塔里木盆地奥陶系层序地层格架
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摘要
在不同沉积相区典型露头、钻井及地震层序综合分析基础上,将塔里木盆地奥陶系海相地层划分出8个可全盆地对比的三级层序(OSQ1～OSQ8),首次建立了综合露头层序、钻井层序及地震层序划分的层序地层格架,建立了年代地层、牙形石生物地层、岩石地层与层序地层之间的相互关系(表1)。首次提出海相碳酸盐岩全岩或生物化石壳的碳同位素值可作为全球海平面变化的良好指标。在相似气候带及沉积环境具备相近的碳酸盐沉积速率的假设条件下,当沉积相分析所得到的相对海平面变化趋势与全岩碳同位素分析反映的全球海平面变化趋势总体一致时,说明碳酸盐层序的发育主要受控于全球海平面变化,反之则主要受控于区域构造沉降运动。鉴于这样的分析原理,我们认为塔里木盆地下奥陶统层序OSQ1及层序OSQ2属于主要受控于全球海平面变化的稳定加积型层序,而中、上奥陶统层序OSQ3～层序OSQ8则属于全球海平面总体上升背景下主要受区域构造运动控制形成的构造淹没型层序。
Based on synthetically analyzing different sedimentary faces cropped out typically(e.g.platform faces in Bachu and platform-intraplatform basin faces in Keping of NW Tarim,and basin faces in Que'erqueke of NE Tarim)and from the seismic sequences of drilling,the Ordovician marine strata can be divided into eight sequences(OSQ1~OSQ8)comparable each other in the whole Tarim basin.It is first established the frame of sequence stratigraphy by synthesizing the outcrop sequence,drilling sequence and seismic sequence,and also the relationship between chronostratigraphy,Conodont biostratigraphy,lithostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy(Table 1).In addition,we first propose that the carbon isotope of marine carbonate rock or fossil shell can be used as an important index of eustatic sea level change.That is,the global reservoirs of long-term carbon cycle are chiefly preserved in sedimentary carbonate(as 79.952% of global cycle carbon)and sedimentary kerogen(as 19.994% of global cycle carbon),whereas the dissolvable carbon in marine water plus carbon in biosphere and atmosphere has only 0.054% of global cycle carbon(Sharp,2007).Thus,the carbon circulation mainly conducted between sedimentary carbonate and kerogen.The conservation of kerogen is related to eustatic sea level change.The eustatic rise is in favor of preserving carbon in kerogen.When more and more carbon is preserved in kerogen,it would bring away more carbon isotope 12C from paleo-ocean and leave more 13C in ocean water.As a result,the carbon isotpe dissolved in paleo-ocean water and its sediments such as carbonate,would become weightier.Based on this assumption,we can further deduce that the weightier carbon isotopic compositions of carbonate or fossil shell reflect the eustatic rise,otherwise eustatic fall.Alternatively,the sedimentation ratio of carbonate is similar in the same climatic condition and sedimentary environment.The changing trend of relative sea level on the basis of sedimentary faces analysis is generally consistent with that of the eustatic sea level change deduced from carbon isotope of carbonate rock.In this respect,the development of carbonate sequence is chiefly controlled by eustatic sea level change,otherwise,by regional tectonic subsidence.According to such analytical principle,we conclude that the sequence OSQ1 and sequence OSQ2 of Lower Ordovician in the Tarim basin belonging to the stable aggradation sequences,are chiefly controlled by eustatic sea level change,while the Middle-Upper Ordovician sequence OSQ3 to sequence OSQ8 belonging to the tectonic drowning sequences are mainly controlled by regional tectonic movement because of generally eustatic sea level rise.
