张衡地动仪的科学性及其历史贡献
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摘要
介绍了地面振动的两大分类、验震器和报警器的基本区别以及地面振动的科学检测方法,指出地动仪是对天然验震器——悬挂物的模仿和发展,史料中有关地动仪的结构、大小、反应、关系和应用5个方面的记述具有明确的地震学意义,并给出了3个重要的限制性参数。正是由于史料中存在这些实质性的技术内容和定量参数,使仪器的真实性和科学性得以确认,并使地动仪的科学复原成为可能。张衡利用惯性摆原理成功地开创了人类测震实践的先河,并在保留地动记录和检测微弱信号方面做出了两个重要的贡献。地动仪的成功曾经在现代地震学起步阶段起过重要的思想启迪作用,产生了深远的社会影响。
Two kinds of ground motion, the basic distinctions between seismometer and alarm as well as modern seismometry are introduced in this paper. It is pointed out that Zhang Heng's seismometer was the imitation and development of natural seismoscope, i.e., suspended objects. The historical records provided us some instrument information related to its structure, dimension, reaction, relation and application which had seismological implications and included 3 important parameters. It is due to these technical information and important parameters existed in historical records that the authenticity and scientific nature of the instrument are confirmed and make the scientific reconstruction of it possible. It is the first time in the world that Zhang Heng used pendulum inertia to detect successfully an earthquake, and he also solved two critical technical items of obtaining the record and detecting weak signal of seismic waves. His outstanding contribution mentioned above played an important role in ideological enlightenment at the beginning stage of modern seismology. The invention of Zhang Heng's seismometer has promoted the progress of natural science and had far-reaching social effects.
Two kinds of ground motion, the basic distinctions between seismometer and alarm as well as modern seismometry are introduced in this paper. It is pointed out that Zhang Heng's seismometer was the imitation and development of natural seismoscope, i.e., suspended objects. The historical records provided us some instrument information related to its structure, dimension, reaction, relation and application which had seismological implications and included 3 important parameters. It is due to these technical information and important parameters existed in historical records that the authenticity and scientific nature of the instrument are confirmed and make the scientific reconstruction of it possible. It is the first time in the world that Zhang Heng used pendulum inertia to detect successfully an earthquake, and he also solved two critical technical items of obtaining the record and detecting weak signal of seismic waves. His outstanding contribution mentioned above played an important role in ideological enlightenment at the beginning stage of modern seismology. The invention of Zhang Heng's seismometer has promoted the progress of natural science and had far-reaching social effects.
引文
①武玉霞,朱涛:《张衡地动仪的失传》,即将发表于《中国地震》2007年第1期。
1Milne J.Earthquakes and Other Earth Movements[M].London:Kegan Paul Trench,Trubner and Co.Ltd,1883.
2王振铎.汉张衡地动仪造法之推测[J].燕京学报,1936,20:577—586.
3今村明恒.千八百年前の地震計[A].除村一學.支那文化談業[C].1942.17—22.
4Imamura A.Tyoko and His Seismoscope[J].Japanese J.Astro.Geophys.,1939,(1):231.
5王振铎.张衡候风地动仪的复原研究[J].文物,1963,(2):1—8;(4):1—20;(5):12—24.
6王振铎.张衡地动仪补说[J].文物,1976,(10):67—70.
7王振铎.科技考古论丛[C].北京:文物出版社,1989.
8王天木.地动仪[J].人民画报,1952,(4):35.
9孙机.汉代物质文化资料图说[M].北京:文物出版社,1991.
10李善邦.中国地震[M].北京:地震出版社,1981.
11萩原尊礼.地震学百年[M].东京:东京大学出版会,1982.
12Sleeswyk A W,SivinV.Dragons and Toads,the Chinese Seismoscope of A.D.132[J].Chinese Science,Philadelphia,1983,(6):1—19.
13Qian Wenyuan.The Great Inertia,Scientific Stagnation in China[M].Sydney:Croom Helm,1985.
