中国海域的天然气水合物资源
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摘要
天然气水合物是甲烷等天然气在高压、低温条件下形成的冰状固体物质。据估算,全球天然气水合物中碳的含量等于石油、煤等化石能源中碳含量的2倍。在人类面临化石能源即将枯竭的时候,各国科学家和政府都把目光投向这一未来能替代化石能源的新能源。新生代构造演化历史、沉积条件、沉积环境等显示,南海具有生成和蕴藏巨大天然气水合物资源的条件;南海海域的地震反射剖面多处显示存在BSR反射波;2007年已钻探见到水合物样品。东海冲绳海槽在第四纪的沉积速率高(10~40cm/ka),槽坡存在泥底辟构造和断裂活动,从上新世以来发生过两次构造运动,这些对天然气水合物的形成是十分有利的;因此,中国海域的天然水合物资源是十分丰富的,在不远的将来它可能成为新的替代能源。
The forming conditions of gas hydrate in the China seas according to the physicaloceanography,palaeo-climate,sedimentary environment,and tectonic environment are discussed in this paper.The researching results show that the organism producibility is high and there are rich organic matters in sediments of the period 2,4,6 of oxygen-isotope in the South China Sea.In these periods the sedimentary velocity was very high,and there are very good material conditions for the formation of gas hydrate.In addition,since Pliocene,the Philippine Sea plate has collided with Asian plate in Taiwan area,extruding the northeast part of the South China Sea along northwest direction.Owning to the extruding force in the sediments the fluid is very active and it is benefit for the formation of the gas hydrate.We have collected the sedimentary samples containing the gas hydrates through the drilling on the northern slope of the South China Sea in 2007.In the Okinawa Trough of the East China Sea,some mud volcanoes or mud diapir structures and the active faults were found in the west slope of the trough.The sedimentary rates are high in Quaternary in the trough,from 10 cm/ka to 40 cm/ka.The BSRs in the seismic profiles show that there should exist the gas hydrates in the Okinawa Trough.For above reasons,we infer that gas hydrates are rich in the China seas.
The forming conditions of gas hydrate in the China seas according to the physicaloceanography,palaeo-climate,sedimentary environment,and tectonic environment are discussed in this paper.The researching results show that the organism producibility is high and there are rich organic matters in sediments of the period 2,4,6 of oxygen-isotope in the South China Sea.In these periods the sedimentary velocity was very high,and there are very good material conditions for the formation of gas hydrate.In addition,since Pliocene,the Philippine Sea plate has collided with Asian plate in Taiwan area,extruding the northeast part of the South China Sea along northwest direction.Owning to the extruding force in the sediments the fluid is very active and it is benefit for the formation of the gas hydrate.We have collected the sedimentary samples containing the gas hydrates through the drilling on the northern slope of the South China Sea in 2007.In the Okinawa Trough of the East China Sea,some mud volcanoes or mud diapir structures and the active faults were found in the west slope of the trough.The sedimentary rates are high in Quaternary in the trough,from 10 cm/ka to 40 cm/ka.The BSRs in the seismic profiles show that there should exist the gas hydrates in the Okinawa Trough.For above reasons,we infer that gas hydrates are rich in the China seas.
引文
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[22]Wu Shiguo,Wang Xiujuan,Wong How King.Low-amplitudeBSRs and gas hydrate concentration on the northern margin of theSouth China Sea[J].Marine Geophysical Research,2007,28(2):127-138.
[23]方银霞,黎明碧,金翔龙,等,东海冲绳海槽天然气水合物的形成条件[J].科学通报,2003,19(1):1-5.
[24]郭军华,吴时国,徐宁.东海冲绳海槽天然气水合物成藏地质构造分析[J].海洋与湖沼,2007,38(5):23-31.
[25]唐勇.冲绳海槽天然气水合物BSR的地震研究[M].海洋学报,2003,25(4):59-65.
[26]徐宁,吴时国,王秀娟,等.东海冲绳海槽陆坡天然气水合物的地震学研究[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2):564-571.
[27]Xu Ning,Wu Shiguo,Wang Xiujuan,et al.The characteristicsof the fluid potential in mud diapirs associated with gas hydrate inOkinawa Trough[J].Terrestrial,Atmospheric and Oceanic Sci-ences,2006,17(4):871-881.
[28]刘怀山,周正云.用于研究东海天然气水合物的地震资料处理方法[J].中国海洋大学学报,2002,32(3):441-448.
[29]Letouzey J,Kimura M.The Okinawa Trough:genesis of a back-arc basin developing along a continental margin[J].Tectono-physics,1986,125(1-3):209-230.
[30]王家林,吴健生,陈冰.珠江口盆地和东海陆架盆地基底结构的综合地球物理研究[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1997:94-95.
[31]秦蕴珊,赵一阳,陈丽蓉,等.东海地质[M].北京:科学出版社,1987.
[32]李培英,王永吉,刘振夏.冲绳海槽年代地层与沉积速率[J].中国科学(D辑),1999,29(1):50-56.
[33]龚建明,杨文达,卢振权,等.东海天然气水合物的区域地质特征及可能的远景区[J].海洋地质动态,2001,7(7):20-23.
[34]Yin P,Berne S,Vagner P,et al.Mud volcanoes at the shelfmargin of the East China Sea[J].Marine Geology,2003,194(3-4):135-149.
[2]Kvenvolden K A.Methane hydrates and global geoclimate[J].Global Biochemical Cycles,1988,2(3):221-229.
