国际合作INDEPTH项目横穿青藏高原的深部探测与综合研究
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摘要
国际合作青藏高原与喜马拉雅深部剖面探测(INDEPTH)计划自1992年开展以来,圆满完成Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ 3个阶段研究任务,揭示了喜马拉雅山和青藏高原腹地的地壳结构和深部构造,在国际核心期刊公开发表10多篇有重要影响的学术论文,受到国际地球科学界的高度评价。第四阶段计划是研究高原北部边缘,即东昆仑造山带和柴达木盆地的结构构造及其形成演化,并与南部喜马拉雅造山带加以对比。经过多次野外地质踏勘,选定剖面的工作路线,2007年各方正式签订协议,并共同开展了野外调查,圆满完成了横穿东昆仑造山带和柴达木盆地的100km垂直深反射地震、300 km广角地震反射以及59个宽频带天然地震台站的野外观测施工任务。中方项目组还在东昆仑南部厘定出渐新世晚期—中新世早期大型逆冲推覆构造系统,发现青藏高原渐新世晚期—中新世早期整体隆升的重要证据。2008年将继续天然地震观测,还将开展大地电磁测深、重力、地质构造剖面观测和反射地震数据处理;2009~2010年将利用各类深部探测资料,综合研究青藏高原北部的地壳结构、岩石圈构造和深部过程。
International Deep Profiling of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau(INDEPTH) began in 1992 and finished Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ phases in 1992～1994,1995～1996 and 1998～2000 respectively.As a result,crust structures and deep structures of the Himalayas and central Tibetan Plateau were detected,and lots of important papers were published in frontier international journals,which attracted wide attention in the international society of earth sciences.During the fourth phase of INDEPTH,i.e.,INDEPTH-IV,field investigations were conducted, and the focuses,methods and instruments for deep profiling were gradually determined in 2003～2006.Scientists of INDEPTH-IV from Stanford and Cornell Universities of USA,GFZ of Germany,Cambridge University of UK and Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences jointly completed the field work of 100 km deep seismic reflection and 300 km wide-angle reflection and the deployment of 59 broad-band seismographs from May 17 to July 15,2007,thus collecting high quality data of seismic reflections across East Kunlun Mountains and Qaidam basin.The Chinese group of INDEPTH-IV discovered large-scale south Kunlun thrusting and geological evidence for uplift of the Tibetan Plateau in Late Oligocene? Early Miocene period.Project INDEPTH-IV will collect seismographic and broad-band seismic data in northern Tibetan Plateau,deploy MT profiling across the Kunlun Mountains,and conduct geological survey along seismic profiles and data processing of seismic reflections in 2008.Data processing and comprehensive interpretation of deep profiling are to be further arranged in 2009～2010 for revealing crustal structures and deep processes and developing geodynamics of the Tibetan Plateau.
International Deep Profiling of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau(INDEPTH) began in 1992 and finished Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ phases in 1992～1994,1995～1996 and 1998～2000 respectively.As a result,crust structures and deep structures of the Himalayas and central Tibetan Plateau were detected,and lots of important papers were published in frontier international journals,which attracted wide attention in the international society of earth sciences.During the fourth phase of INDEPTH,i.e.,INDEPTH-IV,field investigations were conducted, and the focuses,methods and instruments for deep profiling were gradually determined in 2003～2006.Scientists of INDEPTH-IV from Stanford and Cornell Universities of USA,GFZ of Germany,Cambridge University of UK and Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences jointly completed the field work of 100 km deep seismic reflection and 300 km wide-angle reflection and the deployment of 59 broad-band seismographs from May 17 to July 15,2007,thus collecting high quality data of seismic reflections across East Kunlun Mountains and Qaidam basin.The Chinese group of INDEPTH-IV discovered large-scale south Kunlun thrusting and geological evidence for uplift of the Tibetan Plateau in Late Oligocene? Early Miocene period.Project INDEPTH-IV will collect seismographic and broad-band seismic data in northern Tibetan Plateau,deploy MT profiling across the Kunlun Mountains,and conduct geological survey along seismic profiles and data processing of seismic reflections in 2008.Data processing and comprehensive interpretation of deep profiling are to be further arranged in 2009～2010 for revealing crustal structures and deep processes and developing geodynamics of the Tibetan Plateau.
