滑坡、泥石流堰塞湖灾害主要的成灾特点与减灾对策
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摘要
"5·12"汶川特大地震,在灾区形成了大量堰塞湖,具有明显危害的达34处,严重地危害或威胁到上下游人民生命财产安全。为了及时有效地处置和减轻堰塞湖灾害损失,收集、分析了我国西部一些滑坡、泥石流堰塞湖灾害的形成、危害和处置的资料,启示如下:滑坡、泥石流形成的堰塞湖灾害往往较滑坡、泥石流本身的灾害更严重;滑坡堰塞湖一般较泥石流堰塞湖规模大,堵塞时间长,危害更严重;大地震既能形成滑坡堰塞湖,余震又能造成其溃决;冰湖溃决泥石流易堵塞江河,形成堰塞湖;控制或减缓湖水位上涨,尽早在水位较低时泄流是滑坡、泥石流堰塞湖首选的减灾对策。
The 5·12 Wenchuan earthquake resulted in a number of landslides and debris flows which formed dozens of dammed lakes in the quake-hit area. Among these quake lakes, 34 are of high risk of failure, threatening cities and towns downstream. For the purpose of preventing the dam failure, this paper reviews some failure events of dammed lakes formed by landslides and debris flows in the southwest and draws conclusion as follows: the dammed lake has higher potential of damage than the landslide and debris flow that formed it; landslide lake is often larger than debris flow lake and also has a longer duration and hence higher risk; the quake lake is prone to break during the aftershock and causes more disasters. In practice, the limiting of water level and timely draining of the lake are the primary control measures to prevent the potential disaster.
The 5·12 Wenchuan earthquake resulted in a number of landslides and debris flows which formed dozens of dammed lakes in the quake-hit area. Among these quake lakes, 34 are of high risk of failure, threatening cities and towns downstream. For the purpose of preventing the dam failure, this paper reviews some failure events of dammed lakes formed by landslides and debris flows in the southwest and draws conclusion as follows: the dammed lake has higher potential of damage than the landslide and debris flow that formed it; landslide lake is often larger than debris flow lake and also has a longer duration and hence higher risk; the quake lake is prone to break during the aftershock and causes more disasters. In practice, the limiting of water level and timely draining of the lake are the primary control measures to prevent the potential disaster.
引文
1)万自成,刘登齐,王玉霞,等.建国以来宁夏破坏性地震.1994.
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[7] LJietang, Wang Zhihua.A tentative discussion on the monitoring of the Yigong landslide-blocked lake with satellite remote sensing technique[J].Acta Geoscinntia Sinica,2002,23(4):363 ~368 [吕杰堂,王治华.西藏易贡滑坡堰塞湖的卫星遥感监测方法 初探[J].地球学报,2000,23(4):363 ~368]
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[12] Qiao Jianping; Wu Caiyan.Analysis on super large-scale landslide in Tiantai, Xuanhan, Sichuan[J].Journal ofMountain Research, 2005,23(4):458 ~461 [乔建平,吴彩燕.四川省宣汉县天台 乡特大型滑坡分析[J].山地学报,2005,23(4):458 ~461]
[13] Wang Xinmin, Pei Xiyu.Some new points of view on the 1786 earthquake (M=743) occurring in the area between Kangding and Moxi, Luding, Sichuan Province[J].Earthquake Research in China,1988,4(1):108 ~115 [王新民,裴锡瑜.对1786年康 定-泸定磨西间734级地震的新认识[J].中国地震,1988,4 (1):100 ~115]
[14] Han Kunli,Han Aiguo.Evaluation on hazard of burst flood of xiao- haizi dam[ J],Jouranl of Geological Hazards and Enbironment Preservation,1999,10(1):47 ~51 [韩坤立,韩爱果.岷江上游 小海子坝溃决洪水危险性评价[J].地质灾害与环境保护, 1999,10,(1):47 ~51]
[15] Wu Chao, Ran Hongxing Zheng Yonghong.Hydrograph of the dam -break flood of the reservoir formed by mountain collapse in Ya Longjiang[J].Journal ofHydrodynamics,1996,11(6):646 ~ 652 [伍超,冉洪兴,郑永红.雅砻江唐古栋垮山堵江溃决洪水 过程研究[J].水动力学研究与进展,1996,11(6) :646 ~ 652.]
[16] Wang Jingrong.Analysis of landsides in Zhouqu [EB/OL]. ht- tp://www.cnki.net,22 ~25.[王景荣.舟曲县浅流坡滑坡成 因分析[EB/OL].http://www.cnki.net, 22 ~25]
[17] Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment,CAS, Institute of Traffic Science,Tibet.Debris Flowand Environment in Tibet [M] . Chengdu: Chengdu Science and Technology University Press, 1999: 24 [中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所,西 藏自治区交通厅科学研究所.西藏泥石流与研究[M].成都: 成都科技大学出版社,1999: 24]
[1] Nie Gaozhong, Gao Jianguo.Preliminary study on earthquake-in- duced dammed lake[J].QuaternarySciences, 2004,24(3):293 ~ 301 [聂高众,高建国.地震诱发的堰塞湖初步研究[J].第四 纪研究,2004,24(3):293 ~310]
[2] Seismological Institute of Lanzhou, Chinese Seisniologiral Bureau. Calalogue of Strong Eurthquakes (1177 BC ~1982 AD) of Shaanxi. Cansu, Ningxia, Qinghai Provinee[M]. Xi’un: Science and Tech- nology Prese of Shaanxi, 1985:66 ~80,85 ~89,92 ~94,99 ~102, 137 ~138 [国家地震局兰州地震研究所.陕甘宁青四省(区)强 地震目录(公元前1177年~公元1982年)[M].西安:陕西科学 技术出版社,1985:66 ~80,85 ~89,92 ~94,99 ~102,137 ~138]
[3] Library of Annals of Yunnan.Annals of Yunnan (Vol.8,9), Man- uscript of Chinese Republic[M].In: Chen Bingren et al.eds.An- nals of Yanjin (Vol.1).Manuscript of Chinese Republie.[云南通志馆.云南通志续修长编(卷八、九).民国稿本[M].见:陈秉 仁等编.《盐津县志》卷一,民国抄本.]