[3]Katz D L,Cornell D,Kobayashi R,et al.Handbook of NaturalGas Engineering[M].New York:McGraw-Hill,1959.
[4]Stoll R.Affects of gas hydrates in sediments[M]//Kaplan IR.Natural Gases in Marine Sediments.New York:PlenumPress,1974:235-248.
[5]Zhang H,Yang S,Wu N.China’s first gas hydrates expeditionsuccessful[J].Fire in the Ice:Methane Hydrate Newsletter,2007,(1-2):4-8.
[6]鲍才旺.南海地形图[M]//何廉声,陈邦彦.南海地质地球物理图集.广州:广东省地图出版社,1987.
[7]薛万俊.南海地貌图[M]//何廉声,陈邦彦.南海地质地球物理图集.广州:广东省地图出版社,1987.
[8]姚伯初,王光宇.南海海盆的地壳结构[J].中国科学(B辑),1983,26(6):648-661.
[9]龙云作,霍春兰,司桂贤,等.南海中北部晚第四纪古气候及古海洋学[M]//地质矿产部广州海洋地质调查局情报研究室.南海地质研究(4).北京:地质出版社,1991:1-87.
[10]姚伯初,曾维军,Hayes D E,等.中美合作调研南海地质专报[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1994.
[11]姚伯初.南海北部陆缘新生代构造运动初探[M]//地质矿产部广州海洋地质调查局情报研究室.南海地质研究(5).北京:地质出版社,1993:1-12.
[12]Hall R.Cenozoic plate tectonic reconstructions of SE Asia[M]//Fraser A J,Matthews S J,Murphy R W.Petroleum Geology ofSoutheast Asia.London:Geological Society Special Publication,1997:11-24.
[13]Ali J R,Hall R.Evolution of the boundary between the Philip-pine Sea Plate and Australia:paleomagnetic evidence fromeasternIndonesia[J].Tectonophysics,1995,251(1-4):251-275.
[14]Hall R,Ali J R,Anderson C D.Cenozoic motion of the Philip-pine Sea Plate:Palaeomagnetic evidence from eastern Indonesia[J].Tectonics,1995,14(5):1117-1132.
[15]Hall R,Baker S J.Origin and motion history of the PhilippineSea Plate[J].Tectonophysics,1995,251(1-4):229-250.
[16]Daly MC,Cooper MA,Wilson I,et al.Cenozoic plate tectonicsand basin evolution in Indonesia[J].Marine and Petroleum Ge-ology,1991,8(1):2-21.
[17]Rangin C,Jolivet L,Pubellier M.Asimple model for the tecton-ic evolution of southeast Asia and Indonesia region for the past43Ma[J].Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France,1990,8(6):889-905.
[18]Longley I M.The tectonostratigraphic evolution of SE Asia[M]//Fraser AJ,Matthews S J,Murphy R W.Petroleum Ge-ology of Southeast Asia.London:Geological Society Special Pub-lication,1997:311-339.
[19]吴时国,姚根顺,董冬冬,等.南海北部陆坡大型气田区天然气水合物的成藏地质构造特征[J].石油学报,2008,29(3):8-14.
[20]姚伯初.南海北部陆缘天然气水合物初探[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1998,18(4):11-18.
[21]姚伯初.南海的天然气水合物资源[J].热带海洋学报,2001,20(2):20-28.
[22]Wu Shiguo,Wang Xiujuan,Wong How King.Low-amplitudeBSRs and gas hydrate concentration on the northern margin of theSouth China Sea[J].Marine Geophysical Research,2007,28(2):127-138.
[23]方银霞,黎明碧,金翔龙,等,东海冲绳海槽天然气水合物的形成条件[J].科学通报,2003,19(1):1-5.
[24]郭军华,吴时国,徐宁.东海冲绳海槽天然气水合物成藏地质构造分析[J].海洋与湖沼,2007,38(5):23-31.
[25]唐勇.冲绳海槽天然气水合物BSR的地震研究[M].海洋学报,2003,25(4):59-65.
[26]徐宁,吴时国,王秀娟,等.东海冲绳海槽陆坡天然气水合物的地震学研究[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2):564-571.
[27]Xu Ning,Wu Shiguo,Wang Xiujuan,et al.The characteristicsof the fluid potential in mud diapirs associated with gas hydrate inOkinawa Trough[J].Terrestrial,Atmospheric and Oceanic Sci-ences,2006,17(4):871-881.
[28]刘怀山,周正云.用于研究东海天然气水合物的地震资料处理方法[J].中国海洋大学学报,2002,32(3):441-448.
[29]Letouzey J,Kimura M.The Okinawa Trough:genesis of a back-arc basin developing along a continental margin[J].Tectono-physics,1986,125(1-3):209-230.
[30]王家林,吴健生,陈冰.珠江口盆地和东海陆架盆地基底结构的综合地球物理研究[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1997:94-95.
[31]秦蕴珊,赵一阳,陈丽蓉,等.东海地质[M].北京:科学出版社,1987.
[32]李培英,王永吉,刘振夏.冲绳海槽年代地层与沉积速率[J].中国科学(D辑),1999,29(1):50-56.
[33]龚建明,杨文达,卢振权,等.东海天然气水合物的区域地质特征及可能的远景区[J].海洋地质动态,2001,7(7):20-23.
[34]Yin P,Berne S,Vagner P,et al.Mud volcanoes at the shelfmargin of the East China Sea[J].Marine Geology,2003,194(3-4):135-149.
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