华北及周边地区上地幔P波速度结构
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摘要
本文基于层析成像方法研究了华北及其邻区(30°N-43°N,100°E-130°E)的上地慢P波速度结构.该区域是我国地震活动强烈的地区之一,曾多次发生破坏性地震,地质构造十分复杂.本研究采用中国数字化地震台网19962002年和中国科学院地质与地球物理所(IGGCAS)流动地震台阵2001-2003年地震记录中的P波走时,挑选了6870个地震事件,其中包括1382个区域地震事件,5488个远震事件.在对实际资料反演之前,进行了分辨率测试以确定反演结果的可靠性,对反演中不同参数对结果的影响做了分析,以确定最佳的的模型和参数.根据上述分析,以水平方向1°×1°,垂直方向以5 km、15 km、30 km为间隔划分网格,并建立初始速度模型,采用伪弯曲射线追踪方法计算走时和射线路径,通过基于LSQR算法的反演重建了研究区域40 km以下、480 km以上的三维P波速度结构.成像结果显示:(A)研究区域西南部的四川盆地北部在40 km以上为明显的低速异常,40 km以下一直到360 km均为高速异常;(B)华北盆地在90 km之上高速异常比较明显,而在120 km-360 km的深度,低速异常为区域主要特征,它与渤海湾地区的低速区连接,形成地慢楔,随着深度的增加,由于太平洋俯冲板块的影响,华北盆地和渤海湾地区下的高速异常突出.
A three-dimensional P wave velocity model is developed for the upper mantle of North China and surrounding regions (30°N-43°N, 100°E-130°E) by applying the tomography method of Zhao et al,where many earthquakes occurred in history. Although many researchers had studied this area, their results are mainly about crust and uppermost mantle or have a low resolution. In this study, 5870 earthquake events including 1382 local events and 5488 teleseismic events are extracted from P wave records of China Earthquake Networks Center during 1996-2002 and seislab of IGGCAS during 2001-2003. Before the inversion, checkerboard resolution test and restoring resolution test have been made to confirm the reliability of results, also analysis of different parameters to the result has been done to make the initial model. Based analysis above, we chose the spatial resolution of 1° × l°in the horizontal direction and 5-30 km in depth. Using the pseudobending method to calculate the ray traveling path and residual of travel time; LSQR method to inverse, we got the final 3-D P wave velocity structure in this area. The result reveals that: (A)Under the Sichuan Basin, the perturbation of P wave velocity above 40 km is high, beneath 40 km to 360 km, the perturbation of P wave velocity is low. (B) Above 90 km, the perturbation of P wave velocity under the North China Basin is high, while at the depth between 120-360 km, low perturbation of P wave is the main feature, it connects with the low velocity area under the Bohai Bay, forming a mantle wedge. With the increasing of depth, the perturbation of P wave under this area becomes high.
A three-dimensional P wave velocity model is developed for the upper mantle of North China and surrounding regions (30°N-43°N, 100°E-130°E) by applying the tomography method of Zhao et al,where many earthquakes occurred in history. Although many researchers had studied this area, their results are mainly about crust and uppermost mantle or have a low resolution. In this study, 5870 earthquake events including 1382 local events and 5488 teleseismic events are extracted from P wave records of China Earthquake Networks Center during 1996-2002 and seislab of IGGCAS during 2001-2003. Before the inversion, checkerboard resolution test and restoring resolution test have been made to confirm the reliability of results, also analysis of different parameters to the result has been done to make the initial model. Based analysis above, we chose the spatial resolution of 1° × l°in the horizontal direction and 5-30 km in depth. Using the pseudobending method to calculate the ray traveling path and residual of travel time; LSQR method to inverse, we got the final 3-D P wave velocity structure in this area. The result reveals that: (A)Under the Sichuan Basin, the perturbation of P wave velocity above 40 km is high, beneath 40 km to 360 km, the perturbation of P wave velocity is low. (B) Above 90 km, the perturbation of P wave velocity under the North China Basin is high, while at the depth between 120-360 km, low perturbation of P wave is the main feature, it connects with the low velocity area under the Bohai Bay, forming a mantle wedge. With the increasing of depth, the perturbation of P wave under this area becomes high.
