin of the Cona-Nariyong Co Basin.It is a N-trending and east dipping normal fault and about 110km long extending from 15km south of Bangla pass to 15km north of Wushankou pass of Cona County,and is the seismogenic fault of 1806 M 7.5 Cona earthquake.It extends in the Tethyan Himalya Block to the north and cuts the south Tibetan Detachment into the High Himalaya Block to the south.In that region,the fault prominent offset Tethyan fold-thrust belt containing Triassic-Cretaceous sedimentary rocks,and the 80km long central segment of normal fault offset Quaternary deposits showing obvious activity during Quaternary or Late Quaternary.Based on restoration of geological structure and paleo-topography and measurement of fault scarp offset moraine platform and fluviaoglacial terraces,the total vertical throws is about 1.9～4.2km since about 12～5MaB.P.and the displacements are 140±20m,42～80m,27±1m,and 15.5±0.5m since MIS8 or earlier,MIS6,24～18kaB.P.,and 15～11kaB.P.respectively.Given such displacements of fault and ages of rifting onset and tills filling,the most probable values of throw rates on differential time scales are deduced.The vertical throw rate on the Cona-Nariyong Co west margin fault must be more than 0.2mm/a and less than 0.9mm/a since rifting onset,the Late Quaternary throw rates are between 0.4～0.8mm/a,the most probable value is 0.6±0.2mm/a,and the Holocene throw rate is about 1.3±0.3mm/a(lower than 2.1mm/a).The Late Quaternary and since rifting onset throw rates are mutually consistent and constrain the uniform long-term slip rate along the west margin fault of the Cona-Nariyong Co graben.The obvious increase of throw rate during Holocene is most probably resulted from earthquake cluster in Holocene.This new observation on the Cona-Nariyong Co graben shows that the development of trends of grabens or rifts is strictly limited in Southern Tibet.The newly obtained long-term and short-term slip rates from the Cona-Nariyong Co graben are also distinctly similar to the inferred throw rate of normal faults bounding the west margin fault of the Damxung-Yangbajain in northern section of the Yadong-Gulu graben system in Southern Tibet.The pronounced similar and consistency on magnitude and geometry of faults and grabens in Southern Tibet suggest that normal faulting in Southern Tibet isn't resulted from the mechanisms largely controlled by local processes,including oroclinal bending of Himalaya orogen,right-laterally oblique convergence of India continental lithosphere,right-lateral motion along the Karakorum-Jiali Fault Zone,a change in boundary conditions along the eastern margin of Asia,topographic collapse of an overthickened crust or advective removal of thickened Tibetan mantle lithosphere,and radial spreading of the Himalayan arc on India plate.The most reasonable interpretation might be that the uniform extension controlled by regional processes be resulted from lower crust lateral flow in South Tibet or longitudinal extension be resulted from lower crustal shorten vertical orogen.
The Cona-Nariyong Co graben,forming the southern section of the NNE trending Cona-Woka rift zone which is the only rift located at the east of the Yadong-Gulu rift zone in Southern Tibet,is a north-trending extensional basin in eastern Himalaya Mountains.The basin is about 80km long and 1～10km wide and contains three small paleo-dammed lakes called Nariyong Co,Yang Co,and Yaba Co from north to south respectively.There are 4 sets of tills and fluvioglacial deposits,corresponding to the Nyanyxungla Ice Age,Jilongshi Ice Age,Ronbushi Ice Age,and Holocene glaciations respectively from oldest to youngest.Eight samples of calcareous sands and coats for U-series and coarse-fine grained sands for TL datings respectively were collected from natural and digging exposures either within or associated with the moraines and fluvioglacial deposits.The dating results show that the first(oldest)set of tills was formed before marine isotope stage MIS6;the second set of tills was formed during MIS6,and the third and fourth moraines were formed during the last glacial maximum and the Holocene glaciations respectively.Based on remote images and field survey,the main boundary fault