汶川地震断裂带结构、岩性特征及其与地震活动的关系
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摘要
文章以龙门山中央断裂带映秀-北川断裂带为研究对象,重点对汶川地震破裂带南段虹口乡八角庙地区地表断裂带进行了详细研究,并结合汶川地震科学钻探1号孔(WFSD-1)岩芯部分研究成果,探讨龙门山中央断裂带的物质组成及其结构特征。研究表明,映秀-北川断裂带由很多次级小规模断裂(破碎带)以及夹持其中的块体所构成,其中断层泥的厚度由几毫米到25cm不等,与WFSD-1岩芯记录的地震断裂现象基本一致。从虹口乡八角庙露头来看,映秀-北川断裂带整体宽约120m,分布有近80条含有断层泥的次级断裂带。以台湾车笼埔断裂钻探项目(TCDP)和汶川地震科学钻探(WFSD)研究来看,一次大地震只能形成几毫米至约2cm厚的断层泥,推断映秀-北川断裂带中每层断层泥至少发生过1次到13次地震,该区总厚度约150cm的断层泥中发生地震次数至少为183次,说明沿着映秀-北川断裂带重复发生过多次强地震活动。每次地震活动并不完全沿袭老的地震断裂主滑移带滑动,而是沿着断层泥边部区域滑动。从整个断裂带中断层泥分布特征来看,地震断裂活动具有向断裂下盘迁移的趋势,并且断层泥的厚度与断裂活动性成正比关系,表明断裂带宽度与地震活动次数及其演化历史有着成因上的直接联系,多次地震活动叠加可能是龙门山形成的主要成因。
This paper focuses on the research of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault zone,which is the central fault of Longmuanshan fault belt.Detailed study was taken on the fault zone in Bajiaomiao village,Hongkou town at the coseismic surface rupture zone of Wenchuan earthquake.Combining with analyses of the drilling cores from the No.1 Well of the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling(WFSD-1)Project,the composition features and structure of the Longmenshan fault belt was discussed.Our research indicates that Yingxiu-Beichuan fault zone is composed by many small sub-faults(damage zone).The thickness of the gouge in the fault zone ranges from several millimeters to 25 centimeters,which is consistent with the fault characters recorded in the drilling cores of the WFSD-1.The width of Yingxiu-Beichuan fault zone is about 120m viewed from the outcrops in Bajiaomiao village.More than 80 small subfaults that contain gouge distributed in this area.Only several millimeters to approximately 2 centimeters gouge can be formed from the experiences in Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project(TCDP)and Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling(WFSD)Project,so we can infer that each layer of the gouge in Yingxiu-Beichuan fault zone might be produced by 1 to 13 large earthquakes at least.The total thickness of the gouge in this area is about 150cm,which indicates at least 183 earthquake events and suggests that strong earthquake repeatedly occurred along the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault zone.Each earthquake does not completely slip along the principal slip zone(PSZ)of the older earthquake,but rather along the edge of the gouge.According to the gouge statistics of the whole fault zone,seismic events have the obvious tendency towards the foot wall,and the thickness of gouge is proportional to the activity of the fault,indicating that the width of fault zone has the directly relation with the number of times and evolution history of earthquake event.Repeated earthquakes maybe the main cause of formation of Longmenshan Moutain.