引文
崔作舟,李秋生,吴朝东,尹周勋,刘宏兵.1995.格尔木-鄂济纳旗地学断面的地壳结构与深部构造[J].地球物理学报,38(增刊2):15~28.
丁志峰,曾融生.1996.青藏高原横波分裂的观测研究.地球物理学报,39(2):211~220.
滕吉文.1985.西藏地区地壳上地幔地球物理研究概述[J].地球物理学报,28(增刊1):1~14.
王泽九,吴功建,肖序常.1995.格尔木-鄂济纳旗地学断面多学科综合调查研究概况[J].地球物理学报,38(增刊2):1~3.
吴功建,高锐,余钦范,程庆云.1991.青藏高原"亚东-格尔木地学断面综合地球物理调查与研究"[J].地球物理学报,34(5):552~562.
吴珍汉,胡道功,刘琦胜,叶培盛,吴中海.2005.念青唐古拉山花岗岩热演化历史和山脉隆升过程的热年代学分析[J].地球学报26(6):505~512.
吴珍汉,叶培盛,赵文津,PATRICK J Barosh,胡道功.2007a.东昆仑南部晚新生代逆冲推覆构造系统[J].地质通报,26(4):448~456.
吴珍汉,吴中海,胡道功,叶培盛,周春景.2007b.青藏高原渐新世晚期隆升的地质证据[J].地质学报,81(5):577~587.
吴珍汉,赵逊,叶培盛,吴中海,胡道功,周春景.2007c.根据湖相沉积碳氧同位素估算青藏高原古海拔高度[J].地质学报,81(9):1277~128.
肖序常,李廷栋,李光岑,常承法,袁学诚.1988.喜马拉雅岩石圈构造演化[M].北京:地质出版社,1~3.
许志琴,姜枚,杨经绥,薛光琦,宿和平,李海兵,崔军文,吴才来,梁凤华.2006.青藏高原的地幔结构:地幔羽、地幔剪切带及岩石圈俯冲板片的柝沉[M].北京:地质出版社,143~161.
曾融生,阚荣举,何传大.1960a.柴达木盆地低频地震工作[J].科学通报,10:313~316.
曾融生,阚荣举,何傅大,李彭年.1960b.柴达木盆地低频地震探测结晶基底的工作方法[J].地球物理学报,9(2):155~168.
赵文津,INDEPTH项目组.2001.喜马拉雅山及雅鲁藏布江缝合带深部结构与构造研究[M].北京:地质出版社,1~369.
赵文津,赵逊,史大年,刘葵,江万,吴珍汉,熊嘉育,郑玉坤.2002.喜马拉雅和青藏高原深剖面(INDEPTH)研究进展[J].地质通报,21(1):691~700.
赵文津.2003.岩石圈深部探测与青藏高原研究[J].中国工程科学,5(2):1~15.赵文津,薛光琦,吴珍汉,赵逊,刘葵,史大年.2004.西藏高原上地幔的精细结构与构造-地震层析成像给出的启示[J].地球物理学报,47(3):449~455.
赵文津,赵逊,蒋中惕,刘葵,吴珍汉,熊嘉育.2006.西藏羌塘盆地的深部结构特征与含油气远景评价[J].中国地质,33(1):1~13.
赵文津.2007.中国大陆动力学研究进展-纪念中国地球物理学会成立60周年[J].地球物理学报,22(4):1113~1121.
BROWN L D,ZHAO W,NELSON K D,HAUCK M,ALSDORF D,ROSS A,COGAN M,CLARK M,LIUX,CHE J.1996.Brightspots,structure and magmatism in southern Tibet from INDEPTHseismic reflection profiling[J].Science,274:1688~1690.
CHEN Leshou,BOOKER John R,JONES Alan G.,WU Nong,UN-SWORHTMartin J,WEI Wenbo,TAN Handong.1996.Electri-cally Conductive Crust in Southern Tibet from INDEPTHMagneto-telluric Surveying[J].Science,274:1694~1696.