of the graben is found to be located at the western margin of the Cona-Nariyong Co Basin.It is a N-trending and east dipping normal fault and about 110km long extending from 15km south of Bangla pass to 15km north of Wushankou pass of Cona County,and is the seismogenic fault of 1806 M 7.5 Cona earthquake.It extends in the Tethyan Himalya Block to the north and cuts the south Tibetan Detachment into the High Himalaya Block to the south.In that region,the fault prominent offset Tethyan fold-thrust belt containing Triassic-Cretaceous sedimentary rocks,and the 80km long central segment of normal fault offset Quaternary deposits showing obvious activity during Quaternary or Late Quaternary.Based on restoration of geological structure and paleo-topography and measurement of fault scarp offset moraine platform and fluviaoglacial terraces,the total vertical throws is about 1.9～4.2km since about 12～5MaB.P.and the displacements are 140±20m,42～80m,27±1m,and 15.5±0.5m since MIS8 or earlier,MIS6,24～18kaB.P.,and 15～11kaB.P.respectively.Given such displacements of fault and ages of rifting onset and tills filling,the most probable values of throw rates on differential time scales are deduced.The vertical throw rate on the Cona-Nariyong Co west margin fault must be more than 0.2mm/a and less than 0.9mm/a since rifting onset,the Late Quaternary throw rates are between 0.4～0.8mm/a,the most probable value is 0.6±0.2mm/a,and the Holocene throw rate is about 1.3±0.3mm/a(lower than 2.1mm/a).The Late Quaternary and since rifting onset throw rates are mutually consistent and constrain the uniform long-term slip rate along the west margin fault of the Cona-Nariyong Co graben.The obvious increase of throw rate during Holocene is most probably resulted from earthquake cluster in Holocene.This new observation on the Cona-Nariyong Co graben shows that the development of trends of grabens or rifts is strictly limited in Southern Tibet.The newly obtained long-term and short-term slip rates from the Cona-Nariyong Co graben are also distinctly similar to the inferred throw rate of normal faults bounding the west margin fault of the Damxung-Yangbajain in northern section of the Yadong-Gulu graben system in Southern Tibet.The pronounced similar and consistency on magnitude and geometry of faults and grabens in Southern Tibet suggest that normal faulting in Southern Tibet isn't resulted from the mechanisms largely controlled by local processes,including oroclinal bending of Himalaya orogen,right-laterally oblique convergence of India continental lithosphere,right-lateral motion along the Karakorum-Jiali Fault Zone,a change in boundary conditions along the eastern margin of Asia,topographic collapse of an overthickened crust or advective removal of thickened Tibetan mantle lithosphere,and radial spreading of the Himalayan arc on India plate.The most reasonable interpretation might be that the uniform extension controlled by regional processes be resulted from lower crust lateral flow in South Tibet or longitudinal extension be resulted from lower crustal shorten vertical orogen.
引文
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2 Armijo R,Tapponier P,Mercier J Let al.Quaternary extension in Southern Tibet:Field observations and tectonic implications.Journal ofGeophysical Research,1986,91(B14):13803~13872
3 Molnar P,England P,Martinod J·Mantle dynamics,uplift of the Tibet Plateau,and the Indian monsoon.ReviewofGeophysics,1993,31(4):357~396
4 Yin A.Mode of Cenozoic east-west extension in Tibet suggesting a common origin of rifts in Asia during the Indo-Asia collision.Journal ofGeophysical Research,2000,105(B9):21745~21759
5 Harrison T M,Copeland P,Kidd W S Fet al.Raising Tibet.Science,1992,225:1663~1670
6 钟大赉,丁 林.青藏高原的隆起过程及其机制探讨.中国科学(D辑),1996,26(4):289~295Zhong Dalai,Ding Lin.Rising process of the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau and its mechanism.Science in China(Series D),1996,39(4):369~379
7 李吉均,文世宣,张青松等.青藏高原隆升的时代、幅度和形式探讨.中国科学(B辑),1979,9(6):608~616Li Jijun,Wen Shixuan,Zhang Qingsonget al.A discussion on the period,amplitude and type of the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Scientia Sinica(Series B),1979,22(11):1314~1328
