逆断层型地震地表破裂带滑动矢量计算方法探讨——以汶川地震为例
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摘要
大震地表破裂带滑动矢量及其分布特征,是震后调查需要获得的最重要的资料之一。由于逆断层型地震地表破裂带运动性质(正向逆冲或斜向逆冲)、破裂带走向的变化以及断错标志线、断层运动方向与断层走向间夹角的变化等等,均会导致视位移的产生,使得野外位移测量数据复杂化。滑动矢量作为一个三维空间的量,代表了各破裂点或破裂面在地表或近地表的运动轨迹,较之其各分量,能够更准确更直观地反应出破裂带的性质和运动学特征。文章讨论了滑动矢量的计算方法,重点讨论了利用两条不平行断错标志线计算滑动矢量的方法。利用这些方法,我们对汶川地震映秀-北川地表破裂带北段北川县城附近若干点的滑动矢量进行了计算,对地表破裂带的性质和运动学特征进行了讨论。
It is important to obtain surface slip distribution features for understanding the focal mechanism of rupture process, exploring geometrical and kinematic features of active structures triggering earthquakes, forecasting the likely size of future earthquake on faults that have not yet produced large historical earthquakes, and delimiting the width of set-back zone in engineering construction. Slip vector ( SV ) of reverse-fault surface rupture consists of three components: shortening ( S), lateral displacement(L), and vertical displacement (V). As a three-dimensional vector, SV is more accurate and perceivable to express kinematic characteristics of surface rupture than its components. However, precise calculation of SV is difficult because apparent shortening (S′), apparent lateral displacement (L′), and apparent vertical displacement(V′) of marker line are not always consistent with S, L, and V, which may be induced by various behaviors of surface rupture( such as pure thrust or oblique thrust)and the angles between marker line and fault and between motion direction and fault trend. In this paper,the following methods to calculating SV of reverse-fault surface rupture are discussed: (a)If the fault surface is preserved, SV can be acquired through direct measurement and simple calculation using striations on fault surface. (b)If S can be acquired based on balanced cross-section technique using offset marker line or deformation strata in the trench, SV can be calculated further according to the relationship between S and SV ( Fig. 1 and Fig. 3 ). (c) If there is a pair of nearby non-parallel linear features, SV is the connection between the crossing point of marker lines at wall foot and that on the wall( Fig. 2) in the three dimensional space, a method firstly proposed by Sharp(1975). Using these methods,we calculated slip vectors of surface rupture at some sites near Beichuan County, north segment of Yingxiu-Beichuan surface rupture. At north of Beichuan County, we acquired 4 slip vectors (Table 1 ) according to striations on fault plane using method (1). At Maoba Village (104°28′11.3″E, 31°50′2.6″N), the magnitude,direction,and plunge angle of SV is 5.2 ± 0.2m,NE 10° ± 9° and 67° ± 3°,which is calculated by method (2). On a road near Lanjiadi Village ( 104°26′39″E, 31 °48 ′50. 8″N), three parameters of SV are 1.9 ± 0.2m,SE53°,and 18° ±7°,respectively. At a tea farm,they are 1.3±0.2m,SE 51° ± 13°,and 39° ± 12°, respectively, where the surface rupture was almost dominated by pure thrust. However, it changed to oblique thrust with right-lateral slip component in sites to the northeast.