GRIOT Daphne-Anne,JEAN-PAU Montagner,TAPPONNIER Paul.1998.Phase velocity structure from Rayleigh and Love waves inthe Tibet and its neighboring regions[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,103(B9):21213~21232.
HACKER B R,GNOS E,RATSCHBACHER L,GROVE M,MCWILLIAMS M,SOBOLEV S V,JIANG Wan,WU Zhenhan.2000.Hot and Dry Xenoliths from the Bottom of Tibet[J].Science,287:2463~2466.
KIND R,YUANX,SAULJ,NELSOND,SOBOLEVS V,MECHIELJ,ZHAO W,KOSAREY G,NI J,ACHAUER U,JIANG M.2002.Seismic lmages of Crust and Upper Mantle Beneath Tibet:Evi-dence for Eurasiate Subduction[J].Science,298:1219~1221.
LYON-CAEN H,MOLNAR P.1985.Gravity anomalies,flexure of theIndian plate,and the structure,support and evolution of the Hi-malaya and Ganga Basin[J].Tectonics,4:513~538.
OWENS TJ,ZANDTG.1997.Implications of crustal property variationsfor models of Tibetan plateau evolution[J].Nature,387:37~43.
SHI Danian,ZHAO Wenjin,BROWN Larry,NELSON Doug,ZHAOXun,KIND Rainer,NI James,XIONG Jiayu,MECHIE James,GUO Jinru,KLEMPERER Simon,HEARN Tom.2004.Detec-tion of southward intracontinental subduction of Tibet lithospherealong the Bangong-Nujiang suture by P to S converted waves[J].Geology,32(3):209~212.
SCHULTE-PELKUM Vera,MONSALVE Gaspar,SHEEHAN Anne,PANDEY MR,BILHAMRoger,WUFrancis.2005.Imaging theIndian subcontinent beneath the Himalaya[J].Natures,1222~1225.
UNSWORTHM,WEI Wenbo,ALANG Jones,LI Shenhui,PAUL Bed-rosian,JOHN Booker,JIN Sheng,DENG Ming,TAN Handong.2004.Crustal and upper mantle structure of north Tibet imagedwith magnetotelluric data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,109:B02403,1~18.
WEI Wenbo,UNSWORTHM,JONES A G,JOHN Booker,TAN Han-dong,NELSON D,CHEN Leshou,SOLON K,BEDROSIAN P,JIN Shen,DENG Ming,LEDO J,KAY D,ROBERT B.2001.Detection of widespred fluids in the Tibetan crust by magnetotellu-ric studies[J].Science,292:716~718.
WITTLINGER G P,TAPPONNIER G Pouoinet,JIANG Mei,SHI Dani-an,GEORGES Herquel,FREDERIC Masson.1998.Tomograph-ic Evidence Shear Along the Altyn Tagh Fault[J].Science,282:2.
WITTLINGER G,MASSON F,POUPINET G.1996.Seismic tomo-graphy of north Tibet and Kunlun:Evidence for crustal blocks andmantle velocity contrasts.Earth Planet Sci.Lett.,139:263~279.
WUZhenhan,PATRICK J.Barosh,ZHAO Xun,WU Zhonghai,HUDaogong,LIU Qisheng.2007.Miocene tectonic evolution fromdextral-slip thrusting to extension in the Nyainqentanglha region ofthe Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,81(3):365~384.
ZENG R S,WUF T,CHEN G Y,ZHU P,DING Z F.1993.Lateralvariation of the Lithospheric structure and stress condition insidethe Tibetan Plateau[C].In:International Symposium on Conti-nental Earthquakes,Beijing.
ZHAO W,MECHIE J,BROWN L D,GUO J,HAINES S,HEARN T,KLEMPERER LS,MAY S,MEISSNER R,NELSONKD,NI JF,PANANONTP,RAPINE P,ROSS A,SAULJ.2002.Crustalof central Tibetan Plateau as derived from INDEPTH wide-angleseismic data[J].Geophysical Journal International,145:486~498.
ZHU Lupei,DONALD V Helmberger.1998.Moho offset across thenorthern margin of the Tibetan plateau[J].Science,281:1170~1172.
