陆架边缘三角洲在层序地层格架中的识别及其意义——以南海白云凹陷为例
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摘要
陆架边缘三角洲具有优质的生、储、盖细合和多种圈闭类型。从成因方面来讲陆架边缘三角洲可分为:物源控制型、海平面控制型和两者混合控制型。在海平面相对静止阶段,河流强大的物源供给不断向陆坡运移,可以使陆架坡折逐渐向远陆方向前进,同时在陆架坡折带及上陆坡形成陆架边缘三角洲沉积;在沉积物供给相对稳定期,海平面下降至陆架坡折附近也可以使大量沉积物穿越广阔的陆架地区达到陆架坡折带甚至上陆坡从而形成陆架边缘三角洲沉积。正是由于以上特征陆架边缘三角洲沉积体系在层序地层格架中具有了一些可识别的依据。例如陆架边缘三角洲通常具有大型斜交S型前积组合反射结构,前积体顶超面与下超面的水平落差可达百米级,远高于陆架内部三角洲前积体的落差;通常形成于层序格架中的低位域;通常在层序格架中形成向陆和向海两个方向的斜坡楔形体等。通过对白云凹陷近期最新钻井资料的分析和长电缆高质量三维地震资料的解释,在白云凹陷珠海组、珠江组均识别出了陆架边缘三角洲沉积体系,并且伴随陆架坡折的迁移形成了独特的沿陆架坡折带分布的深水储层体系,该发现将有助于指导深水油气勘探。
Shelf margin delta is characterized by high-quality combination of source rocks,reservoirs and caps, and multiple trap types.Based on genetic styles,it can be classified into three types:provenance-dominated type,sea level-dominated type and hybrid type.During the relative quiescence period of sea-level,large amount of sediments are transported to the continental slope by rivers,making the shelf break gradually move seaward. Then shelf margin delta deposits could be formed at the shelf break and continental slope.Moreover,during periodwith relative stable sediment supply,the lowering of sea level to the shelf break also can transport large amount of sediments crossing broad continental shelf to shelf break,forming shelf margin delta deposits.These characteristics make shelf margin delta system identifiable in sequence stratigraphic framework.For example, shelf margin delta often shows large 'S' progradational reflection structure on seismic profiles,and the thickness between top surface and bottom surface can reaches up to hundreds of meters,much thicker than that within continental shelf.Moreover,the shelf margin delta usually occurs in lowstand system tract and is characterized by landward and seaward slope wedges.Based on integrated analysis of recent well logs and high-resolution 3D seismic data from Baiyun sag,a series of Oligocene-Miocene shelf margin deltas were identified in the Zhuhai Formation and Zhujiang Formation,and some unique deep-water reservoir systems were also recognized in the shelf break.These understandings will be helpful to future deep-water exploration.
Shelf margin delta is characterized by high-quality combination of source rocks,reservoirs and caps, and multiple trap types.Based on genetic styles,it can be classified into three types:provenance-dominated type,sea level-dominated type and hybrid type.During the relative quiescence period of sea-level,large amount of sediments are transported to the continental slope by rivers,making the shelf break gradually move seaward. Then shelf margin delta deposits could be formed at the shelf break and continental slope.Moreover,during periodwith relative stable sediment supply,the lowering of sea level to the shelf break also can transport large amount of sediments crossing broad continental shelf to shelf break,forming shelf margin delta deposits.These characteristics make shelf margin delta system identifiable in sequence stratigraphic framework.For example, shelf margin delta often shows large 'S' progradational reflection structure on seismic profiles,and the thickness between top surface and bottom surface can reaches up to hundreds of meters,much thicker than that within continental shelf.Moreover,the shelf margin delta usually occurs in lowstand system tract and is characterized by landward and seaward slope wedges.Based on integrated analysis of recent well logs and high-resolution 3D seismic data from Baiyun sag,a series of Oligocene-Miocene shelf margin deltas were identified in the Zhuhai Formation and Zhujiang Formation,and some unique deep-water reservoir systems were also recognized in the shelf break.These understandings will be helpful to future deep-water exploration.
引文
[1]Muto T,Steel R J.In defense of shelf-edge delta development during falling and lowstand of relative sea level[J].Journal of Geology,2002,110:421 -436.
[2]Plink-Bjorklund P,Steel R J.Sea level fall below the shelf edge,without basin-floor fans[J].Geology,2002,30:115 - 118.
[3]Sydow J,Roberts H H.Stratigraphic framework of a Late Pleistocene shelf-edge delta,northeast Gulf of Mexico[J]. AAPG Bulletin,1994,78:1276-1312.
[4]吴小红,吕修祥,周心怀,等.黄河口凹陷浅水三角洲沉积特征及其油气勘探意义[J].石油与天然气地质,2010, 31(2):165-172. Wu Xiaohong,Lv Xiuxiang,Zhou Xinhuai,et al.Depositional characteristics and hydrocarbon exploration significance of shallow deltas in the Yellow River Mouth Sag[J].Oil & Gas Geology, 2010,31(2):165-172.
