天然气水合物发育的构造背景分析
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摘要
大量的钻孔资料和地震剖面显示主动大陆边缘的增生楔和被动大陆边缘的俯冲-增生楔、断裂-褶皱系、底辟构造或泥火山、滑塌构造、海底扇、"麻坑"构造和陆地多年冻土区等多种地质构造背景是形成天然气水合物的有利场所,可形成构造圈闭型天然气水合物矿藏。这些地质构造背景一方面大多是深部热成因气、生物成因气或混合成因气体或流体向上运移到海底的通道,形成天然气水合物矿藏;另一方面也可能造成天然气水合物的温压环境改变,致使天然气水合物分解。海底滑塌亦可能是天然气水合物分解所致,是潜在的地质灾害。
Natural gas hydrates are an important potential energy source for the 21st century. Based on the published drilling data and seismic reflection profiles,the accretionary prism,fault-folded system,mud volcano/mud diapir,slide,submarine fan,pockmark and permafrost region were recognized for the tectonic settings of gas hydrate. On the one hand,this tectonics can be regarded as good conduits for the formation of gas hydrate deposits,and on the other hand,the deposits can be destructed by this tectonics. Gas hydrate concentration in sediments is relatively high because of rapid transport of gas from great depth along these highly permeable tectonic conduits. Hence,gas hydrates can be dissociated when their equilibrium conditions are broken by the tectonic movements or the heat flow transported along these tectonic conduits. This gas hydrate dissociation may also lead to the submarine landslide.
Natural gas hydrates are an important potential energy source for the 21st century. Based on the published drilling data and seismic reflection profiles,the accretionary prism,fault-folded system,mud volcano/mud diapir,slide,submarine fan,pockmark and permafrost region were recognized for the tectonic settings of gas hydrate. On the one hand,this tectonics can be regarded as good conduits for the formation of gas hydrate deposits,and on the other hand,the deposits can be destructed by this tectonics. Gas hydrate concentration in sediments is relatively high because of rapid transport of gas from great depth along these highly permeable tectonic conduits. Hence,gas hydrates can be dissociated when their equilibrium conditions are broken by the tectonic movements or the heat flow transported along these tectonic conduits. This gas hydrate dissociation may also lead to the submarine landslide.
引文
[1]吴青柏,程国栋.多年冻土区天然气水合物研究综述[J].地球科学进展,2008,23(2):111-119.
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[4]宋岩,柳少波,洪峰,等.天然气水合物的研究进展及分布[J].当代石油石化,2006,14(10):17-21.
[5]曾繁彩,吴琳,何拥军.国外天然气水合物调查研究综述[J].海洋地质动态,2003,19(11):19-23.
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[9]栾锡武,鲁银涛,赵克斌,等.东海陆坡及邻近槽底天然气水合物成藏条件分析及前景[J].现代地质,2008,22(3):333-346.
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[15]Baba K,Yamada Y.BSRs and associated reflections as an in-dicator of gas hydrate and free gas accumulation:An example of accretionary prismand forearc basin systemalong the Nan-kai Trough,off central Japan[J].Resource Geology,2004,54(1):11-24.
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[18]Hyndan R D,Davies E E.A mechanismfor the formation of methane hydrate and seafloor bottom-si mulating reflectors by vertical fluid expulsion[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1992,97(5):7025-7041.
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[22]余朝丰.断裂与天然气水合物的依存关系[J].海洋地质动态,2006,22(12):34-37.
[23]Markl R G,Bryan G M,Ewing J L.Structure of the Blake-Bahama outer ridge[J].Journal of Geophys.Research,1970,75:4539-4555.
[24]Dillon WP,Danforth W W,Hutchinson D R,et al.Evidence for faulting related to dissociation of gas hydrate and release of methane off the southeastern United States[J].Geological So-ciety of London,1998,137:293-302.
[25]沙志彬,王宏斌,张光学,等.底辟构造与天然气水合物的成矿关系[J].地学前缘,2005,12(3):283-288.