Based on synthetically analyzing different sedimentary faces cropped out typically(e.g.platform faces in Bachu and platform-intraplatform basin faces in Keping of NW Tarim,and basin faces in Que'erqueke of NE Tarim)and from the seismic sequences of drilling,the Ordovician marine strata can be divided into eight sequences(OSQ1~OSQ8)comparable each other in the whole Tarim basin.It is first established the frame of sequence stratigraphy by synthesizing the outcrop sequence,drilling sequence and seismic sequence,and also the relationship between chronostratigraphy,Conodont biostratigraphy,lithostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy(Table 1).In addition,we first propose that the carbon isotope of marine carbonate rock or fossil shell can be used as an important index of eustatic sea level change.That is,the global reservoirs of long-term carbon cycle are chiefly preserved in sedimentary carbonate(as 79.952% of global cycle carbon)and sedimentary kerogen(as 19.994% of global cycle carbon),whereas the dissolvable carbon in marine water plus carbon in biosphere and atmosphere has only 0.054% of global cycle carbon(Sharp,2007).Thus,the carbon circulation mainly conducted between sedimentary carbonate and kerogen.The conservation of kerogen is related to eustatic sea level change.The eustatic rise is in favor of preserving carbon in kerogen.When more and more carbon is preserved in kerogen,it would bring away more carbon isotope 12C from paleo-ocean and leave more 13C in ocean water.As a result,the carbon isotpe dissolved in paleo-ocean water and its sediments such as carbonate,would become weightier.Based on this assumption,we can further deduce that the weightier carbon isotopic compositions of carbonate or fossil shell reflect the eustatic rise,otherwise eustatic fall.Alternatively,the sedimentation ratio of carbonate is similar in the same climatic condition and sedimentary environment.The changing trend of relative sea level on the basis of sedimentary faces analysis is generally consistent with that of the eustatic sea level change deduced from carbon isotope of carbonate rock.In this respect,the development of carbonate sequence is chiefly controlled by eustatic sea level change,otherwise,by regional tectonic subsidence.According to such analytical principle,we conclude that the sequence OSQ1 and sequence OSQ2 of Lower Ordovician in the Tarim basin belonging to the stable aggradation sequences,are chiefly controlled by eustatic sea level change,while the Middle-Upper Ordovician sequence OSQ3 to sequence OSQ8 belonging to the tectonic drowning sequences are mainly controlled by regional tectonic movement because of generally eustatic sea level rise.
引文
陈国俊,史基安,薛莲花,王琪,肖立新.1999.塔里木西部古生代层序地层特征.沉积学报,17(4):560-565.
陈明,许效松,万方,楼雄鹰,汪正江,傅恒.2004.塔里木盆地柯坪地区中下奥陶统碳酸盐岩露头层序地层学研究.沉积学报,22(1):110-116.
程日辉,王璞珺,孙晓猛,白云风.2006.库鲁克塔格地区奥陶系层序地层与海平面变化.大地构造与成矿学,30(3):283-293.
樊太亮,刘金辉.1997.塔里木盆地北部震旦系-古生界层序地层特征.石油与天然气地质,18(2):120-127.
贾承造.1997.中国塔里木盆地构造特征与油气.北京:石油工业出版社.
瞿辉,徐怀大,郭齐军.1997.塔里木盆地北部奥陶系层序地层研究.现代地质(中国地质大学研究生院学报),11(1):8-13.
乐昌硕,于炳松,田成,王荣前.1996.新疆塔里木盆地北部层序地层及其沉积学研究.北京:地质出版社.
刘忠宝,于炳松,陈晓林,高志前,曹清古,李廷艳.2003.塔里木盆地塔东地区中-上奥陶统海底扇浊积岩层序地层格架及沉积特征.现代地质,17(4):408-414.
全国地层委员会.2001.中国地层指南及中国地层指南说明书.北京:地质出版社.
王维纲,吕炳全.1997.小尺度的碳酸盐岩层序地层学分析——塔里木盆地桑塔木断垒带奥陶系层序地层学研究.沉积学报,15(4):24-29.
王毅.1999.塔里木盆地震旦系-中泥盆统层序地层分析.沉积学报,17(3):414-421.
徐怀大,樊太亮,韩革华,曾学鲁,乐昌硕,徐钰麟,刘金辉.1997.新疆塔里木盆地层序地层特征.北京:地质出版社.
于炳松,陈建强,林畅松.2001.塔里木地台北部寒武纪-奥陶纪层序地层及其与扬子地台和华北地台的对比.中国科学(D辑)地球科学,31(1):17-26.
于炳松.1995.塔里木盆地北部中下奥陶统碳酸盐陆棚-盆地的层序地层分析.矿物岩石,15(3):44-49.
于炳松.1996.塔里木盆地北部寒武-奥陶纪层序地层格架.矿物学报,16(3):298-303.
曾学鲁,徐王麟,魏真鑫.1996.新疆塔里木盆地北部层序地层学及其古生物学研究.北京:地质出版社.