This paper focuses on the research of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault zone,which is the central fault of Longmuanshan fault belt.Detailed study was taken on the fault zone in Bajiaomiao village,Hongkou town at the coseismic surface rupture zone of Wenchuan earthquake.Combining with analyses of the drilling cores from the No.1 Well of the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling(WFSD-1)Project,the composition features and structure of the Longmenshan fault belt was discussed.Our research indicates that Yingxiu-Beichuan fault zone is composed by many small sub-faults(damage zone).The thickness of the gouge in the fault zone ranges from several millimeters to 25 centimeters,which is consistent with the fault characters recorded in the drilling cores of the WFSD-1.The width of Yingxiu-Beichuan fault zone is about 120m viewed from the outcrops in Bajiaomiao village.More than 80 small subfaults that contain gouge distributed in this area.Only several millimeters to approximately 2 centimeters gouge can be formed from the experiences in Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project(TCDP)and Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling(WFSD)Project,so we can infer that each layer of the gouge in Yingxiu-Beichuan fault zone might be produced by 1 to 13 large earthquakes at least.The total thickness of the gouge in this area is about 150cm,which indicates at least 183 earthquake events and suggests that strong earthquake repeatedly occurred along the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault zone.Each earthquake does not completely slip along the principal slip zone(PSZ)of the older earthquake,but rather along the edge of the gouge.According to the gouge statistics of the whole fault zone,seismic events have the obvious tendency towards the foot wall,and the thickness of gouge is proportional to the activity of the fault,indicating that the width of fault zone has the directly relation with the number of times and evolution history of earthquake event.Repeated earthquakes maybe the main cause of formation of Longmenshan Moutain.
引文
1 李海兵,司家亮,付小方等.2008年汶川地震同震滑移特征、最大滑移量及构造意义,第四纪研究,2009,29(3) :387-402 Li Haibing,Si Jialiang,Fu Xiaofang et al.Co-seismic rupture and maximum displacement of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and its tectonic implications.Quaternary Sciences,2009,29 (3) :387-402
2 李海兵,付小方,Van der Woerd J等.汶川地震(M_S8． 0) 地表破裂及其同震右旋斜向逆冲作用.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1623-1643 Li Haibing,Fu Xiaofang,Van der Woerd J et al.Co-seisimic surface rupture and dextral-slip oblique trusting of the M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82 (12) :1623-1643
3 李海兵,王宗秀,付小方等.2008年5月12日汶川地震(M_S8． 0) 地表破裂带的分布特征中国地质,2008,35(5) :803-813 Li Haibing,Wang Zongxiu,Fu Xiaofang et al.The surface rupture zone distribution of the Wenchuan earthquake(M_S8． 0) happened on May 12th,2008． Chinese Geology,2008,3S(5) :803-813
4 李勇,周荣军,Densmore A L等.青藏高原东缘龙门山晚新生代走滑-逆冲作用的地貌标志.第四纪研究,2006,26(1) :40-51 Li Yong,Zhou Rongjun,Densmore A L et al.Geomorphic evidence for the Late Cenozoic strike-slipping and thrusting in Longmen Mountains at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(1) :40-51
5 邓起东,陈社发,赵小麟.龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学.地震地质,1994,16(4) :389-403 Deng Qidong,Chen Shefa,Zhao Xiaolin.Tectonics,seismisity and dynamics of Longmenshan Mountains and its adjacent regions.Seismology and Geology,1994,16(4) :389-403
6 许志琴,李化启,侯立玮等.青藏高原东缘龙门-锦屏造山带的崛起--大型拆离断层和挤出机制.地质通报,2007,26(10) :1262-1276 Xu Zhiqin,Li Huaqi,Hou Liwei et al.Uplift of Longmen-Jinping orogenic belt along the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau:Large-scale detachment faulting and extrusion mechanism.Geological Bulletin of China,2007,26(10) :1262-1276