[26]Kalinko M.Mud volcanoes,reasons of their origin develop-ment of fading[J].VNIGRI,1964,40:30-54.
[27]Ginsburg G D,Ivanov V L,Soloviev V A.Natural gas hy-drates of the World′s Oceans[C]∥Anon.Oil and gas content of the World′s Oceans.PGO:Sevmorgeologia,1984:141-158.
[28]Milkov A V.Worldwide distribution of submarine mud volca-noes and associated gas hydrates[J].Marine Geology,2000,167:29-42.
[29]沙志彬,张光学,梁金强,等.泥火山———天然气水合物存在的活证据[J].南海地质研究,2005:48-56.
[30]Ivanov M,Westbrook G K,Blinova V,et al.First sampling of gas hydrate from the Vring Plateau[J].EOS,2007,88(19):209-212.
[31]吴时国,张光学,郭常升,等.东沙海区天然气水合物形成及分布的地质因素[J].石油学报,2004,25(4):7-12.
[32]吴能友,杨胜雄,王宏斌,等.南海北部陆坡神狐海域天然气水合物成藏的流体运移体系[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(6):1641-1650.
[33]陈林,宋海斌.海底天然气渗漏的地球物理特征及识别方法[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(4):1067-1073.
[34]陈林,宋海斌.海底天然气渗漏地震探测方法的研究进展[J].天然气工业,2006,26(7):35-40.
[35]Gay A,Lopez M,Cochonat P,et al.Isolated seafloor pockmarks linked to BSRs,fluid chi mneys,polygonal faults and stacked Oli-gocene-Miocene turbiditic palaeochannelsinthe Lower Congo Basin[J].Marine Geology,2006,226(1/2):25-40.
[36]Mikov A V,Sassen R.Economic geology of offshore gas hy-drate accumulations and provinces[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2002,19:1-11.
[37]甘华阳,王家生,胡高韦.海洋沉积物中的天然气水合物与海底滑坡[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2004,24(2):177-181.
[38]Bugge T S,Befring R H,Belderson T,et al.A giant three-stages submarine slide off Norway[J].Geo-Marine Letters,1987,7:191-198.
[39]Bouriak,Vanneste M,Saoutkine A.Inferred gas hydrates and clay diapers near the Storegga Slide onthe southern edge of the Vring Plateau,offshore Norway[J].Marine Geology,2000,163:125-148.
[40]黎明碧.南海中北部陆坡盆地沉积特征及海底扇形成条件分析[D].杭州:浙江大学,2005.
[41]Piper D J W,Narmark W R.Sandy fans:From Amazon to Hueneme and beyond[J].AAPG Bulletin,2001,85(8):1407-1438.
[42]Tanaka MD.Gas hydrates onthe Amazon submarine fan,Foz do Amazonas Basin,Brazil[R].AAPG Annual Convention,2003.
[43]王昌瀚.青藏高原发现巨量天然气水合物[J].天然气化工:C1化学与化工,2009,5:56.
[44]刘忠臣,刘保华,黄振宗,等.中国近海及邻近海域地形地貌[M].北京:海洋出版社,2005:1-227.
[45]Luan Xi wu,Wang Kelin,Hyndman R,et al.Bottomsi mulating reflector and gas seepage in okinawa Trough,evidence of gas hydrate in an active back-arc basin[J].Journal of China Uni-versity of Geosciences,2008,19(2):152-161.
[46]方银霞,高金耀,黎明碧,等.冲绳海槽天然气水合物与地质构造的关系[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2005,25(1):85-91.
[47]龚跃华,吴时国,张光学,等.南海东沙海域天然气水合物与地质构造的关系[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2008,28(1):99-104.
[48]周祖翼,廖宗廷,金性春.冲绳海槽———弧后背景下大陆张裂的最高阶段[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2001,21(1):51-56.