张传林,肖传桃,朱忠德,胡明毅,刘秉理,李相明.2003.塔北轮南地区及邻区奥陶系的层序地层学研究.现代地质,17(增刊):6-12.
赵宗举,赵治信,黄智斌.2006.塔里木盆地奥陶系牙形石带及沉积层序.地层学杂志,30(3):193-203.
钟端,郝永祥.1990.塔里木盆地震旦纪至二叠纪地层古生物(I).库鲁克塔格地区分册.南京:南京大学出版社.
Barndhardt W A and Kelley J T.1995.Carbonate accumulation on the inner continental shelf of Maine,a modern conse-quence of late Quaternary glaciation and sea-level change.Journal ofSedimentary Research,Section A:SedimentaryPetrology and Processes,65(1):195-207.
Handford C R and Loucks R G.1994.Carbonate depositionalsequences and systems tracts-responses of carbonate plat-forms to relative sea-level changes.In:Loucks R G andSarg J F(eds).Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy:RecentDevelopment and Applications.Am Assoc Petrol GeolMemoir,57:3-41.
Hunt D and Tucker M E.1993.Sequence stratigraphy of car-bonate shelves with an example from the mid-Cretaceous(Urgonian)of Southeast France.In:Posamentier H W,Summerhayes C P,Haq B U and Allen G P(eds).Se-quence stratigraphy and facies associations.Special Publi-cation of the International Association of Sedimentologists.18:307-341.
Jones B and Desrochers A.1992.Shallow Platform carbonates.In:Walker R G and James N P(eds).Facies Models:Reponse to Sea Level Change.Geol Assoc Can,277-301.
Sahagian D L.1990.Tectonic controls on sea level change.In:International workshop on Antarctic offshore acoustic stra-tigraphy(Antostrat),overview and extended abstracts.Cooper A K et al.(convener)Open-File Report-U S Geo-logical Survey.Reston,VA,United States,232-240.
Sarg J F.1988.Carbonate sequence stratigraphy.In:Wilgus CK et al.(eds).Sea-Level Changes-An Integrated Ap-proach.SEPM Spec Publ,(42):155-181.
Schlager W.1981.the paradox of drowned reefs and carbonateplatforms.Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin,92:197-211.
Sharp Z.2007.Principles of stable isotope geochemistry.Hous-ton:Pearson Education,U S A,380.
Tucker M E,Calvet F and Hunt D.1993.Sequence stratigra-phy of carbonate ramps,systems tracts,models and appli-cation to the Muschelkalk carbonate platforms of easternSpain.In:Posamentier HW,Summerhayes C P,Haq B Uand Allen G P(eds).Sequence stratigraphy and facies as-sociations.Special Publication ofthe International Associa-tion ofSedimentologists,18:397-415.
Vail P R,Audemard F,Bowman S A,Eisner P N and Perez-Cruz C.1991.The stratigraphic signatures of tectonics,eustacy and sedimentology.In:Einsele G,Ricken W andSeilacher A(eds).Cycles and Events in Stratigraphy.NewYork:Springer-Verlag,617-659.
Wilson J L.1975.Carbonate facies in geologic history.NewYork:Springer-Verlag,471.
陈明,许效松,万方,楼雄鹰,汪正江,傅恒.2004.塔里木盆地柯坪地区中下奥陶统碳酸盐岩露头层序地层学研究.沉积学报,22(1):110-116.
程日辉,王璞珺,孙晓猛,白云风.2006.库鲁克塔格地区奥陶系层序地层与海平面变化.大地构造与成矿学,30(3):283-293.
樊太亮,刘金辉.1997.塔里木盆地北部震旦系-古生界层序地层特征.石油与天然气地质,18(2):120-127.
贾承造.1997.中国塔里木盆地构造特征与油气.北京:石油工业出版社.
瞿辉,徐怀大,郭齐军.1997.塔里木盆地北部奥陶系层序地层研究.现代地质(中国地质大学研究生院学报),11(1):8-13.
乐昌硕,于炳松,田成,王荣前.1996.新疆塔里木盆地北部层序地层及其沉积学研究.北京:地质出版社.
刘忠宝,于炳松,陈晓林,高志前,曹清古,李廷艳.2003.塔里木盆地塔东地区中-上奥陶统海底扇浊积岩层序地层格架及沉积特征.现代地质,17(4):408-414.
全国地层委员会.2001.中国地层指南及中国地层指南说明书.北京:地质出版社.