7 Xu Zhiqin,Ji Shaocheng,Li Haibing et al.Uplift of the Longmen Shan range and the Wenchuan earthquake.Episodes,2008,31(3) :291-301
8 许志琴,李海兵,吴忠良.汶川地震和科学钻探.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1613-1622 Xu Zhiqin,Li Haibing,Wu Zhongliang.Wenchuan earthquake and scientific drilling.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12) :1613-1622
9 李勇,周荣军,Densmore A L等.青藏高原东缘龙门山晚新生代走滑挤压作用的沉积响应.沉积学报,2006,24(2) :153-164 Li Yong,Zhou Rongjun,Densmore A L et al.Sedimentary responses to Late Cenozoic thrusting and strike-slipping of Longmen Shan along eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2006,24(2) :153-164
10 李勇,周荣军,董顺利等.汶川地震的地表破裂与逆冲-走滑作用.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,35(4) :40-51 Li Yong,Zhou Rongjun,Dong Shunli et al.Surface rupture,thrusting and strike-slipping in the Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science & Technology Edition),2008,35(4) :40-51
11 王萍,付碧宏,张斌等.汶川8． 0级地震地表破裂带与岩性关系.地球物理学报,2009,52(1) :131-139 Wang Ping,Fu Bihong,Zhang Bin et al.Relationships between surface ruptures and lithologic characteristics of the Wenchuan M_s8． 0 earthquake.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(1) :131-139
12 徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等汶川M_s8． 0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3) :597-629 Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqing et al.The MsS.0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3) :597-629
13 付碧宏,时丕龙,张之武.四川汶川M_s8． 0大地震地表破裂带的遥感影像解析.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1679-1687 Fu Bihong,Shi Pilong,Zhang Zhiwu.Spatial characteristics of the surface rapture produced by the M_s8． 0 Wenchuan Earthquake using high-resolution remote sensing imagery.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12) :1679-1687
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15 刘静,张智慧,文力等.汶川8级大地震同震破裂的特殊性及构造意义--多条平行断裂同时活动的反序型逆冲地震事件.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1707-1722 Liu Jing,Zhang Zhihui,Wen Li et al.The M_s8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake co-seismic rupture and its tectonic implications--An out-of-sequence thrusting event with slip partitioned on multiple faults.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12) :1707-1722
16 李海兵,司家亮,裴军令等.汶川地震地表破裂过程探讨.第四纪研究,2010,30(4) :677-698 Li Haibing,Si Jialiang,Pei Junling et al.Surface rupture process of the Wenchuan earthquake (M_s8． 0) .Quaternary Sciences,2010,30(4) :677-698
17 裴军令,李海兵,司家亮等.汶川地震(M_s8． 0) 地表建筑体变形特征及其构造意义.第四纪研究,2009,29(3) :513-523 Pei Junling,Li Haibing,Si Jialiang et al.Surface building deformation caused by Wenchuan earthquake (M_s8． 0 ) and its tectonic implications.Quaternary Sciences,2009,29(3) :513-523
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2 李海兵,付小方,Van der Woerd J等.汶川地震(M_S8． 0) 地表破裂及其同震右旋斜向逆冲作用.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1623-1643 Li Haibing,Fu Xiaofang,Van der Woerd J et al.Co-seisimic surface rupture and dextral-slip oblique trusting of the M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82 (12) :1623-1643
3 李海兵,王宗秀,付小方等.2008年5月12日汶川地震(M_S8． 0) 地表破裂带的分布特征中国地质,2008,35(5) :803-813 Li Haibing,Wang Zongxiu,Fu Xiaofang et al.The surface rupture zone distribution of the Wenchuan earthquake(M_S8． 0) happened on May 12th,2008． Chinese Geology,2008,3S(5) :803-813
4 李勇,周荣军,Densmore A L等.青藏高原东缘龙门山晚新生代走滑-逆冲作用的地貌标志.第四纪研究,2006,26(1) :40-51 Li Yong,Zhou Rongjun,Densmore A L et al.Geomorphic evidence for the Late Cenozoic strike-slipping and thrusting in Longmen Mountains at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(1) :40-51
5 邓起东,陈社发,赵小麟.龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学.地震地质,1994,16(4) :389-403 Deng Qidong,Chen Shefa,Zhao Xiaolin.Tectonics,seismisity and dynamics of Longmenshan Mountains and its adjacent regions.Seismology and Geology,1994,16(4) :389-403