It is important to obtain surface slip distribution features for understanding the focal mechanism of rupture process, exploring geometrical and kinematic features of active structures triggering earthquakes, forecasting the likely size of future earthquake on faults that have not yet produced large historical earthquakes, and delimiting the width of set-back zone in engineering construction. Slip vector ( SV ) of reverse-fault surface rupture consists of three components: shortening ( S), lateral displacement(L), and vertical displacement (V). As a three-dimensional vector, SV is more accurate and perceivable to express kinematic characteristics of surface rupture than its components. However, precise calculation of SV is difficult because apparent shortening (S′), apparent lateral displacement (L′), and apparent vertical displacement(V′) of marker line are not always consistent with S, L, and V, which may be induced by various behaviors of surface rupture( such as pure thrust or oblique thrust)and the angles between marker line and fault and between motion direction and fault trend. In this paper,the following methods to calculating SV of reverse-fault surface rupture are discussed: (a)If the fault surface is preserved, SV can be acquired through direct measurement and simple calculation using striations on fault surface. (b)If S can be acquired based on balanced cross-section technique using offset marker line or deformation strata in the trench, SV can be calculated further according to the relationship between S and SV ( Fig. 1 and Fig. 3 ). (c) If there is a pair of nearby non-parallel linear features, SV is the connection between the crossing point of marker lines at wall foot and that on the wall( Fig. 2) in the three dimensional space, a method firstly proposed by Sharp(1975). Using these methods,we calculated slip vectors of surface rupture at some sites near Beichuan County, north segment of Yingxiu-Beichuan surface rupture. At north of Beichuan County, we acquired 4 slip vectors (Table 1 ) according to striations on fault plane using method (1). At Maoba Village (104°28′11.3″E, 31°50′2.6″N), the magnitude,direction,and plunge angle of SV is 5.2 ± 0.2m,NE 10° ± 9° and 67° ± 3°,which is calculated by method (2). On a road near Lanjiadi Village ( 104°26′39″E, 31 °48 ′50. 8″N), three parameters of SV are 1.9 ± 0.2m,SE53°,and 18° ±7°,respectively. At a tea farm,they are 1.3±0.2m,SE 51° ± 13°,and 39° ± 12°, respectively, where the surface rupture was almost dominated by pure thrust. However, it changed to oblique thrust with right-lateral slip component in sites to the northeast.
引文
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3 Sharp R V.Displacement on tectonic ruptures.California Division Mines and Geology Bulletin,1975,19ti:187-194
4 Philip H,Meghraoui M.Structural analysis and interpretation of the surface deformations of the El Asnam earthquake of October 10,1980． Tectonics,1983,2(1) :17-49
5 Lee J C,Chu H T,Angelier J et al.Geometry and structure of northern surface ruptures of the 1999 M_W=7． 6 Chi Chi Taiwan earthquake:Influence from inherited fold belt structures.Journal of Structural Geology,2002,24:173-192
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7 Blenkinsop T G.Kinematic and dynamic fault slip analyses:Implications from the surface rupture of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake.Journal of Structural Geology,2006,28:1040-1050
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9 Rockwell T K,Lindvall S,Dawson T et al.Lateral offsets on surveyed cultural features resulting from the 1999 lzmit and Duzce earthquake,Turkey.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2002,92(1) :79-94
10 Angelier J,Lee J,Hu J et al.Three-dimensional deformation along the rupture trace of the September 21 st,1999,Taiwan earthquake:A ease study io the Kuangfu school.Journal of Structural Geology,2003,25:351-370
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14 Ikeda Y,Togo M,Sawa H.Maximum slip vector on the Nojima fault associated with the Hyogoken Nanbu,Western Japan,earthquake of January 17,1995． Jishin,1996,48(2) :531-537
15 Bilham R,Yu T.The morphology of thrust faulting in the 21 September 1999,Chichi,Taiwan earthquake.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2000,18:351-367
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17 Philip H E,Rogozhin A,Cisternas J C et al.The American earthquake of 1988 December 7:Faulting aud folding,neotectonics and paleoseismicity.Geophysical Journal International,1992,110:141-158 Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqing et al.The M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology and Geology,2008,30 (3) :597-629
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22 Hubert-Ferrari A,Suppe J,Gonzalez-Mieres R et al.Mechanisms of active folding of the landscape (Southern Tian Shan,China).Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112:B03 S09,doi:10． 1029/2006JB004362
