构造楔形体的识别与勘探——以准噶尔盆地南缘为例
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摘要
构造楔形体的形成需要两个条件,一是两条相互连接的断层,二是这两条断层的位移传递方向相反。当反向传递的位移量切割了上覆地层,通常在楔形体前翼形成具指示意义的背斜构造,此类背斜可作为判断深部构造楔形体存在的直接依据。准噶尔盆地南缘3排背斜内带的构造楔形体模式非常典型,并表现为"混序"的特征。在山前深部楔形体沿侏罗系西山窑组煤层向北扩展过程中,部分位移量沿构造楔顶部的反冲断层向南消减,并切割上覆地层形成第一排背斜带,另一部分位移量则继续向北传递,在断坡位置引发褶皱变形,形成第二排和第三排背斜带。在总位移量保持稳定的前提下,这3排背斜带在走向上的此消彼长反映了位移量在南、北两个方向上的转换。准噶尔盆地南缘第二、三排背斜带中—新生界内部发育多个小型的构造楔形体,这些互相叠置的楔形构造横向延伸不大,但有可能构成独立的成藏系统,具有不同的油气水特征,从而造成同一个背斜带不同部位的含油气性迥异。在油气勘探中应通过加强地震采集、处理和解释攻关,力求精细刻画各个楔形构造在三维空间的展布,再针对已落实的楔形体展开钻探。
Two basic conditions are necessary for structural wedges forming:one is at least two connected fault segments that bound a triangular or wedge-shaped fault block,and the other is the contrary slip transfer directions of these two fault segments.When the backward slip cut through the overlying stratum,folds were formed on the forelimb of structural wedge,which can also be used as the direct evidence to infer the deep wedging.Structural wedges are very typical in the southern margin of Junggar Basin and exhibit a variety of shapes and styles imbricated each other out of sequence.In the east part of the Southern Junggar Basin,the deep structural wedges at the mountain fronts,which are composed of several Paleozoic-Mesozoic fault-bend folds,propagated northward along the coal layer of middle Jurassic;all slip transferred southward along back thrusts,above which the first row of anticlinal belt developed.While the first row anticline was plunging westward,part of slip started to transfer northward and formed the second and third rows of antclinal belts at the ramps.So the elevating and plunging between these three anticlinal belts imply the displacement transfer in the south-north direction.The deep structures of the second and third rows of antclinal belts in the Southern Junggar Basin are composed of several imbricate hinge wedge-shaped fault blocks,which usually have small lateral extension,but may have independent reservoir system and different hydrocarbon-gas-water characteristics.In the exploration,it is a key procedure to define the wedges trend and lateral change in three-dimensional space subtly,then drilling the target wedge that has been precisely defined based on the progress of seismic acquisition,processing and interpretation.
Two basic conditions are necessary for structural wedges forming:one is at least two connected fault segments that bound a triangular or wedge-shaped fault block,and the other is the contrary slip transfer directions of these two fault segments.When the backward slip cut through the overlying stratum,folds were formed on the forelimb of structural wedge,which can also be used as the direct evidence to infer the deep wedging.Structural wedges are very typical in the southern margin of Junggar Basin and exhibit a variety of shapes and styles imbricated each other out of sequence.In the east part of the Southern Junggar Basin,the deep structural wedges at the mountain fronts,which are composed of several Paleozoic-Mesozoic fault-bend folds,propagated northward along the coal layer of middle Jurassic;all slip transferred southward along back thrusts,above which the first row of anticlinal belt developed.While the first row anticline was plunging westward,part of slip started to transfer northward and formed the second and third rows of antclinal belts at the ramps.So the elevating and plunging between these three anticlinal belts imply the displacement transfer in the south-north direction.The deep structures of the second and third rows of antclinal belts in the Southern Junggar Basin are composed of several imbricate hinge wedge-shaped fault blocks,which usually have small lateral extension,but may have independent reservoir system and different hydrocarbon-gas-water characteristics.In the exploration,it is a key procedure to define the wedges trend and lateral change in three-dimensional space subtly,then drilling the target wedge that has been precisely defined based on the progress of seismic acquisition,processing and interpretation.