6 许志琴,李化启,侯立玮等.青藏高原东缘龙门-锦屏造山带的崛起--大型拆离断层和挤出机制.地质通报,2007,26(10) :1262-1276 Xu Zhiqin,Li Huaqi,Hou Liwei et al.Uplift of Longmen-Jinping orogenic belt along the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau:Large-scale detachment faulting and extrusion mechanism.Geological Bulletin of China,2007,26(10) :1262-1276
7 Xu Zhiqin,Ji Shaocheng,Li Haibing et al.Uplift of the Longmen Shan range and the Wenchuan earthquake.Episodes,2008,31(3) :291-301
8 许志琴,李海兵,吴忠良.汶川地震和科学钻探.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1613-1622 Xu Zhiqin,Li Haibing,Wu Zhongliang.Wenchuan earthquake and scientific drilling.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12) :1613-1622
9 李勇,周荣军,Densmore A L等.青藏高原东缘龙门山晚新生代走滑挤压作用的沉积响应.沉积学报,2006,24(2) :153-164 Li Yong,Zhou Rongjun,Densmore A L et al.Sedimentary responses to Late Cenozoic thrusting and strike-slipping of Longmen Shan along eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2006,24(2) :153-164
10 李勇,周荣军,董顺利等.汶川地震的地表破裂与逆冲-走滑作用.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,35(4) :40-51 Li Yong,Zhou Rongjun,Dong Shunli et al.Surface rupture,thrusting and strike-slipping in the Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science & Technology Edition),2008,35(4) :40-51
11 王萍,付碧宏,张斌等.汶川8． 0级地震地表破裂带与岩性关系.地球物理学报,2009,52(1) :131-139 Wang Ping,Fu Bihong,Zhang Bin et al.Relationships between surface ruptures and lithologic characteristics of the Wenchuan M_s8． 0 earthquake.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(1) :131-139
12 徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等汶川M_s8． 0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3) :597-629 Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqing et al.The MsS.0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3) :597-629
13 付碧宏,时丕龙,张之武.四川汶川M_s8． 0大地震地表破裂带的遥感影像解析.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1679-1687 Fu Bihong,Shi Pilong,Zhang Zhiwu.Spatial characteristics of the surface rapture produced by the M_s8． 0 Wenchuan Earthquake using high-resolution remote sensing imagery.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12) :1679-1687
14 付碧宏,吋丕龙,王萍等.2008年汶川地震断层北川段的几何学与运动学特征及地震地质灾害效应.地球物理学报,2009,52(2) :485-495 Fu Bihong,Shi Pilong,Wang Ping et al.Geometry and kinematics of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures around the Qushan Town of Beichuan County,Sichuan:Implications for mitigation of seismic and geologic disasters.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(2) :485-495
15 刘静,张智慧,文力等.汶川8级大地震同震破裂的特殊性及构造意义--多条平行断裂同时活动的反序型逆冲地震事件.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1707-1722 Liu Jing,Zhang Zhihui,Wen Li et al.The M_s8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake co-seismic rupture and its tectonic implications--An out-of-sequence thrusting event with slip partitioned on multiple faults.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12) :1707-1722
16 李海兵,司家亮,裴军令等.汶川地震地表破裂过程探讨.第四纪研究,2010,30(4) :677-698 Li Haibing,Si Jialiang,Pei Junling et al.Surface rupture process of the Wenchuan earthquake (M_s8． 0) .Quaternary Sciences,2010,30(4) :677-698
17 裴军令,李海兵,司家亮等.汶川地震(M_s8． 0) 地表建筑体变形特征及其构造意义.第四纪研究,2009,29(3) :513-523 Pei Junling,Li Haibing,Si Jialiang et al.Surface building deformation caused by Wenchuan earthquake (M_s8． 0 ) and its tectonic implications.Quaternary Sciences,2009,29(3) :513-523
18 付碧宏,王萍,孔屏等.四川汶川5． 12大地震同震滑动断层泥的发现及构造意义.岩石学报,2008,24(10) :2237-2243 Fu Bihong,Wang Ping,Kong Ping et al.Preliminary study of coseismic fault gouge occurred in the slip zone of the WenchuanM_s8． 0 earthquake and its tectonic implications.Acta Petrologica Sinica,2008,24(10) :2237-2243
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