逆时偏移技术发展现状与趋势
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摘要
逆时偏移比单程波波动方程偏移和克希霍夫积分偏移更适于复杂构造成像。基于双程波波动方程进行波场逆时外推,并应用成像条件提取成像值,可以得到逆时偏移数据体。实例分析表明,逆时偏移对盐体侧翼及盐下构造的成像效果要优于单程波波动方程偏移。然而,由于采用有限差分算法以及需要保存大量的震源波场数据,因而逆时偏移的计算成本很高,使其无法适应大数据量的地震数据处理;而由互相关成像条件引入的低频噪声也是困扰逆时偏移实用化的一个问题。在总结和分析逆时偏移技术的进展以及国外地球物理公司关于逆时偏移技术发展策略的基础上,结合研究现状,阐明了逆时偏移未来的发展趋势和研究重点。分析认为,进一步提高逆时偏移的计算效率仍然是未来几年逆时偏移技术发展的重要方向,弹性波逆时偏移和各向异性逆时偏移将会越来越受到重视。
Reverse time migration(RTM)is more applicable for the imaging of complex structures than one-way wave-equation migration and Kirchhoff integral migration.Based on two-way wave-equation, extrapolating wavefields in reverse time domain and applying imaging conditions to extract the imaging values,we can gain reverse time migration data volume.The imaging results of salt flanks and subsalt structures by applying reverse imaging are better than oneway wave-equation migration.However,since reverse time imaging adopts finite difference algorithm and needs to store large amount of source wavefield data,its computation cost is high,which causes it not suitable for processing huge amount of seismic data.In addition, the low-frequency noise caused by crosscorrelation imaging conditions also puzzles the practicality of reverse time migration. Based on summarizing and analyzing the technical progress of reverse time migration techniques as well as its development strategies of foreign geophysical companies,combining with development status,we analyzed the future development trend and research focus of reverse time migration.We think that further improving the computation efficiency is still an important development direction of reverse time migration in future few years,elastic wave reverse time migration and anisotropic reverse time migration will be paid more attention to.
Reverse time migration(RTM)is more applicable for the imaging of complex structures than one-way wave-equation migration and Kirchhoff integral migration.Based on two-way wave-equation, extrapolating wavefields in reverse time domain and applying imaging conditions to extract the imaging values,we can gain reverse time migration data volume.The imaging results of salt flanks and subsalt structures by applying reverse imaging are better than oneway wave-equation migration.However,since reverse time imaging adopts finite difference algorithm and needs to store large amount of source wavefield data,its computation cost is high,which causes it not suitable for processing huge amount of seismic data.In addition, the low-frequency noise caused by crosscorrelation imaging conditions also puzzles the practicality of reverse time migration. Based on summarizing and analyzing the technical progress of reverse time migration techniques as well as its development strategies of foreign geophysical companies,combining with development status,we analyzed the future development trend and research focus of reverse time migration.We think that further improving the computation efficiency is still an important development direction of reverse time migration in future few years,elastic wave reverse time migration and anisotropic reverse time migration will be paid more attention to.
引文
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[2]McMechan G A.Migration by extrapolation of timedependent boundary values[J].Geophysical Prospecting, 1983,31(3):413-420
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[8]张美根,王妙月.各向异性弹性波叠后逆时深度偏移[J].石油物探,2002,41(3):259-263
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[[10]Symes W W.Reverse time migration wit h optimal checkpointing[J].Geophysics,2007,72(5):SM213- SM221
[11]Zhang Y,Sun J.Practical issues in reverse time migration: true amplitude gathers,noise removal and harmonic source encoding[J].First Break,2009,26 (1):29-35
[12]Liu F Q,Zhang G Q,Morton S A,et al.Reversetime migration using one-way wavefield imaging condition[J].Expanded Abstracts of 77~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2007,2170-2174
[13]Dablain M A.The application of high-order differencing to the scalar wave equation[J].Geophysics, 1986,51(1):54-66
[14]Chattopadhyay S,McMechan G A.Imaging conditions for prestack reverse-time migration[J].Geophysics, 2008,73(3):S81-S89
[15]Claerbout J F.Toward a unified theory of reflector mapping[J].Geophysics,1971,36(3):467-481
[16]Wang H Z,Xu Z T,Li W Z,et al.A kind of practical 2D prestack depth migration algorithm[J].Expanded Abstracts of 68~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg, 1998,1827-1830
[17]Farmer P,Zhou Z Z,Jones D.The role of reverse time migration in imaging and model estimation[J]. The Leading Edge,2009,28(4):436-441
[18]Farmer P A,Jones I F,Zhou H G,et al.Application of reverse time migration to complex imaging problems [J].First Break,2006,24(1):65-73
[19]刘洪宇.石油行业HPC聚焦三大要素[N].中国计算机报,2008-07-21(27).
