青藏高原西北部帕米尔东北缘构造地貌与活动构造研究
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摘要
新生代以来,印度板块与欧亚大陆的碰撞和持续的汇聚在青藏高原西北部的帕米尔地区造成了强烈的陆内变形,形成一系列典型的构造地貌。文章在卫片解译、DEM数据处理的基础上,结合野外地质、地貌观察与测量,对帕米尔东北缘的构造地貌与活动构造特征进行了研究,取得以下认识:1)在英吉沙地区,通过测量地貌变形面计算出英吉沙背斜隆起高度约为230m,并利用面积平衡法估算出英吉沙背斜的最小构造缩短量约为110m,参考前人的年代学数据计算出英吉沙背斜在中更新世以来的最低隆升速率约为0.23mm/a,最小构造缩短速率约为0.11mm/a;2)在帕米尔前缘,乌泊尔断裂为一条伴随右旋走滑分量的逆冲断裂,该断裂的右旋走滑作用错断了古近纪地层及流过断裂的河流,通过测量单次地震造成的水系错断量并参考前人研究的该地区大震复发周期约为1000年,估算出该断裂的平均走滑速率为4.0～6.8mm/a,并推测断裂开始活动的时间大约在2.2～3.0Ma以前;3)对喀什地区构造地貌特征的观察与研究表明,明尧勒-喀什背斜和阿图什-踏浪河背斜可能分别为帕米尔东北缘西昆仑山山前冲断带和西南天山山前冲断带的前缘,该地区以西,帕米尔东北缘西昆仑山和西南天山两大构造系统已经发生了碰撞和拼贴。
The collision and continuous convergence between the India Plate and the Eurasia continent since Cenozoic caused intense intracontinental deformation in Pamir area, northwest margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A series of characteristic tectonic landforms was formed in this region. Based on the interpretation of satellite images, processing of DEM data,and field investigations,tectonic geomorphology and active tectonics in north Eastern Pamir were studied in this paper. The preliminary results are as follows : ( 1 ) The uplift height of Yingjisha Anticline was estimated to be approximately 230m by measuring its deformation amount in Yingjisha area. By the area-balance theory,the minimum shortening amount of Yingjisha Anticline was calculated to be about 110m. According to the previous researchers' chronological data, the minimum uplift rate and minimum shorting rate since Middle Pleistocene of Yingjisha Anticline were calculated to be 0.23 mm/a and 0.11 mm/a respectively. (2) The Upar Fault,which lies in the piedmont of Pamir, is a thrust with dextral strike-slip movement component. This dextral strike-slip thrust offset Paleogene strata and rivers flowing through the fault. By measuring offset amount of drainages caused by single earthquake event and considering the about 1000 years recurrence time of large earthquake resulted from previous researches, we estimate the average strike-slip rate of the fault as 4.0 ～ 6.8 mm/a,and the fault is believed to start at ca. 2.2 ～ 3.0Ma. (3)Detailed field surveying of tectonic landform features indicate that Mingyaole - Kashi Anticline is the forefront of thrust belt in the piedmont of north Eastern Pamir-West Kunlun and Atushi - Talanghe Anticline is the forefront of thrust beh in the piedmont of south Western Tianshan. The two large tectonic systems of north Eastern Pamir- West Kunlun Mountains and south Western Tianshan have collided in the west of this region.
The collision and continuous convergence between the India Plate and the Eurasia continent since Cenozoic caused intense intracontinental deformation in Pamir area, northwest margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A series of characteristic tectonic landforms was formed in this region. Based on the interpretation of satellite images, processing of DEM data,and field investigations,tectonic geomorphology and active tectonics in north Eastern Pamir were studied in this paper. The preliminary results are as follows : ( 1 ) The uplift height of Yingjisha Anticline was estimated to be approximately 230m by measuring its deformation amount in Yingjisha area. By the area-balance theory,the minimum shortening amount of Yingjisha Anticline was calculated to be about 110m. According to the previous researchers' chronological data, the minimum uplift rate and minimum shorting rate since Middle Pleistocene of Yingjisha Anticline were calculated to be 0.23 mm/a and 0.11 mm/a respectively. (2) The Upar Fault,which lies in the piedmont of Pamir, is a thrust with dextral strike-slip movement component. This dextral strike-slip thrust offset Paleogene strata and rivers flowing through the fault. By measuring offset amount of drainages caused by single earthquake event and considering the about 1000 years recurrence time of large earthquake resulted from previous researches, we estimate the average strike-slip rate of the fault as 4.0 ～ 6.8 mm/a,and the fault is believed to start at ca. 2.2 ～ 3.0Ma. (3)Detailed field surveying of tectonic landform features indicate that Mingyaole - Kashi Anticline is the forefront of thrust belt in the piedmont of north Eastern Pamir-West Kunlun and Atushi - Talanghe Anticline is the forefront of thrust beh in the piedmont of south Western Tianshan. The two large tectonic systems of north Eastern Pamir- West Kunlun Mountains and south Western Tianshan have collided in the west of this region.