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2 McGill S F,Rubiu C M.Surficial slip distribution on the Central Emerson fault during the June 28,1992,Landers earthquake,California.Journal of Structural Geology,1999,104 ( B3 ):4811-4833
3 Sharp R V.Displacement on tectonic ruptures.California Division Mines and Geology Bulletin,1975,19ti:187-194
4 Philip H,Meghraoui M.Structural analysis and interpretation of the surface deformations of the El Asnam earthquake of October 10,1980． Tectonics,1983,2(1) :17-49
5 Lee J C,Chu H T,Angelier J et al.Geometry and structure of northern surface ruptures of the 1999 M_W=7． 6 Chi Chi Taiwan earthquake:Influence from inherited fold belt structures.Journal of Structural Geology,2002,24:173-192
6 Lee Y H,Hsieh M L,Lu S D et al.Slip vectors of the surface rupture of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake,Western Taiwan.Journal of Structural Geology,2003,25:1917-1931
7 Blenkinsop T G.Kinematic and dynamic fault slip analyses:Implications from the surface rupture of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake.Journal of Structural Geology,2006,28:1040-1050
8 陈杰,陈宇坤,丁国瑜等.2001年昆仑山口西M_S8． 1地震地表同震位移分布特征.地震地质,2004,26(3) :378～392 Chen Jie,Chen Yukua,Ding Guoyu et al.Surficial slip distribution and segmentation of the 426-kin-long surface rupture of the 14 November,2001,M_S8． 1 earthquake on the East Kunluu fault,Northern Tibetan Plateau,China.Seismology and Geology,2004,26 (3) :378-392
9 Rockwell T K,Lindvall S,Dawson T et al.Lateral offsets on surveyed cultural features resulting from the 1999 lzmit and Duzce earthquake,Turkey.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2002,92(1) :79-94
10 Angelier J,Lee J,Hu J et al.Three-dimensional deformation along the rupture trace of the September 21 st,1999,Taiwan earthquake:A ease study io the Kuangfu school.Journal of Structural Geology,2003,25:351-370
11 徐锡伟,于贵华,马文涛等.活断层地震地表破裂“避让带”宽度确定的依据与方法.地震地质,2002,24(4) :470～483 Xu Xiwei,Yu Guihua,Ma Wentao et al.Evidence and methods for determining the safety distance from the potential earthquake surface rupture on active fault.Seismology and Geology,2002,24 (4) :470-483
12 Chen Yuegau,Lai Kuangyin,Lee Yuanhsi et al.Coseismic fold scarps and their kinematic behavior in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake Taiwan.Joaraal of Geophysical Research,2007,112:B03S02,doi:10． 1029/2006JB 004388
13 Yeats R S,Sieh K E,Allen C R.The Geology of Earthquakes.New York:Oxford University Press,1997,330
14 Ikeda Y,Togo M,Sawa H.Maximum slip vector on the Nojima fault associated with the Hyogoken Nanbu,Western Japan,earthquake of January 17,1995． Jishin,1996,48(2) :531-537
15 Bilham R,Yu T.The morphology of thrust faulting in the 21 September 1999,Chichi,Taiwan earthquake.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2000,18:351-367
16 Kaneda H,Nakata T,Tsutsumi H et al.Surface rupture of the 2005 Kashmir,Pakistan,earthquake and its active tectonic implications.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2008,98 (2) :521-557
17 Philip H E,Rogozhin A,Cisternas J C et al.The American earthquake of 1988 December 7:Faulting aud folding,neotectonics and paleoseismicity.Geophysical Journal International,1992,110:141-158 Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqing et al.The M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology and Geology,2008,30 (3) :597-629
18 徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川M_S8． 0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3) :597-629
19 卢华复,王胜利,Suppe J等.天山中段南麓的第四纪褶皱作用.科学通报,2002,47(21) :1675～1679 Lu Huafu,Wang Shengli,Jia Dong et al.Quaternary folding in the south piedmong of central segment of Tianshan Mountains.Chinese Science Bulletin,2002,47 (22) :1907-1911
20 Thompsou S C,Weldon R J,Rubin C M et al.Late Quaternary slip rates across the central Tienshan,Kyrgyzstan,Central Asia.Journal of Geophysical Research,2002,107 (B9) :2203,doi:10． 1029/2001JB000596
21 Chen Jie,Heermance R,Burbank D W et al.Quantification of growth and lateral propagation of the Kashi anticline,south West Chinese Tian Shah.Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112:B03S16,doi:10． 1029/2006JB004345
22 Hubert-Ferrari A,Suppe J,Gonzalez-Mieres R et al.Mechanisms of active folding of the landscape (Southern Tian Shan,China).Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112:B03 S09,doi:10． 1029/2006JB004362
23 陈杰,Scharer K M,Burbank D W等.利用河流阶地限定活动褶皱的类型和生长机制:运动学模型.地震地质,2005,27(4) :513～529 Chen Jie,Scharer K M,Burbank D W et al.Kinematic models of fluvial terraces over active fault-related folds:Constraints on the growth mechanism and kinematics.Seismology and Geology,2005,27(4) :513-529
24 冯先岳,栾超群,李军等.1985乌恰7． 4级地震形变带.地震地质,1988,10(2) :39～45 Feng Xianyue,Luan Chaoqun,Li Junet al.The deformation zone of Wuqia earthquake of M=7． 4 in 1985． Seismology and Geology,1988,10(2) :39-45
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