[20]王宏琳.计算机前沿技术在地球物理中的应用[J].勘探地球物理进展,2008,31(6):419-426
[21]Karazincir M H,Gerrard C M.Explicit high-order reverse time pre-stack depth migration[J].Expanded Abstracts of 76~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2006, 2353-2357
[22]Zhang Y,Sun J,Gray S.Reverse-time migration: amplitude and implementation issues[J].Expanded Abstracts of 77~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2007, 2145-2149
[23]Soubaras R,Zhang Y.Two-step explicit marching method for reverse time migration[J].Expanded Abstracts of 78~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2008, 2272-2276
[24]Guan H,Li Z,Wang B,et al.A Multi-step approach for efficient reverse-time migration[J].Expanded Abstracts of 78~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2008, 2341-2345
[25]Luo Y,Schuster G T.Bottom-up target-oriented reverse -time datuming[J].CPS/SEG Geophysics Con- ference and Exhibition,2004,F55
[26]Wards B D,Margrave G F,Lamoureux M P.Phaseshift time-stepping for reverse-time migration[J]. Expanded Abstracts of 78~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2008,2262-2266
[27]Guitton A,Kaelin B.Least-square attenuation of reverse time migration artifacts[J].Expanded Abstracts of 76~(th) Annual Intemat SEG Mtg,2006,2348-2352
[28]Guitton A.Multiple attenuation in complex geology with a pattern-based approach[J].Geophysics, 2005,70(4):V97-V107
[29]Farmer P.New advances in reverse time migration provide sub-salt imaging solutions[EB/OL].http:// www.iongeo.com/content/released/HartsEP_ May 2006_RTM.pdf.
[30]Zhang H Z,Zhang Y.Reverse time migration in 3D heterogeneous TTI media[J].Expanded Abstracts of 78~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2008,2196-2200
[31]Fletcher R,Fowler P,Kichenside P,et al.Suppressing unwanted internal reflections in prestack reverse time migration[J].Geophysics,2006,71(6): E79-E82
[32]Fletcher R F,Fowler P,Kitchenside P,et al.Suppressing artifacts in prestack reverse time migration [J].Expanded Abstracts of 75~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2005,2049-2051
[33]Du X,Fletcher R P,Fowler P J.A new pseudo-acoustic wave equation for VTI media[J].70~(th)EAGE Annual coference and Exhibition,2008,H033
[34]Fletcher R P,Du X,Fowler P J.A new pseudo-acoustic wave equation for TI media[J].Expanded Abstracts of 78~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2008, 2082-2086
[35]Chang W F,McMechan G A.3-D elastic prestack, reverse-time depth migration[J].Geophysics,1994, 59(4):597-609
[36]Deng F,McMechan G A.Viscoelastic true-amplitude prestack reverse-time depth migration[J].Geophysics, 2008,73(4):S143-S155
[37]Yan J,Sava P.Isotropicangle-domain elastic reversetime migration[J].Geophysics,2008,73(4):S229- S239
[38]Sun R,McMechan G A,Lee C S,et al.Prestack scalar reverse-time depth migration of 3D elastic seismic data[J].Geophysics,2008,71(5):S199-S207
[2]McMechan G A.Migration by extrapolation of timedependent boundary values[J].Geophysical Prospecting, 1983,31(3):413-420
[3]WhitmoreN D.Iterative depth migration by backward time propagation[J].Expanded Abstracts of 53~(rd) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,1983,382-385
[4]Mulder W,Plessix R.One-way and two-way wave-equation migration[J].Expanded Abstracts of 73~(rd) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2003,881-884
[5]Bednar J B,Stein J,Yoon K,et al.An up and down talk in the two-way walk[J]Expanded Abstracts of 73rd Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2003,877-880
[6]Bednar J B,Stein J,Yoon K,et al.One-way versus two-way wave equation imaging.Is two-wayworth it?[J].65~(th) EAGE Annual Conference and Exhibition, 2003,B11
[7]Yoon K,Marfurt K J,Starr W.Challenges in reverse -time migration[J].Expanded Abstracts of 74~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2004,1057-1060
[8]张美根,王妙月.各向异性弹性波叠后逆时深度偏移[J].石油物探,2002,41(3):259-263
[9]Vigh D,Starr E W.Comparisons of shot-profile vs. plane-wave reverse time migration[J].Expanded Abstracts of 76~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2006, 2358-2361
[[10]Symes W W.Reverse time migration wit h optimal checkpointing[J].Geophysics,2007,72(5):SM213- SM221