[5]Mayall M J,Yeilding J D,Oldroyd A J,et al.Facies in a shelf-edge deltaan example from the subsurface of the Gulf of Mexico,middle Pliocene,Mississippi Canyon,Block 109[J]. AAPG Bulletin,1992,76:435 -448.
[6]Edward M B.Upper Wilcox Rosita delta system of South Texas growth-faulted shelf-edge deltas[J].AAPG Bulletin,1981, 65:54-73.
[7]姜在兴.沉积体系及层序地层学研究现状及发展趋势[J].石油与天然气地质,2010,31(5):535-541. Jiang Zaixing.Studies of depositional systems and sequence stratigraphy;the present and the future[J].Oil & Gas Geology, 2010,31(5):535-541.
[8]Suter J R,Berryhill Jr H L.Late quaternary shelf-margin deltas, northwest gulf of Mexico[J].AAPG Bulletin,1985,69: 77-91.
[9]Elliot T.Deltaic systems and their contribution to an understanding of basin-fill successions //[C].Whateley M K G, Pichering K T,eds.Deltas;sites and traps for fossil fuels. Geology Society Special Publication,1989,41:3—10.
[10]肖朝晖,王招明,姜仁旗,等.塔里木盆地寒武系碳酸盐岩层序地层特征[J].石油与天然气地质,2011,32(1): 1-10. Xiao Zhaohui,Wang Zhaoming,Jiang Renqi,et al.Sequence stratigraphic features of the Cambrian carbonate rocks in the Tarim Basin[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2011,32(1 ):1 - 10.
[11]Porebski S J,Steel R J.Shelf-margin deltas:their stratigraphie significance and relation to deepwater sands[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2003,62:283 -326.
[12]Porebski S J,Steel R J.Deltas and Sea-Level Change[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research,2006,76;390 -403.
[13]Steel J R,Cristian C,Andrew L P,et al.Shelf and shelf-margin growth in scenarios of rising and falling sea level[J].Special Publication-Society for Sedimentary Geology,2008,90: 47-71.
[14]Burgess P M,Hovius N.Rates of delta progradation during highstands:consequences for timing of deposition in deep-marine systems[J].Journal of Geological Society of London, 1998,155:217-22.
[15]Fisher W L,Brown L F.Delta systems in the exploration for oil and gas[M].Austin,TX,United States;Publication of Texas University,1969:54-66.
[16]Galloway W E.Sediments And Stratigraphic Framework Of The Copper River Fan-Delta,Alaska[J].Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,1976,46:726-737.
[17]Fisk H N.Bar-finger sands of Mississippi delta[C]// Fisk H N.Geometry of sandstone bodies,United States;US Geological Survey,1961:25-28.
[18]Orton G J,Reading H G.Deltas;the missing grain size component [J].Journal of Geology,1990,25;299.
[19]Holmes G W,Geologic reconnaissance along the Alaska Highway, Delta River to Tok Junction,Alaska[J].US Geological Survey Bulletin,1965,B 1181;H1-H19.
[20]Tesson M,Posamentier H W,Gensous B.Stratigraphic organization of Late Pleistocene deposits of the western part of the Golfe du Lion Shelf(Langedoc Shelf),western Mediterranean Sea,using high-resolution seismic and core data[J].AAPG Bulletin,2000,(84):119-150.
[21]Penland S,Boyd R,Sutter J R.Transgressive depositional systems of the Mississippi delta plain;a model for barrier shoreline -and shelf sand development[J].Sedimental Petrology, 1988,58;932-949.
[22]Postma G.Causes of architectural variability in deltas//[C]. Oti M N,Postma G,eds.Geology of Deltas.Rotterdam; Balkema,1995;3-16.
[23]Kolla V,Biondi P,Long B,et al.Sequence stratigraphy and architecture of the late Pleistocene Lagniappe delta complex, northeast Gulf of Mexico//[C].Hunt D,Gawthorpe R L,eds. Sedimentary responses to forced regressions.Geological Society of London;Special Publication,2000;172;291 -327.
[24]刘铁树,何仕斌.南海北部陆缘盆地深水区油气勘探前景[J].中国海上油气(地质),2001,15(3):164-170. Liu Tieshu,He Sshibin.Oil-gas exploration prospect of deepwater area in North of South China Sea[J].China Off shore Oil and Gas(Geology),2001,15(3):164 - 170.
[25]代一丁,庞雄奇.珠江口盆地珠二坳陷石油地质特征[J].中国海上油气(地质),1999,13(3):169-174. Dai Yiding,Pang Xiongqi.Petroleum geological characteristics of ZhuⅡdepression,Pearl River Mouth basin,China[J]. China Off shore Oil and Gas(Geology),1999,13(3): 169-173.