引文
[1] Huang J L,Zhao D P. High-resolution mantle tomography of China and surrounding regions[J]. J. Geophys. Res. , 2006,111, B09305, doi:10． 1029/2005JB004066．
[2] Li X, Yuan X. Receiver functions in northeast China_implicaplications for slab penetration into the lower mantle in northwest Pacific subduction zone[J]. Earth Planet. Sci.Lett. , 2003, 216:679-691．
[3] Paige C, Saunders M. LSQR: An algorithm for sparse linear equations and sparse least squares [J]. Trans. Math. Software. , 1982, 8: 43-71．
[4] Zheng T Y, Zhao L, Chen L. A detailed receiver function image of the sedimentary structure in the Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. , 2005, 152: 129-143．
[5] Zheng T Y, Chen L, Zhao L, et al. Crustal structure across the Yanshan belt at the northern margin of the North China Craton[J]. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. , 2007, 161: 36-49．
[6] Thurber C H. Earthquake location and three-dimensional crustal structure in the Coyote Lake area, central California [J]. J. Geophys Res. , 1983, 88:8226-8236．
[7] Um J, Thurber C H. A fast algorithm for two-point seismic ray tracing[J]. Bull Seism Soc Amer. , 1987, 77:972-986．
[8] Zhao D P, Hasegawa A, Kanamori H. Deep structure of Japan subduction zone as derived from local, regional and teleseismic events[J]. J. Geophys. Res., 1994 , 99:22313-22329．
[9] Zhao D P, Hasegawa A, Horiuchi S. Tomographic imaging of P and S wave velocity structure beneath northeastern Japan[J]. J. Geophys. Res. , 1992 , 97: 19909-19928．
[10] Zhao G C, Wilde S A, Cawood P A, et al. Archaean blocks and their boundaries in the North China Craton lithological, geochemical, structural and T path constraints and tectonic evolution[J]. Precambrian Res. , 2001, 107:45-73．
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[12] Xu Y G. Thermo-tectonic destruction of the Archean lithospheric keel beneath the Sino-Korean Craton in China: Evidence, timing and mechanism [J]. Phys Chem Earth, 2001, 26: 747-757．
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[24] 孙若昧,刘福田.京津唐地区地壳结构与强震的发生-I.P波速度结构[J].地球物理学报,1995,38(5) :559-607． Sun R M, Liu F T. Crust structures and strong earthquakes in the Beijing, TianJin, TangShan area-I. P wave velocity structure[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 1995, 38(5) :559-607．
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[26] 齐齐诚.赵大鹏,陈颐,等.首都圈地区地壳P波和S波三维速度结构及其与大地震的关系[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(3) :805-815． Qi C, Zhao D P, Chen Y, et al. 3-D P and S Wave Velocity Structures and Their Relationship to Strong Earthquakes in the Chinese Capital Region [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2006, 49(3) :805-815．
[27] 于湘伟,陈运泰,王培德.京津唐地区中上地壳三维P波速度结构[J].地震学报,2003,25(1) :1-14． Yu X W, Chen Y Ti, Wang P D. Three-dimensional P wave velocity structure in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2003, 25(1) : 1-14．
[28] 张宏志,孙静华.华北遥测地震台网联网定位能力[J].地震地磁观测与研究,1993,14(4) :21-25． Zhang H Z, Sun J H. Location capability of the North China United Seismic Networks ( NCUSN) [J]. Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation, 1993, 14(4) : 21-25．
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[30] 郑建常,顾瑾平,张元生.联合反演研究华北地区三维速度结构[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(6) :1706-1714． Zheng J C, Gu j P, Zhang Y S. Combined Inversion of the upper crust 3-D velocity structure in North China [J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2007,22(6) :1706-1714．
[31] 朱露培,曾融生,刘福田.京津唐张地区地壳上地幔三维P波速度结构[J].地球物理学报,1990,33(3) :267-277． Zhu L P, Zeng R S, Liu F T. Three-dimensional P wave velocity structure under the the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan-Zhangjiakou[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 1990, 33(3) : 267-277．
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[2] Li X, Yuan X. Receiver functions in northeast China_implicaplications for slab penetration into the lower mantle in northwest Pacific subduction zone[J]. Earth Planet. Sci.Lett. , 2003, 216:679-691．
[3] Paige C, Saunders M. LSQR: An algorithm for sparse linear equations and sparse least squares [J]. Trans. Math. Software. , 1982, 8: 43-71．
[4] Zheng T Y, Zhao L, Chen L. A detailed receiver function image of the sedimentary structure in the Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. , 2005, 152: 129-143．