[2]Makogon Y F,Holditch S A,Makogon T Y.Natural gas-hy-drate:Apotential energy source for the21stCentury[J].Jour-nal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2007,56:14-31.
[3]Zhang Haiqi,Yang Shengxiong,Wu Nengyou,et al.GMGS-1science team:China′s first gas hydrate expedition successful[R].USA:US Depart ment of Energy,2007.
[4]宋岩,柳少波,洪峰,等.天然气水合物的研究进展及分布[J].当代石油石化,2006,14(10):17-21.
[5]曾繁彩,吴琳,何拥军.国外天然气水合物调查研究综述[J].海洋地质动态,2003,19(11):19-23.
[6]Haq B U.Natural gas deposits:Methane in the deep blue sea[J].Science,1999,285:543-544.
[7]邓希光,吴庐山,付少英,等.南海北部天然气水合物研究进展[J].海洋学研究,2008,26(2):67-74.
[8]吴必豪,张光学,祝有海,等.中国近海天然气水合物的研究进展[J].地学前缘,2003,10(1):177-189.
[9]栾锡武,鲁银涛,赵克斌,等.东海陆坡及邻近槽底天然气水合物成藏条件分析及前景[J].现代地质,2008,22(3):333-346.
[10]孙健,郭了萍,郑琴,等.天然气水合物性质及其成藏控制因素分析[J].中国西部油气地质,2006,2(1):76-78.
[11]王宏斌,杨木壮,白志琳,等.全球范围内天然气水合物构造背景及其稳定域研究综述[C]∥佚名.海洋地质环境与资料学术研讨会论文摘要汇编.北京:中国地质学会,2003:12-21.
[12]张光学,祝有海,梁金强,等.构造控制型天然气水合物矿藏及其特征[J].现代地质,2006,20(4):605-612.
[13]张光学,黄永祥,祝有海,等.活动大陆边缘水合物分布规律及成藏过程[J].海洋地质动态,2001,17(7):3-7.
[14]Johnson J E,Goldfinger C,Suess E.Geophysical constraints on the surface distribution of authigenic carbonates across the Hydrate Ridge region,Cascadia margin[J].Marine Geology,2003,202:79-120.
[15]Baba K,Yamada Y.BSRs and associated reflections as an in-dicator of gas hydrate and free gas accumulation:An example of accretionary prismand forearc basin systemalong the Nan-kai Trough,off central Japan[J].Resource Geology,2004,54(1):11-24.
[16]丁巍伟,陈汉林,王渝民.台湾增生楔天然气水合物的地震特征[J].海洋与湖沼,2006,37(1):90-96.
[17]王宏斌,张光学,杨木壮,等.南海陆坡天然气水合物成藏的构造环境[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2003,23(1):81-86.
[18]Hyndan R D,Davies E E.A mechanismfor the formation of methane hydrate and seafloor bottom-si mulating reflectors by vertical fluid expulsion[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1992,97(5):7025-7041.
[19]张光学,祝有海,徐华宁.非活动大陆边缘的天然气水合物及其成藏过程述评[J].地质论评,2003,49(2):181-186.
[20]Weinberger J L,Brown K M.Fracture networks and hydrate distribution at Hydrate Ridge,Oregon[J].Earth and Plane-tary Science Letters,2006,245:123-136.
[21]沙志彬,王宏斌,龚跃华.断层与天然气水合物的关系[J].南海地质研究,2004:41-47.
[22]余朝丰.断裂与天然气水合物的依存关系[J].海洋地质动态,2006,22(12):34-37.
[23]Markl R G,Bryan G M,Ewing J L.Structure of the Blake-Bahama outer ridge[J].Journal of Geophys.Research,1970,75:4539-4555.
[24]Dillon WP,Danforth W W,Hutchinson D R,et al.Evidence for faulting related to dissociation of gas hydrate and release of methane off the southeastern United States[J].Geological So-ciety of London,1998,137:293-302.