引文
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2 Tapponnier P,Molnar P.Active faulting and Cenozoic tectonics of the Tien Shan,Mongolia,and Baykal regions.Journal of Geophysical Research,1979,84 (B7) :3425-3459
3 Avouac J P,Tapponnier P.Kinematic model of active deformation in Central Asia.Geophysical Research Letters,1993,20 (10) :895-898
4 Burtman V S,Molnar P.Geological and geophysical evidence for deep subduction of continental crust beneath the Pamir.Geological Society of America Special Paper,1993,281:1-76
5 Burtman V S.Cenozoic crustal shortening between the Pamir and Tien Shan and a reconstruction of the Pamir-Tien Shan transition zone for the Cretaceous and Palaeogene.Tectonophysics,2000,319 (2) :69-92
6 Hendrix M S,Dumitru T A,Graham S A.Late Oligocene-Early Miocene unroofing in the Chinese Tian Shan:An early effect of the India-Asia collision.Geology,1994,22:487-490
7 Sobel E R,Dumitru T A.Thrusting aad exhumation around the margins of the western Tarim Basin during the India-Asia collision.Journal of Geophysical Research,1997,102 (B3) :5043-5063
8 Negredo A M,Replumaz A,Villasenor A et al.Modeling the evolution of continental subduction processes in the Pamir Hindu Kush region.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2007,259(1-2) :212-225
9 Hamburger M W,Sarewitz D E,Pavlis T L et al.Structural and seismic evidence for intracontinental subduction in the Peter the First Range,Soviet Central Asia.Geological Society of America Bulletin,1992,104(4) :397-408
10 Wang Qi,Zhang Peizhen,Freymueller J T et al.Present-day crustal deformation in China constrained by global positioning system measurements.Science,2001,294:574-577
11 乔学军,杜瑞林,华晓伟等.新疆帕米尔东北侧地区现今地壳运动的GPS监测研究,中国地震,2000,16(4) :342～351 Qiao Xuejun,Du Ruilin,Hua Xiaowei et al.Monitoring present-day tectonic deformation by GPS in the North East Pamir,Xinjiang.Earthquake Research in China,2000,16 (4) :342-351
12 冯先岳著.新疆古地震.鸟鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社,1997． 1～250 Feng Xianyue.Palaeo Earthquakes of Xinjiang.Urmqi:Science and Technology and Sanitation Press,1997． 1-250
13 尹金辉,陈杰,郑勇刚等.卡兹克阿尔特断裂带活动特征.中国地震,2001,17(2) :211-230 Yin Jinhui,Chen Jie,Zheng Yonggang et al.Active characteristics of Kazkeaerte Fault zone.Earthquake Research in China,2001,17(2) :211-230
14 郑来林,潘桂堂,金振民等.喜马拉雅造山带西构造结研究的启示.地质评论,2001,47(4) :350-355 Zheng Lailin,Pan Guitang,Jin Zhenmin et al.Preliminary study of Western Himalayan syntaxis and its enlightenments.Geological Review,2001,47(4) :350-355
15 郑来林,金振民,潘桂堂等.喜马拉雅造山带东、西构造结的地质特征与对比.地球科学--中国地质大学学报,2004,29(3) :269-277 Zheng Lailin,Jin Zhenmin,Pan Guitang et al.A geological comparison between the Eastern and Western Himalayan syntaxes.Earth Science--Journal of China University of Geosciences ,2004 ,29(3) :269-277
16 沈军,汪一鹏,赵瑞斌等.帕米尔东北缘及塔里木盆地西北部弧形构造的扩展特征.地震地质,2001 ,23(3) :381-389 Shen Jun,Wang Yipeng,Zhao Ruibin et al.Propagation of Cenozoic arcuate structures in North East Pamir and North West Tarim Basin.Seismology and Geology,2001 ,23(3) :381-389
17 李海兵,杨经绥,许志琴等.阿尔金断裂带对青藏高原北部生长、隆升的制约.地学前缘,2006,13(4) :59-79 Li Haibing,Yang Jingsui,Xu Zhiqin et al.The constraint of the Altyn Tagh fault system to the growth and rise of the northern Tibetan Plateau.Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(4) :59-79
18 李海兵,Franck Valli,刘敦一等.喀喇昆仑断裂的形成时代:锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄的制约.科学通报,2007,52(4) :438-447 Li Haibing,Franck Valli,Liu Dunyi et at.Initial movement of the Karakorum Fault in Western Tibet:Constraints from SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircons.Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(8) :1089-1100
19 李海兵,Woerd Van der J,孙知明等.阿尔金断裂带康西瓦段晚第四纪以来的左旋滑移速率及其大地震复发周期的探讨.第四纪研究,2008,28(2) :197-213 Li Haibing,Woerd Van der J,Sun Zhiming et al.Late Quaternary left-slip rate and large earthquake recurrence time along the Kangxiwa(or Karakax)segment of the Altyn Tagh fault,Northern Tibet.Quaternary Sciences,2008,28(2) :197-213
20 Burtman V S.Faults of Middle Asia.American Journal of Science,1980,280:725-744
21 乔秀夫,李海兵,王思恩等.新疆境内塔拉斯-费尔干纳断裂早侏罗世走滑的古地震证据.地质学报,2008,82(6) :721-730 Qiao Xiufu,Li Haibing,Wang Si'en et al.Paleoseismic evidence of the Talas-Ferghana atrike-alip Fault during Early Jurassic,Xinjiang.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008 ,82(6) :721-730
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