引文
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[2]Shaw J H,Connors C,Suppe J.Seismic Interpretation of Contractional Fault-related Folds:An AAPG Seismic Atlas[M].Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2005:1-156.
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[7]Jia C Z,He D F,Lei Z Y,et al.Oil and Gas Explorationin Foreland Thrust Belt[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2000:1-351(in Chinese).
[8]He D F,Jia C Z.Thrust tectonics and hydrocarbon accumu-lation[J].PetroleumExploration and Development,2005,32(2):55-62(in Chinese).
[9]Jia C Z.Foreland thrust-fold belt features and gas accumula-tionin Midwest China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Devel-opment,2005,32(4):9-15(in Chinese).
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[12]Suppe J.Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend folding[J].American Journal of Science,1983,283:684-721.
[13]Suppe J,Medwedeff D.Geometry and kinematics of fault-propagation folding[J].Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae,1990,83(3):409-454.
[14]ShawJ H,Hook S C,Suppe J.Structural trend analysis by axial surface mapping[J].American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,1994,78(5):700-721.
[15]Shaw J H,Suppe J.Earthquake hazards of active blind-thrust faults under the central Los Angeles Basin,California[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1996,101:8623-8642.
[16]ShawJ H,Bilotte F,Brennan P A.Patterns of imbricate thrusting[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1999,111(7):1140-1154.
[17]Medwedeff D A,Suppe J.Multibend fault-bend folding[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1997,19(3-4):279-292.
[18]Avouac J P,Tapponnier P,Bai M,et al.Active thrusting and folding along the northern Tian Shan and Late Cenozoic rotation of the Tarimrelative to Dzhungaria and Kazakhstan[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1993,98:6755-6840.
[19]Burchfiel B C,Brown E T,Deng Q D,et al.Crustal short-ening on the margins of the Tien Shan,Xinjiang,China[J].International Geology Review,1999,41:665-700.
[20]Charreau J,Chen Y,Gilder S,et al.Magnetostratigraphy and rock magnetism of the Neogene Kuitun He section(northwest China):Implications for Late Cenozoic uplift of the Tianshan mountains[J].Earth and Planetary Science Let-ters,2005,230:177-192.
[21]Deng Q D,Feng X Y,Zhang P Z,et al.Active Tectonics in Tianshan[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,2000:1-399(in Chinese).
[22]Guan S W,Li B L,He D F,et al.Late Cenozoic active fold-and-thrust beltsinthe southern and northernflanks of Tians-han[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2007,81(6):725-744(in Chinese).
[23]Peng T L,Yan G H,Chen W,et al.Characteristics of Huo-erguosi-Manasi-Tugulu structural belt in Junggar basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2008,29(2):191-194(in Chi-nese).
[24]Dong C Q,Sun Z M,Hong T Y.Identification of the detach-ments in the foreland fold-thrust belt in southern margin of Junggar basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2007,29(2):138-142(in Chinese).
[25]Chen S P,Qi J F,Yu F S,et al.Deformation characteristics in southern margin of the Junggar Basin and their controlling factors[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2007,81(2):151-157(in Chinese).
[26]Guan S W,Zhang CJ,He D F,et al.Complex structural a-nalysis and modeling of the first row anticlinal belt in the south of Junggar Basin[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2006,80(8):1131-1140(in Chinese).
[27]Mitra S.Fold-accommodation faults[J].American Associa-tion of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,2002,86(4):671-693.
[28]Boyer S E.Geometric evidence for synchronous thrusting in the southern Alberta and northwest Montana thrust belts[M]∥McClay K R.Thrust Tectonics.London:Chapman Hall,1992:377-390.
[29]Boyer S E,Elliot D.Thrust systems[J].American Associa-tion of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,1982,66:1196-1230.