[25]沙志彬,王宏斌,张光学,等.底辟构造与天然气水合物的成矿关系[J].地学前缘,2005,12(3):283-288.
[26]Kalinko M.Mud volcanoes,reasons of their origin develop-ment of fading[J].VNIGRI,1964,40:30-54.
[27]Ginsburg G D,Ivanov V L,Soloviev V A.Natural gas hy-drates of the World′s Oceans[C]∥Anon.Oil and gas content of the World′s Oceans.PGO:Sevmorgeologia,1984:141-158.
[28]Milkov A V.Worldwide distribution of submarine mud volca-noes and associated gas hydrates[J].Marine Geology,2000,167:29-42.
[29]沙志彬,张光学,梁金强,等.泥火山———天然气水合物存在的活证据[J].南海地质研究,2005:48-56.
[30]Ivanov M,Westbrook G K,Blinova V,et al.First sampling of gas hydrate from the Vring Plateau[J].EOS,2007,88(19):209-212.
[31]吴时国,张光学,郭常升,等.东沙海区天然气水合物形成及分布的地质因素[J].石油学报,2004,25(4):7-12.
[32]吴能友,杨胜雄,王宏斌,等.南海北部陆坡神狐海域天然气水合物成藏的流体运移体系[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(6):1641-1650.
[33]陈林,宋海斌.海底天然气渗漏的地球物理特征及识别方法[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(4):1067-1073.
[34]陈林,宋海斌.海底天然气渗漏地震探测方法的研究进展[J].天然气工业,2006,26(7):35-40.
[35]Gay A,Lopez M,Cochonat P,et al.Isolated seafloor pockmarks linked to BSRs,fluid chi mneys,polygonal faults and stacked Oli-gocene-Miocene turbiditic palaeochannelsinthe Lower Congo Basin[J].Marine Geology,2006,226(1/2):25-40.
[36]Mikov A V,Sassen R.Economic geology of offshore gas hy-drate accumulations and provinces[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2002,19:1-11.
[37]甘华阳,王家生,胡高韦.海洋沉积物中的天然气水合物与海底滑坡[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2004,24(2):177-181.
[38]Bugge T S,Befring R H,Belderson T,et al.A giant three-stages submarine slide off Norway[J].Geo-Marine Letters,1987,7:191-198.
[39]Bouriak,Vanneste M,Saoutkine A.Inferred gas hydrates and clay diapers near the Storegga Slide onthe southern edge of the Vring Plateau,offshore Norway[J].Marine Geology,2000,163:125-148.
[40]黎明碧.南海中北部陆坡盆地沉积特征及海底扇形成条件分析[D].杭州:浙江大学,2005.
[41]Piper D J W,Narmark W R.Sandy fans:From Amazon to Hueneme and beyond[J].AAPG Bulletin,2001,85(8):1407-1438.
[42]Tanaka MD.Gas hydrates onthe Amazon submarine fan,Foz do Amazonas Basin,Brazil[R].AAPG Annual Convention,2003.
[43]王昌瀚.青藏高原发现巨量天然气水合物[J].天然气化工:C1化学与化工,2009,5:56.
[44]刘忠臣,刘保华,黄振宗,等.中国近海及邻近海域地形地貌[M].北京:海洋出版社,2005:1-227.
[45]Luan Xi wu,Wang Kelin,Hyndman R,et al.Bottomsi mulating reflector and gas seepage in okinawa Trough,evidence of gas hydrate in an active back-arc basin[J].Journal of China Uni-versity of Geosciences,2008,19(2):152-161.
[46]方银霞,高金耀,黎明碧,等.冲绳海槽天然气水合物与地质构造的关系[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2005,25(1):85-91.
[47]龚跃华,吴时国,张光学,等.南海东沙海域天然气水合物与地质构造的关系[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2008,28(1):99-104.
[48]周祖翼,廖宗廷,金性春.冲绳海槽———弧后背景下大陆张裂的最高阶段[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2001,21(1):51-56.
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