[11]Zhang Y,Sun J.Practical issues in reverse time migration: true amplitude gathers,noise removal and harmonic source encoding[J].First Break,2009,26 (1):29-35
[12]Liu F Q,Zhang G Q,Morton S A,et al.Reversetime migration using one-way wavefield imaging condition[J].Expanded Abstracts of 77~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2007,2170-2174
[13]Dablain M A.The application of high-order differencing to the scalar wave equation[J].Geophysics, 1986,51(1):54-66
[14]Chattopadhyay S,McMechan G A.Imaging conditions for prestack reverse-time migration[J].Geophysics, 2008,73(3):S81-S89
[15]Claerbout J F.Toward a unified theory of reflector mapping[J].Geophysics,1971,36(3):467-481
[16]Wang H Z,Xu Z T,Li W Z,et al.A kind of practical 2D prestack depth migration algorithm[J].Expanded Abstracts of 68~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg, 1998,1827-1830
[17]Farmer P,Zhou Z Z,Jones D.The role of reverse time migration in imaging and model estimation[J]. The Leading Edge,2009,28(4):436-441
[18]Farmer P A,Jones I F,Zhou H G,et al.Application of reverse time migration to complex imaging problems [J].First Break,2006,24(1):65-73
[19]刘洪宇.石油行业HPC聚焦三大要素[N].中国计算机报,2008-07-21(27).
[20]王宏琳.计算机前沿技术在地球物理中的应用[J].勘探地球物理进展,2008,31(6):419-426
[21]Karazincir M H,Gerrard C M.Explicit high-order reverse time pre-stack depth migration[J].Expanded Abstracts of 76~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2006, 2353-2357
[22]Zhang Y,Sun J,Gray S.Reverse-time migration: amplitude and implementation issues[J].Expanded Abstracts of 77~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2007, 2145-2149
[23]Soubaras R,Zhang Y.Two-step explicit marching method for reverse time migration[J].Expanded Abstracts of 78~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2008, 2272-2276
[24]Guan H,Li Z,Wang B,et al.A Multi-step approach for efficient reverse-time migration[J].Expanded Abstracts of 78~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2008, 2341-2345
[25]Luo Y,Schuster G T.Bottom-up target-oriented reverse -time datuming[J].CPS/SEG Geophysics Con- ference and Exhibition,2004,F55
[26]Wards B D,Margrave G F,Lamoureux M P.Phaseshift time-stepping for reverse-time migration[J]. Expanded Abstracts of 78~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2008,2262-2266
[27]Guitton A,Kaelin B.Least-square attenuation of reverse time migration artifacts[J].Expanded Abstracts of 76~(th) Annual Intemat SEG Mtg,2006,2348-2352
[28]Guitton A.Multiple attenuation in complex geology with a pattern-based approach[J].Geophysics, 2005,70(4):V97-V107
[29]Farmer P.New advances in reverse time migration provide sub-salt imaging solutions[EB/OL].http:// www.iongeo.com/content/released/HartsEP_ May 2006_RTM.pdf.
[30]Zhang H Z,Zhang Y.Reverse time migration in 3D heterogeneous TTI media[J].Expanded Abstracts of 78~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2008,2196-2200
[31]Fletcher R,Fowler P,Kichenside P,et al.Suppressing unwanted internal reflections in prestack reverse time migration[J].Geophysics,2006,71(6): E79-E82
[32]Fletcher R F,Fowler P,Kitchenside P,et al.Suppressing artifacts in prestack reverse time migration [J].Expanded Abstracts of 75~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2005,2049-2051
[33]Du X,Fletcher R P,Fowler P J.A new pseudo-acoustic wave equation for VTI media[J].70~(th)EAGE Annual coference and Exhibition,2008,H033
[34]Fletcher R P,Du X,Fowler P J.A new pseudo-acoustic wave equation for TI media[J].Expanded Abstracts of 78~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2008, 2082-2086
[35]Chang W F,McMechan G A.3-D elastic prestack, reverse-time depth migration[J].Geophysics,1994, 59(4):597-609
[36]Deng F,McMechan G A.Viscoelastic true-amplitude prestack reverse-time depth migration[J].Geophysics, 2008,73(4):S143-S155
[37]Yan J,Sava P.Isotropicangle-domain elastic reversetime migration[J].Geophysics,2008,73(4):S229- S239
[38]Sun R,McMechan G A,Lee C S,et al.Prestack scalar reverse-time depth migration of 3D elastic seismic data[J].Geophysics,2008,71(5):S199-S207
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