[30]Morley C K.Out-of-sequence thrusts[J].Tectonics,1988,7(3):539-561.
[31]Elliot D.The energy balance and deformation mechanisms of thrust sheets[J].Philosophical Transactions Royal Society of London,1976,283:289-312.
[7]贾承造,何登发,雷振宇,等.前陆冲断带油气勘探[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2000:1-351.
[8]何登发,贾承造.冲断构造与油气聚集[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(2):55-62.
[9]贾承造.中国中西部前陆冲断带构造特征与天然气富集规律[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(4):9-15.
[21]邓起东,冯先岳,张培震,等.天山活动构造[M].北京:地震出版社,2000:1-399.
[22]管树巍,李本亮,何登发,等.晚新生代以来天山南、北麓冲断作用的定量分析[J].地质学报,2007,81(6):725-744.
[23]彭天令,阎桂华,陈伟,等.准噶尔盆地南缘霍玛吐构造带特征[J].新疆石油地质,2008,29(2):191-194.
[24]董臣强,孙自明,洪太元.准噶尔盆地南缘前陆褶皱冲断带构造滑脱层厘定[J].石油实验地质,2007,29(2):138-142.
[25]陈书平,漆家福,于福生,等.准噶尔盆地南缘构造变形特征及其主控因素[J].地质学报,2007,81(2):151-157.
[26]管树巍,张朝军,何登发,等.前陆冲断带复杂构造解析与建模——以准噶尔盆地南缘第一排背斜带为例[J].地质学报,2006,80(8):1131-1140.
[2]Shaw J H,Connors C,Suppe J.Seismic Interpretation of Contractional Fault-related Folds:An AAPG Seismic Atlas[M].Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2005:1-156.
[3]Bally A W,Gordy P L,Stewart G A.Structure seismic data and orogenic evolution of southern Canadian Rocky Mountain[J].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,1966,14:337-381.
[4]Stockmal GS,Mackay P A,Lawton D C,et al.The Oldman River triangle zone:Acomplicated tectonic wedge delineated by new structural mapping and seismic interpretation[J].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,1996,44(2):202-214.
[5]Cooper M.Passive-roof duplexes and pseudo-passive-roof du-plexes at mountainfronts:Areview[J].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,1996,44(2):410-421.
[6]Spratt D A,Lawton D C.Variations in detachment levels,ramp angles and wedge geometries along the Alberta thrust front[J].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,1996,44(2):313-321.
[7]Jia C Z,He D F,Lei Z Y,et al.Oil and Gas Explorationin Foreland Thrust Belt[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2000:1-351(in Chinese).
[8]He D F,Jia C Z.Thrust tectonics and hydrocarbon accumu-lation[J].PetroleumExploration and Development,2005,32(2):55-62(in Chinese).
[9]Jia C Z.Foreland thrust-fold belt features and gas accumula-tionin Midwest China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Devel-opment,2005,32(4):9-15(in Chinese).
[10]Gordy P L,Norris D K.Geological Guide for the C.S.P.G.and1977Waterton-Glacier Park Field Conference[M].Cal-gary:Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists,1977:1-93.
[11]Banks CJ,Wharburton J.“Passive roof”duplex geometryin the frontal structures of the Kithar and Sulaiman mountain belts,Pakistan[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1986,8:229-237.
[12]Suppe J.Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend folding[J].American Journal of Science,1983,283:684-721.
[13]Suppe J,Medwedeff D.Geometry and kinematics of fault-propagation folding[J].Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae,1990,83(3):409-454.
[14]ShawJ H,Hook S C,Suppe J.Structural trend analysis by axial surface mapping[J].American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,1994,78(5):700-721.
[15]Shaw J H,Suppe J.Earthquake hazards of active blind-thrust faults under the central Los Angeles Basin,California[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1996,101:8623-8642.
[16]ShawJ H,Bilotte F,Brennan P A.Patterns of imbricate thrusting[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1999,111(7):1140-1154.