14王湔.张衡候风地动仪原理复原方案初探[J].西北地震学报,1991,13(1):85—89.
15李志超.候风地动仪新说[J].寻根,1994,(1):28—31.
16李志超.再议候风地动仪[A].天人古义——中国科学史论纲[C].郑州:大象出版社,1998.298—309.
17Dewey J,Byerly P.The early history of seismometry(to1900)[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1969,59(1):183—227.
18關野雄.衡の候風地動儀にぉけゐ都柱の原[A].東方學創立二十五周年紀念東方學論集[C].財團法人東方學,1972.433—449.
19Editor.Han Dynasty Seismometer[J].Earthquake Information Bulletin,1974,6(4):38—39.
20Howell B F.An introduction to Seismological Research:History and Development[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990.
21Bolt B A.Earthquakes APrimer[M].New York:W.H.Freeman and Co.,1978.
22Bolt B A.Earthquakes[M].New York:W.H.Freeman and Co.,1995.
23Edwards M.Han Dynasty[J].National Geographic,2004,2:2—29.
24Robinson A.Earth Shock[M].London:Thames Hudson Ltd.,2002.
25(英)李约瑟.中国科学技术史[M].第5卷地学,第2分册.北京:科学出版社,1976.
26Bolt B A.Earthquakes,and Geological Discovery[M].New York:Scientific American Library,1993.
27(奥地利)雷立柏.张衡,科学与宗教[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000.
28赵冠峰.张衡地动仪文献蠡读——对地动仪功能的重新认识[J].自然科学史研究,2004,23(4):334—344.
29赵冠峰.《张衡地动仪文献蠡读》补论——兼论文献与科技史模拟试验的关系[J].自然科学史研究,2006,25(3):300—310.
30谢毓寿,蔡美彪.中国地震历史资料汇编[Z].第1卷.北京:科学出版社,1983.
31国家地震局兰州地震研究所.陕甘宁青四省(区)强地震目录[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1985.
32国家地震局兰州地震研究所.甘肃省地震资料汇编[M].北京:地震出版社,1989.
33河南省文物研究所.密县打虎亭汉墓[M].北京:文物出版社,1993.
34中国画像石全集编辑委员会.中国画像石全集[M].第1,2,3,6卷.济南:山东美术出版社,郑州:河南美术出版社,2000.
35吴颐人.吴颐人题汉画像石[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,2003.
36孙英民,田凯.河南博物院:精品与陈列[M].郑州:大象出版社,2001.
37国家文物局.中国文物精华大辞典.青铜卷[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,香港:商务印书馆,2002.
38中国青铜器全集编辑委员会.中国青铜器全集12.秦汉卷[M].北京:文物出版社,1998.
39冯锐,武玉霞.张衡候风地动仪的原理复原研究[J].中国地震,2003,19(4):358—376.
40冯锐.张衡地动仪的否定之否定[J].防灾博览,2003,(1):5—9.
41Herbert-Gustar L K,Nott P A.John Milne:Father ofModern Seismology,Tenterden[M].Kent:Paul Norbury Publica-tions Ltd,1980.
42中国科学院地球物理研究所.近震分析[M].北京:地震出版社,1977.
43袁长清.张衡真的发明了“地动仪”吗?[J].历史教学,2004,(10):58—59.
44吴非.“地动仪”真的那么灵吗?[J].基础教育,2004,(3):1.
1Milne J.Earthquakes and Other Earth Movements[M].London:Kegan Paul Trench,Trubner and Co.Ltd,1883.
2王振铎.汉张衡地动仪造法之推测[J].燕京学报,1936,20:577—586.
3今村明恒.千八百年前の地震計[A].除村一學.支那文化談業[C].1942.17—22.
4Imamura A.Tyoko and His Seismoscope[J].Japanese J.Astro.Geophys.,1939,(1):231.
5王振铎.张衡候风地动仪的复原研究[J].文物,1963,(2):1—8;(4):1—20;(5):12—24.
6王振铎.张衡地动仪补说[J].文物,1976,(10):67—70.