[4] You Zeli, Wu Zhixiong.Chayu, Xizang earthquake with Ms 8.6 in 1950[A].In: Min Ziqun ed.Coullected Papers on Chinese Histor- ical Earthquakes (1)[C].Beijing: Scismological Press, 1989: 196 ~202.[游泽李,吴芝雄.1950年西藏察隅8.6级地震[A].见: 闵子群主编.中国历史地震研究文选(1)[C].北京:地震出版 社,1989:196 ~202]
[5] Wu Jishan, Cheng Zunlan, Geng Xueyong.Formation of damfrom debris flow in the southeast Tibet[J].Journal ofMountain Science, 2005,23(4):399 ~405 [吴积善,程尊兰,耿学勇.西藏东南部 泥石流堵塞坝的形成机理,山地学报,2005,23(4):399 ~405]
[6] Zhu Pingyi,Wang Chenghua,Tang Bangxing.Characteristics of lar- gescale debris deposits in Tibet [J].Mountain Research, 2000,18 5 : 453 ~456 [朱平一,王成华,唐邦兴.西藏特大规模碎屑堆 积特征,山地研究,2000,18(5):453 ~456]
[7] LJietang, Wang Zhihua.A tentative discussion on the monitoring of the Yigong landslide-blocked lake with satellite remote sensing technique[J].Acta Geoscinntia Sinica,2002,23(4):363 ~368 [吕杰堂,王治华.西藏易贡滑坡堰塞湖的卫星遥感监测方法 初探[J].地球学报,2000,23(4):363 ~368]
[8] Cai Zongxin.The study of landsildes and measures[J].Journal of Catastrophology,1989(1):72 ~75 [柴宗新.山崩灾害及其对策 研究[J].灾害学,1989(1):72 ~75]
[9] Kong Jiming; Zhang Xiaogang,Qing Ba.Rock Lump of Landslide of Layue Destruction Feature Analysis in Sichuan Xizhang Highway[J]. Journal ofMountain Research,2003,21(2):228 ~233 [孔纪名, 张小刚,强巴.川藏公路拉月滑坡的块状破坏特征[J].山地学 报,2003,21(2):228 ~233]
[10] Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment,CAS, Institute of Traffic Science,Tibet.Researchon Water Destructionof Highway in Tibet [M] .Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technocogy Press, 2001: 50 ~57 [中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究所,西藏 自治区交通科学研究所.西藏公路水毁研究[M].成都:四川 科学技术出版社,2001:50 ~57]
[11] Luo Defu, Mao Jizhou.Mountain Hazards and Its Countermeasure for Sothernline ( inside Tibet) of Sichuan-Tibet Highway [ M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1995: 99 ~112 [罗德福,毛济周.川藏 公路南线(西藏境内)山地灾害及防治对策[M].北京:科学出 版社,1995:99 ~112 ]
[12] Qiao Jianping; Wu Caiyan.Analysis on super large-scale landslide in Tiantai, Xuanhan, Sichuan[J].Journal ofMountain Research, 2005,23(4):458 ~461 [乔建平,吴彩燕.四川省宣汉县天台 乡特大型滑坡分析[J].山地学报,2005,23(4):458 ~461]
[13] Wang Xinmin, Pei Xiyu.Some new points of view on the 1786 earthquake (M=743) occurring in the area between Kangding and Moxi, Luding, Sichuan Province[J].Earthquake Research in China,1988,4(1):108 ~115 [王新民,裴锡瑜.对1786年康 定-泸定磨西间734级地震的新认识[J].中国地震,1988,4 (1):100 ~115]
[14] Han Kunli,Han Aiguo.Evaluation on hazard of burst flood of xiao- haizi dam[ J],Jouranl of Geological Hazards and Enbironment Preservation,1999,10(1):47 ~51 [韩坤立,韩爱果.岷江上游 小海子坝溃决洪水危险性评价[J].地质灾害与环境保护, 1999,10,(1):47 ~51]
[15] Wu Chao, Ran Hongxing Zheng Yonghong.Hydrograph of the dam -break flood of the reservoir formed by mountain collapse in Ya Longjiang[J].Journal ofHydrodynamics,1996,11(6):646 ~ 652 [伍超,冉洪兴,郑永红.雅砻江唐古栋垮山堵江溃决洪水 过程研究[J].水动力学研究与进展,1996,11(6) :646 ~ 652.]
[16] Wang Jingrong.Analysis of landsides in Zhouqu [EB/OL]. ht- tp://www.cnki.net,22 ~25.[王景荣.舟曲县浅流坡滑坡成 因分析[EB/OL].http://www.cnki.net, 22 ~25]
[17] Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment,CAS, Institute of Traffic Science,Tibet.Debris Flowand Environment in Tibet [M] . Chengdu: Chengdu Science and Technology University Press, 1999: 24 [中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所,西 藏自治区交通厅科学研究所.西藏泥石流与研究[M].成都: 成都科技大学出版社,1999: 24]
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