[17]Medwedeff D A,Suppe J.Multibend fault-bend folding[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1997,19(3-4):279-292.
[18]Avouac J P,Tapponnier P,Bai M,et al.Active thrusting and folding along the northern Tian Shan and Late Cenozoic rotation of the Tarimrelative to Dzhungaria and Kazakhstan[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1993,98:6755-6840.
[19]Burchfiel B C,Brown E T,Deng Q D,et al.Crustal short-ening on the margins of the Tien Shan,Xinjiang,China[J].International Geology Review,1999,41:665-700.
[20]Charreau J,Chen Y,Gilder S,et al.Magnetostratigraphy and rock magnetism of the Neogene Kuitun He section(northwest China):Implications for Late Cenozoic uplift of the Tianshan mountains[J].Earth and Planetary Science Let-ters,2005,230:177-192.
[21]Deng Q D,Feng X Y,Zhang P Z,et al.Active Tectonics in Tianshan[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,2000:1-399(in Chinese).
[22]Guan S W,Li B L,He D F,et al.Late Cenozoic active fold-and-thrust beltsinthe southern and northernflanks of Tians-han[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2007,81(6):725-744(in Chinese).
[23]Peng T L,Yan G H,Chen W,et al.Characteristics of Huo-erguosi-Manasi-Tugulu structural belt in Junggar basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2008,29(2):191-194(in Chi-nese).
[24]Dong C Q,Sun Z M,Hong T Y.Identification of the detach-ments in the foreland fold-thrust belt in southern margin of Junggar basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2007,29(2):138-142(in Chinese).
[25]Chen S P,Qi J F,Yu F S,et al.Deformation characteristics in southern margin of the Junggar Basin and their controlling factors[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2007,81(2):151-157(in Chinese).
[26]Guan S W,Zhang CJ,He D F,et al.Complex structural a-nalysis and modeling of the first row anticlinal belt in the south of Junggar Basin[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2006,80(8):1131-1140(in Chinese).
[27]Mitra S.Fold-accommodation faults[J].American Associa-tion of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,2002,86(4):671-693.
[28]Boyer S E.Geometric evidence for synchronous thrusting in the southern Alberta and northwest Montana thrust belts[M]∥McClay K R.Thrust Tectonics.London:Chapman Hall,1992:377-390.
[29]Boyer S E,Elliot D.Thrust systems[J].American Associa-tion of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,1982,66:1196-1230.
[30]Morley C K.Out-of-sequence thrusts[J].Tectonics,1988,7(3):539-561.
[31]Elliot D.The energy balance and deformation mechanisms of thrust sheets[J].Philosophical Transactions Royal Society of London,1976,283:289-312.
[7]贾承造,何登发,雷振宇,等.前陆冲断带油气勘探[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2000:1-351.
[8]何登发,贾承造.冲断构造与油气聚集[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(2):55-62.
[9]贾承造.中国中西部前陆冲断带构造特征与天然气富集规律[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(4):9-15.
[21]邓起东,冯先岳,张培震,等.天山活动构造[M].北京:地震出版社,2000:1-399.
[22]管树巍,李本亮,何登发,等.晚新生代以来天山南、北麓冲断作用的定量分析[J].地质学报,2007,81(6):725-744.
[23]彭天令,阎桂华,陈伟,等.准噶尔盆地南缘霍玛吐构造带特征[J].新疆石油地质,2008,29(2):191-194.
[24]董臣强,孙自明,洪太元.准噶尔盆地南缘前陆褶皱冲断带构造滑脱层厘定[J].石油实验地质,2007,29(2):138-142.
[25]陈书平,漆家福,于福生,等.准噶尔盆地南缘构造变形特征及其主控因素[J].地质学报,2007,81(2):151-157.
[26]管树巍,张朝军,何登发,等.前陆冲断带复杂构造解析与建模——以准噶尔盆地南缘第一排背斜带为例[J].地质学报,2006,80(8):1131-1140.
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