ZHAO Wenjin,NELSON K D,Project INDEPTH Team.1993.Deepseismic reflection evidence for continental underthrusting beneathsouthern Tibet[J].Nature,366:557~559.
丁志峰,曾融生.1996.青藏高原横波分裂的观测研究.地球物理学报,39(2):211~220.
滕吉文.1985.西藏地区地壳上地幔地球物理研究概述[J].地球物理学报,28(增刊1):1~14.
王泽九,吴功建,肖序常.1995.格尔木-鄂济纳旗地学断面多学科综合调查研究概况[J].地球物理学报,38(增刊2):1~3.
吴功建,高锐,余钦范,程庆云.1991.青藏高原"亚东-格尔木地学断面综合地球物理调查与研究"[J].地球物理学报,34(5):552~562.
吴珍汉,胡道功,刘琦胜,叶培盛,吴中海.2005.念青唐古拉山花岗岩热演化历史和山脉隆升过程的热年代学分析[J].地球学报26(6):505~512.
吴珍汉,叶培盛,赵文津,PATRICK J Barosh,胡道功.2007a.东昆仑南部晚新生代逆冲推覆构造系统[J].地质通报,26(4):448~456.
吴珍汉,吴中海,胡道功,叶培盛,周春景.2007b.青藏高原渐新世晚期隆升的地质证据[J].地质学报,81(5):577~587.
吴珍汉,赵逊,叶培盛,吴中海,胡道功,周春景.2007c.根据湖相沉积碳氧同位素估算青藏高原古海拔高度[J].地质学报,81(9):1277~128.
肖序常,李廷栋,李光岑,常承法,袁学诚.1988.喜马拉雅岩石圈构造演化[M].北京:地质出版社,1~3.
许志琴,姜枚,杨经绥,薛光琦,宿和平,李海兵,崔军文,吴才来,梁凤华.2006.青藏高原的地幔结构:地幔羽、地幔剪切带及岩石圈俯冲板片的柝沉[M].北京:地质出版社,143~161.
曾融生,阚荣举,何传大.1960a.柴达木盆地低频地震工作[J].科学通报,10:313~316.
曾融生,阚荣举,何傅大,李彭年.1960b.柴达木盆地低频地震探测结晶基底的工作方法[J].地球物理学报,9(2):155~168.
赵文津,INDEPTH项目组.2001.喜马拉雅山及雅鲁藏布江缝合带深部结构与构造研究[M].北京:地质出版社,1~369.
赵文津,赵逊,史大年,刘葵,江万,吴珍汉,熊嘉育,郑玉坤.2002.喜马拉雅和青藏高原深剖面(INDEPTH)研究进展[J].地质通报,21(1):691~700.
赵文津.2003.岩石圈深部探测与青藏高原研究[J].中国工程科学,5(2):1~15.赵文津,薛光琦,吴珍汉,赵逊,刘葵,史大年.2004.西藏高原上地幔的精细结构与构造-地震层析成像给出的启示[J].地球物理学报,47(3):449~455.
赵文津,赵逊,蒋中惕,刘葵,吴珍汉,熊嘉育.2006.西藏羌塘盆地的深部结构特征与含油气远景评价[J].中国地质,33(1):1~13.
赵文津.2007.中国大陆动力学研究进展-纪念中国地球物理学会成立60周年[J].地球物理学报,22(4):1113~1121.
BROWN L D,ZHAO W,NELSON K D,HAUCK M,ALSDORF D,ROSS A,COGAN M,CLARK M,LIUX,CHE J.1996.Brightspots,structure and magmatism in southern Tibet from INDEPTHseismic reflection profiling[J].Science,274:1688~1690.
CHEN Leshou,BOOKER John R,JONES Alan G.,WU Nong,UN-SWORHTMartin J,WEI Wenbo,TAN Handong.1996.Electri-cally Conductive Crust in Southern Tibet from INDEPTHMagneto-telluric Surveying[J].Science,274:1694~1696.
GRIOT Daphne-Anne,JEAN-PAU Montagner,TAPPONNIER Paul.1998.Phase velocity structure from Rayleigh and Love waves inthe Tibet and its neighboring regions[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,103(B9):21213~21232.