8 Dewey J F,Shackleton R M,Chang Chengfaet al.The tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau.Philosophical Transaction ofRoyal Society ofLondon,1988,327(A):379~413
9 Mercier J L,Armijo R,Tapponier Pet al.Change from Late Tertiary compression to Quaternary extension in Southern Tibet during the India-Asia collision.Tectonics,1987,6(3):275~304
10 England P,Houseman G.Extension during continental convergence,with application to the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Geophysical Research,1989,94:17561~17569
11 Royden L H,Burchfiel C,King R Wet al.Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in Eastern Tibet.Science,1997,276:788~790
12 Rothery D A,Drury S A.The neotectonics of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,1984,3(1):19~26
13 McCaffrey R,Nabelek J.Role of oblique convergence in the active deformation of the Himalayas and Southern Tibet Plateau.Geology,1998,26(8):691~694
14 Kapp P,Guynn J H.Indian punch rifts Tibet.Geology,2004,32(11):993~996
15 Seeber L,P毢cher A.Strain partitioning along the Himalaya arc and the Nanga Parbat antiform.Geology,1998,26:791~794
16 Klootwijk C T,Conaghan P J,Powell C M.The Himalayan arc:Large-scale continental subduction,oroclinal bending and back-arc spreading.Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters,1985,75:167~183
17 Ni J,York J E.Late Cenozoic tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau.Journal ofGeophysical Research,1978,83(B11):5377~5384
18 韩同林著.中华人民共和国地质矿产部专报(五):构造地质地质力学第4号.喜马拉雅岩石圈构造演化:西藏活动构造.北京:地质出版社,1987.1~297Han Tonglin.Tectonic Evolution of the Lithosphere of the Hima-layas:The Active Tectonic in Xizang(Tibet).Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources,People s Republic of China,GeologicalMemoirs,Series5(4).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1987.1~297
19 潘桂棠,丁 俊,姚东生等.青藏高原及邻区地质图.成都:成都地图出版社,2004Pan Guitang,Ding Jun,Yao Dongshenget al.Geological Map of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau and Adjacent Areas(1∶1500000).Chengdu:Chengdu Cartographic Publishing House,2004
20 Burchfiel B C,Chen Z,Hodges K Vet al.The south Tibetan detachment system,Himalayan orogen,extension contemporaneous with and parallel to shortening in a collisional mountain belt.Geological Society ofAmerica Special Paper,1992,269:1~41
21 Murphy MA,Harrison TM.The relationship between leucogranites and the south Tibetan detachment system,Rongbuk Valley,Southern Tibet.Geology,1999,27:831~834
22 中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队(李炳元、王富葆,张青松等).西藏第四纪地质.北京:科学出版社,1983.1~192Comprehensive Scientific Expedition Group(Li Bingyuan,Wang Fubao,Zhang Qingsonget al.).Quaternary Geology in Xizang.Beijing:Science Press,1983.1~192
23 吴中海,张永双,赵希涛等.喜马拉雅山脉东段空布岗峰东麓的晚第四纪冰川作用序列及其初步的年代学约束.冰川冻土,2008(待刊)Wu Zhonghai,Zhang Yongshuang,Zhao Xitaoet al.Late Quaternary glacial successions and timing at eastern piedmont of Kongbugang peak in eastern Himalaya mountains.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008(in press)
24 Masek J G,Isacks B L,Fielding E Jet al.Rift-flank uplift in Tibet:Evidence for a viscous lower crust.Tectonics,1994,13:659~667
25 Stockli D F,Taylor M,Yin Aet al.Late Miocene-Pliocene inception of E-W extension in Tibet as evidenced by apatite(U-Th)/He data.Geological SocietyofAmerica Abstracts with Programs,2002,34:411
26 Hancock G S,Anderson R S.Numerical modeling of fluvial strath-terrace formation in response to oscillating climate.Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin,2002,114(9):1131~1142
27 Pan Baotian,Burbank D.A900k.y.record of strath terrace formation during glacial-interglacial transitions in Northwest China.Geology,2003,31(11):957~960
28 Starkel L.Climatically controlled terraces in uplifting mountain areas.Quaternary Science Reviews,2003,22(20):2189~2198
29 Barnard P,Owen L A,Finkel R C.Quaternary fans and terraces in the Khumbu Himal south of Mount Everest:Their characteristics,age and formation.Journal ofthe Geological Society London,2006,163:383~399
30 Hancock G S,Anderson R S,Chadwick O Aet al.Dating fluvial terraces with10Be and26Al profile:Application to the Wind River,Wyoming.Geomorphology,1999,27(1~2):41~60
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