7王振铎.科技考古论丛[C].北京:文物出版社,1989.
8王天木.地动仪[J].人民画报,1952,(4):35.
9孙机.汉代物质文化资料图说[M].北京:文物出版社,1991.
10李善邦.中国地震[M].北京:地震出版社,1981.
11萩原尊礼.地震学百年[M].东京:东京大学出版会,1982.
12Sleeswyk A W,SivinV.Dragons and Toads,the Chinese Seismoscope of A.D.132[J].Chinese Science,Philadelphia,1983,(6):1—19.
13Qian Wenyuan.The Great Inertia,Scientific Stagnation in China[M].Sydney:Croom Helm,1985.
14王湔.张衡候风地动仪原理复原方案初探[J].西北地震学报,1991,13(1):85—89.
15李志超.候风地动仪新说[J].寻根,1994,(1):28—31.
16李志超.再议候风地动仪[A].天人古义——中国科学史论纲[C].郑州:大象出版社,1998.298—309.
17Dewey J,Byerly P.The early history of seismometry(to1900)[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1969,59(1):183—227.
18關野雄.衡の候風地動儀にぉけゐ都柱の原[A].東方學創立二十五周年紀念東方學論集[C].財團法人東方學,1972.433—449.
19Editor.Han Dynasty Seismometer[J].Earthquake Information Bulletin,1974,6(4):38—39.
20Howell B F.An introduction to Seismological Research:History and Development[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990.
21Bolt B A.Earthquakes APrimer[M].New York:W.H.Freeman and Co.,1978.
22Bolt B A.Earthquakes[M].New York:W.H.Freeman and Co.,1995.
23Edwards M.Han Dynasty[J].National Geographic,2004,2:2—29.
24Robinson A.Earth Shock[M].London:Thames Hudson Ltd.,2002.
25(英)李约瑟.中国科学技术史[M].第5卷地学,第2分册.北京:科学出版社,1976.
26Bolt B A.Earthquakes,and Geological Discovery[M].New York:Scientific American Library,1993.
27(奥地利)雷立柏.张衡,科学与宗教[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000.
28赵冠峰.张衡地动仪文献蠡读——对地动仪功能的重新认识[J].自然科学史研究,2004,23(4):334—344.
29赵冠峰.《张衡地动仪文献蠡读》补论——兼论文献与科技史模拟试验的关系[J].自然科学史研究,2006,25(3):300—310.
30谢毓寿,蔡美彪.中国地震历史资料汇编[Z].第1卷.北京:科学出版社,1983.
31国家地震局兰州地震研究所.陕甘宁青四省(区)强地震目录[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1985.
32国家地震局兰州地震研究所.甘肃省地震资料汇编[M].北京:地震出版社,1989.
33河南省文物研究所.密县打虎亭汉墓[M].北京:文物出版社,1993.
34中国画像石全集编辑委员会.中国画像石全集[M].第1,2,3,6卷.济南:山东美术出版社,郑州:河南美术出版社,2000.
35吴颐人.吴颐人题汉画像石[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,2003.
36孙英民,田凯.河南博物院:精品与陈列[M].郑州:大象出版社,2001.
37国家文物局.中国文物精华大辞典.青铜卷[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,香港:商务印书馆,2002.
38中国青铜器全集编辑委员会.中国青铜器全集12.秦汉卷[M].北京:文物出版社,1998.
39冯锐,武玉霞.张衡候风地动仪的原理复原研究[J].中国地震,2003,19(4):358—376.
40冯锐.张衡地动仪的否定之否定[J].防灾博览,2003,(1):5—9.
41Herbert-Gustar L K,Nott P A.John Milne:Father ofModern Seismology,Tenterden[M].Kent:Paul Norbury Publica-tions Ltd,1980.
42中国科学院地球物理研究所.近震分析[M].北京:地震出版社,1977.
43袁长清.张衡真的发明了“地动仪”吗?[J].历史教学,2004,(10):58—59.
44吴非.“地动仪”真的那么灵吗?[J].基础教育,2004,(3):1.
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