HACKER B R,GNOS E,RATSCHBACHER L,GROVE M,MCWILLIAMS M,SOBOLEV S V,JIANG Wan,WU Zhenhan.2000.Hot and Dry Xenoliths from the Bottom of Tibet[J].Science,287:2463~2466.
KIND R,YUANX,SAULJ,NELSOND,SOBOLEVS V,MECHIELJ,ZHAO W,KOSAREY G,NI J,ACHAUER U,JIANG M.2002.Seismic lmages of Crust and Upper Mantle Beneath Tibet:Evi-dence for Eurasiate Subduction[J].Science,298:1219~1221.
LYON-CAEN H,MOLNAR P.1985.Gravity anomalies,flexure of theIndian plate,and the structure,support and evolution of the Hi-malaya and Ganga Basin[J].Tectonics,4:513~538.
OWENS TJ,ZANDTG.1997.Implications of crustal property variationsfor models of Tibetan plateau evolution[J].Nature,387:37~43.
SHI Danian,ZHAO Wenjin,BROWN Larry,NELSON Doug,ZHAOXun,KIND Rainer,NI James,XIONG Jiayu,MECHIE James,GUO Jinru,KLEMPERER Simon,HEARN Tom.2004.Detec-tion of southward intracontinental subduction of Tibet lithospherealong the Bangong-Nujiang suture by P to S converted waves[J].Geology,32(3):209~212.
SCHULTE-PELKUM Vera,MONSALVE Gaspar,SHEEHAN Anne,PANDEY MR,BILHAMRoger,WUFrancis.2005.Imaging theIndian subcontinent beneath the Himalaya[J].Natures,1222~1225.
UNSWORTHM,WEI Wenbo,ALANG Jones,LI Shenhui,PAUL Bed-rosian,JOHN Booker,JIN Sheng,DENG Ming,TAN Handong.2004.Crustal and upper mantle structure of north Tibet imagedwith magnetotelluric data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,109:B02403,1~18.
WEI Wenbo,UNSWORTHM,JONES A G,JOHN Booker,TAN Han-dong,NELSON D,CHEN Leshou,SOLON K,BEDROSIAN P,JIN Shen,DENG Ming,LEDO J,KAY D,ROBERT B.2001.Detection of widespred fluids in the Tibetan crust by magnetotellu-ric studies[J].Science,292:716~718.
WITTLINGER G P,TAPPONNIER G Pouoinet,JIANG Mei,SHI Dani-an,GEORGES Herquel,FREDERIC Masson.1998.Tomograph-ic Evidence Shear Along the Altyn Tagh Fault[J].Science,282:2.
WITTLINGER G,MASSON F,POUPINET G.1996.Seismic tomo-graphy of north Tibet and Kunlun:Evidence for crustal blocks andmantle velocity contrasts.Earth Planet Sci.Lett.,139:263~279.
WUZhenhan,PATRICK J.Barosh,ZHAO Xun,WU Zhonghai,HUDaogong,LIU Qisheng.2007.Miocene tectonic evolution fromdextral-slip thrusting to extension in the Nyainqentanglha region ofthe Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,81(3):365~384.
ZENG R S,WUF T,CHEN G Y,ZHU P,DING Z F.1993.Lateralvariation of the Lithospheric structure and stress condition insidethe Tibetan Plateau[C].In:International Symposium on Conti-nental Earthquakes,Beijing.
ZHAO W,MECHIE J,BROWN L D,GUO J,HAINES S,HEARN T,KLEMPERER LS,MAY S,MEISSNER R,NELSONKD,NI JF,PANANONTP,RAPINE P,ROSS A,SAULJ.2002.Crustalof central Tibetan Plateau as derived from INDEPTH wide-angleseismic data[J].Geophysical Journal International,145:486~498.
ZHU Lupei,DONALD V Helmberger.1998.Moho offset across thenorthern margin of the Tibetan plateau[J].Science,281:1170~1172.
ZHAO Wenjin,NELSON K D,Project INDEPTH Team.1993.Deepseismic reflection evidence for continental underthrusting beneathsouthern Tibet[J].Nature,366:557~559.
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