王维纲,吕炳全.1997.小尺度的碳酸盐岩层序地层学分析——塔里木盆地桑塔木断垒带奥陶系层序地层学研究.沉积学报,15(4):24-29.
王毅.1999.塔里木盆地震旦系-中泥盆统层序地层分析.沉积学报,17(3):414-421.
徐怀大,樊太亮,韩革华,曾学鲁,乐昌硕,徐钰麟,刘金辉.1997.新疆塔里木盆地层序地层特征.北京:地质出版社.
于炳松,陈建强,林畅松.2001.塔里木地台北部寒武纪-奥陶纪层序地层及其与扬子地台和华北地台的对比.中国科学(D辑)地球科学,31(1):17-26.
于炳松.1995.塔里木盆地北部中下奥陶统碳酸盐陆棚-盆地的层序地层分析.矿物岩石,15(3):44-49.
于炳松.1996.塔里木盆地北部寒武-奥陶纪层序地层格架.矿物学报,16(3):298-303.
曾学鲁,徐王麟,魏真鑫.1996.新疆塔里木盆地北部层序地层学及其古生物学研究.北京:地质出版社.
张传林,肖传桃,朱忠德,胡明毅,刘秉理,李相明.2003.塔北轮南地区及邻区奥陶系的层序地层学研究.现代地质,17(增刊):6-12.
赵宗举,赵治信,黄智斌.2006.塔里木盆地奥陶系牙形石带及沉积层序.地层学杂志,30(3):193-203.
钟端,郝永祥.1990.塔里木盆地震旦纪至二叠纪地层古生物(I).库鲁克塔格地区分册.南京:南京大学出版社.
Barndhardt W A and Kelley J T.1995.Carbonate accumulation on the inner continental shelf of Maine,a modern conse-quence of late Quaternary glaciation and sea-level change.Journal ofSedimentary Research,Section A:SedimentaryPetrology and Processes,65(1):195-207.
Handford C R and Loucks R G.1994.Carbonate depositionalsequences and systems tracts-responses of carbonate plat-forms to relative sea-level changes.In:Loucks R G andSarg J F(eds).Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy:RecentDevelopment and Applications.Am Assoc Petrol GeolMemoir,57:3-41.
Hunt D and Tucker M E.1993.Sequence stratigraphy of car-bonate shelves with an example from the mid-Cretaceous(Urgonian)of Southeast France.In:Posamentier H W,Summerhayes C P,Haq B U and Allen G P(eds).Se-quence stratigraphy and facies associations.Special Publi-cation of the International Association of Sedimentologists.18:307-341.
Jones B and Desrochers A.1992.Shallow Platform carbonates.In:Walker R G and James N P(eds).Facies Models:Reponse to Sea Level Change.Geol Assoc Can,277-301.
Sahagian D L.1990.Tectonic controls on sea level change.In:International workshop on Antarctic offshore acoustic stra-tigraphy(Antostrat),overview and extended abstracts.Cooper A K et al.(convener)Open-File Report-U S Geo-logical Survey.Reston,VA,United States,232-240.
Sarg J F.1988.Carbonate sequence stratigraphy.In:Wilgus CK et al.(eds).Sea-Level Changes-An Integrated Ap-proach.SEPM Spec Publ,(42):155-181.
Schlager W.1981.the paradox of drowned reefs and carbonateplatforms.Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin,92:197-211.
Sharp Z.2007.Principles of stable isotope geochemistry.Hous-ton:Pearson Education,U S A,380.
Tucker M E,Calvet F and Hunt D.1993.Sequence stratigra-phy of carbonate ramps,systems tracts,models and appli-cation to the Muschelkalk carbonate platforms of easternSpain.In:Posamentier HW,Summerhayes C P,Haq B Uand Allen G P(eds).Sequence stratigraphy and facies as-sociations.Special Publication ofthe International Associa-tion ofSedimentologists,18:397-415.
Vail P R,Audemard F,Bowman S A,Eisner P N and Perez-Cruz C.1991.The stratigraphic signatures of tectonics,eustacy and sedimentology.In:Einsele G,Ricken W andSeilacher A(eds).Cycles and Events in Stratigraphy.NewYork:Springer-Verlag,617-659.
Wilson J L.1975.Carbonate facies in geologic history.NewYork:Springer-Verlag,471.
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