[26]Januszczak N,Eyles N.ODP drilling leads to a new model of shelf and slope sedimentation along the Antarctic continental margin[J].Geoscience Canada,2001,28(4):203 -210.
[27]彭大钧,陈长民,庞雄,等.南海珠江口盆地深水扇系统的发现[J].石油学报,2004,25(5):18-23. Peng Dajun,Chen Changmin,Pang Xiong,et al.Discovery of deep-water fan system in South China sea[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2004,25(5):18-23.
[28]李俊良珠江口盆地西部珠江组潮流砂脊的分布、形态和水动力机制[J].石油与天然气地质,2010,31(5):671-677. Li Junliang.Distribution geometry and hydrodynamic mechanism of tidal sand ridges in the Zhujiang Formation,the western Zhujiangkou basin[J]Oil & Gas Geology,2010,31(5): 671 -677.
[29]庞雄,陈长民,彭大钧,等.南海北部白云深水区之基础??地质[J].中国海上油气,2008,20(4):215-222. Pang Xiong,Chen Changmin,Peng Dajun,et al.Basic geology of Baiyun deep-water area in the northern South China sea [J],China Offshore Oil And Gas,2008,20(4):215-222.
[30]庞雄,陈长民,施和生,等.相对海平面变化与南海珠江深水扇系统的响应[J].地学前缘,2005,12(3):167- 177. Pang Xiong,Chen Changmin,Shi Hesheng,et al.Response between relative sea-level change and the Pearl River deep-water fan system in the South China Sea[J].Earth Science Fromtiers, 2005,12(3):167-177.
[31]熊利平,刘延莉,霍红.西非海岸南、北两段主要含油气盆地油气成藏特征对比[J].石油与天然气地质,2010,31 (4):410-419. Xiong Liping,Liu Yanli,Huo Hong,et al.Comparison of the hydrocarbon accumulation patterns of petroliferous basins between the north and south parts of the West African coast[J]. Oil & Gas Geology,2010,31(4):410-419.
[2]Plink-Bjorklund P,Steel R J.Sea level fall below the shelf edge,without basin-floor fans[J].Geology,2002,30:115 - 118.
[3]Sydow J,Roberts H H.Stratigraphic framework of a Late Pleistocene shelf-edge delta,northeast Gulf of Mexico[J]. AAPG Bulletin,1994,78:1276-1312.
[4]吴小红,吕修祥,周心怀,等.黄河口凹陷浅水三角洲沉积特征及其油气勘探意义[J].石油与天然气地质,2010, 31(2):165-172. Wu Xiaohong,Lv Xiuxiang,Zhou Xinhuai,et al.Depositional characteristics and hydrocarbon exploration significance of shallow deltas in the Yellow River Mouth Sag[J].Oil & Gas Geology, 2010,31(2):165-172.
[5]Mayall M J,Yeilding J D,Oldroyd A J,et al.Facies in a shelf-edge deltaan example from the subsurface of the Gulf of Mexico,middle Pliocene,Mississippi Canyon,Block 109[J]. AAPG Bulletin,1992,76:435 -448.
[6]Edward M B.Upper Wilcox Rosita delta system of South Texas growth-faulted shelf-edge deltas[J].AAPG Bulletin,1981, 65:54-73.
[7]姜在兴.沉积体系及层序地层学研究现状及发展趋势[J].石油与天然气地质,2010,31(5):535-541. Jiang Zaixing.Studies of depositional systems and sequence stratigraphy;the present and the future[J].Oil & Gas Geology, 2010,31(5):535-541.
[8]Suter J R,Berryhill Jr H L.Late quaternary shelf-margin deltas, northwest gulf of Mexico[J].AAPG Bulletin,1985,69: 77-91.
[9]Elliot T.Deltaic systems and their contribution to an understanding of basin-fill successions //[C].Whateley M K G, Pichering K T,eds.Deltas;sites and traps for fossil fuels. Geology Society Special Publication,1989,41:3—10.
[10]肖朝晖,王招明,姜仁旗,等.塔里木盆地寒武系碳酸盐岩层序地层特征[J].石油与天然气地质,2011,32(1): 1-10. Xiao Zhaohui,Wang Zhaoming,Jiang Renqi,et al.Sequence stratigraphic features of the Cambrian carbonate rocks in the Tarim Basin[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2011,32(1 ):1 - 10.
[11]Porebski S J,Steel R J.Shelf-margin deltas:their stratigraphie significance and relation to deepwater sands[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2003,62:283 -326.
[12]Porebski S J,Steel R J.Deltas and Sea-Level Change[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research,2006,76;390 -403.
[13]Steel J R,Cristian C,Andrew L P,et al.Shelf and shelf-margin growth in scenarios of rising and falling sea level[J].Special Publication-Society for Sedimentary Geology,2008,90: 47-71.
[14]Burgess P M,Hovius N.Rates of delta progradation during highstands:consequences for timing of deposition in deep-marine systems[J].Journal of Geological Society of London, 1998,155:217-22.
[15]Fisher W L,Brown L F.Delta systems in the exploration for oil and gas[M].Austin,TX,United States;Publication of Texas University,1969:54-66.
[16]Galloway W E.Sediments And Stratigraphic Framework Of The Copper River Fan-Delta,Alaska[J].Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,1976,46:726-737.
[17]Fisk H N.Bar-finger sands of Mississippi delta[C]// Fisk H N.Geometry of sandstone bodies,United States;US Geological Survey,1961:25-28.
[18]Orton G J,Reading H G.Deltas;the missing grain size component [J].Journal of Geology,1990,25;299.
[19]Holmes G W,Geologic reconnaissance along the Alaska Highway, Delta River to Tok Junction,Alaska[J].US Geological Survey Bulletin,1965,B 1181;H1-H19.
[20]Tesson M,Posamentier H W,Gensous B.Stratigraphic organization of Late Pleistocene deposits of the western part of the Golfe du Lion Shelf(Langedoc Shelf),western Mediterranean Sea,using high-resolution seismic and core data[J].AAPG Bulletin,2000,(84):119-150.
[21]Penland S,Boyd R,Sutter J R.Transgressive depositional systems of the Mississippi delta plain;a model for barrier shoreline -and shelf sand development[J].Sedimental Petrology, 1988,58;932-949.
[22]Postma G.Causes of architectural variability in deltas//[C]. Oti M N,Postma G,eds.Geology of Deltas.Rotterdam; Balkema,1995;3-16.
[23]Kolla V,Biondi P,Long B,et al.Sequence stratigraphy and architecture of the late Pleistocene Lagniappe delta complex, northeast Gulf of Mexico//[C].Hunt D,Gawthorpe R L,eds. Sedimentary responses to forced regressions.Geological Society of London;Special Publication,2000;172;291 -327.
[24]刘铁树,何仕斌.南海北部陆缘盆地深水区油气勘探前景[J].中国海上油气(地质),2001,15(3):164-170. Liu Tieshu,He Sshibin.Oil-gas exploration prospect of deepwater area in North of South China Sea[J].China Off shore Oil and Gas(Geology),2001,15(3):164 - 170.
[25]代一丁,庞雄奇.珠江口盆地珠二坳陷石油地质特征[J].中国海上油气(地质),1999,13(3):169-174. Dai Yiding,Pang Xiongqi.Petroleum geological characteristics of ZhuⅡdepression,Pearl River Mouth basin,China[J]. China Off shore Oil and Gas(Geology),1999,13(3): 169-173.
[26]Januszczak N,Eyles N.ODP drilling leads to a new model of shelf and slope sedimentation along the Antarctic continental margin[J].Geoscience Canada,2001,28(4):203 -210.
[27]彭大钧,陈长民,庞雄,等.南海珠江口盆地深水扇系统的发现[J].石油学报,2004,25(5):18-23. Peng Dajun,Chen Changmin,Pang Xiong,et al.Discovery of deep-water fan system in South China sea[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2004,25(5):18-23.
[28]李俊良珠江口盆地西部珠江组潮流砂脊的分布、形态和水动力机制[J].石油与天然气地质,2010,31(5):671-677. Li Junliang.Distribution geometry and hydrodynamic mechanism of tidal sand ridges in the Zhujiang Formation,the western Zhujiangkou basin[J]Oil & Gas Geology,2010,31(5): 671 -677.
[29]庞雄,陈长民,彭大钧,等.南海北部白云深水区之基础??地质[J].中国海上油气,2008,20(4):215-222. Pang Xiong,Chen Changmin,Peng Dajun,et al.Basic geology of Baiyun deep-water area in the northern South China sea [J],China Offshore Oil And Gas,2008,20(4):215-222.
[30]庞雄,陈长民,施和生,等.相对海平面变化与南海珠江深水扇系统的响应[J].地学前缘,2005,12(3):167- 177. Pang Xiong,Chen Changmin,Shi Hesheng,et al.Response between relative sea-level change and the Pearl River deep-water fan system in the South China Sea[J].Earth Science Fromtiers, 2005,12(3):167-177.
[31]熊利平,刘延莉,霍红.西非海岸南、北两段主要含油气盆地油气成藏特征对比[J].石油与天然气地质,2010,31 (4):410-419. Xiong Liping,Liu Yanli,Huo Hong,et al.Comparison of the hydrocarbon accumulation patterns of petroliferous basins between the north and south parts of the West African coast[J]. Oil & Gas Geology,2010,31(4):410-419.
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