[5] Zheng T Y, Chen L, Zhao L, et al. Crustal structure across the Yanshan belt at the northern margin of the North China Craton[J]. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. , 2007, 161: 36-49．
[6] Thurber C H. Earthquake location and three-dimensional crustal structure in the Coyote Lake area, central California [J]. J. Geophys Res. , 1983, 88:8226-8236．
[7] Um J, Thurber C H. A fast algorithm for two-point seismic ray tracing[J]. Bull Seism Soc Amer. , 1987, 77:972-986．
[8] Zhao D P, Hasegawa A, Kanamori H. Deep structure of Japan subduction zone as derived from local, regional and teleseismic events[J]. J. Geophys. Res., 1994 , 99:22313-22329．
[9] Zhao D P, Hasegawa A, Horiuchi S. Tomographic imaging of P and S wave velocity structure beneath northeastern Japan[J]. J. Geophys. Res. , 1992 , 97: 19909-19928．
[10] Zhao G C, Wilde S A, Cawood P A, et al. Archaean blocks and their boundaries in the North China Craton lithological, geochemical, structural and T path constraints and tectonic evolution[J]. Precambrian Res. , 2001, 107:45-73．
[11] Liu D Y, Nutman A P, Compston W, et al. Remnants of 3800 Ma crust in the Chinese part of the Sino-Korean craton [J]. Geology, 1992, 20: 339-342．
[12] Xu Y G. Thermo-tectonic destruction of the Archean lithospheric keel beneath the Sino-Korean Craton in China: Evidence, timing and mechanism [J]. Phys Chem Earth, 2001, 26: 747-757．
[13] Griffin W L, Zhang A D, O'Reilly S Y, et al. Phanerozoic evolution of the lithosphere beneath the Sino-Korean Craton [J]. In:Flower M F J, Chung S L, Lo C H, et al, eds. Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia. Amer Geophys Union Geodyn Ser, 1998, 27: 107-126
[14] Wu F Y, Lin J Q, Wilde S A,et al. Nature and significance of the Early Cretaceous giant igneous event in eastern China [J]. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2005, 233: 103-119
[15] Zhao D P. Global tomographic images of mantle plumes and subducting slabs; insight into deep Earth dynamics[J]. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 2004, 146: 3-34．
[16] 陈国英,宋仲和,安昌强,等.华北地区地壳上地幔结构[J]. 地球物理学报,1991,34(2) :172-181． Sun G Y, Song Z H, An C Q, et al. Structure of Crust and Upper Mantle in northern China eara[J]. Chinese Journal of geophysics, 1991, 34(2) -172-181．
[17] 嘉世旭,齐诚,王夫运,等.首都圈地壳网格化三维结构[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(6) :1316-1324． Jia S X, Qi C, Wang F Y, et al. Three-dimensional crustal gridded structure of the Capital area[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2005, 48(6) :1316-1324．
[18] 嘉世旭,张先康.华北不同构造块体地壳结构及其对比研究[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(3) :611-620． Jia S X, Zhang X K. Crustal structure and comparison of different tectonic blocks in North China[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2005, 48(3) : 611-620．
[19] 金安蜀,刘福田,孙永智.北京地区地壳和上地幔的三维P波速度结构[J].地球物理学报,1980,23(2) :172-182． Jin A S, Liu F T, Sun Y Z. Three-dimensional P wave velocity structure of Crust and Upper Mantle in Beijing area [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 1980, 23(2) :172-182．
[20] 李松林,张先康,宋占隆,等.多条人工地震测深剖面资料联合反演首都圈三维地壳结构[J].地球物理学报,2001,44(3) :315-325． Li S L, Zhang X K, Song Z L, et al. Three-dimensional crustal structure of the capital area obtained by a joint inversion of dss data from multiple profiles[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2001, 44(3) :315-325．
[21] 刘福田,曲克信,吴华,等.华北地区的地震层面成像[J].地球物理学报,1986,29(5) :442-449． Liu F T, Qu K X, Wu H, et al. Seismic tomography of north China region[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 1986, 29(5) :442-449．
[22] 刘建华,刘福田,孙若昧,等.秦岭大别造山带及其南北缘地震层析成像[J].地球物理学报[J].1995,38(1) :46-54． Liu J H, Liu F T, Sun R M, et al. Seismic tomography beneath the QinLing-DaBie orogenic belts and both northern and southern fringes[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 1995, 38(1) :46-54．
[23] 卢造勋,蒋秀琴,潘科,等.中朝地台东北缘地区的地震层析成像[J].地球物理学报,2002,45(3) :338-351． Lu Z X, Jiang X Q, Pan K, et al. Seismic tomography in the northeast margin area of Sino-Korea platform[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2002, 45(3) :338-351．
[24] 孙若昧,刘福田.京津唐地区地壳结构与强震的发生-I.P波速度结构[J].地球物理学报,1995,38(5) :559-607． Sun R M, Liu F T. Crust structures and strong earthquakes in the Beijing, TianJin, TangShan area-I. P wave velocity structure[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 1995, 38(5) :559-607．
[25] 王夫运,张先康,陈棋福,等.北京地区上地壳三维细结构层析成像[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(2) :359-366． Wang F Y, Zhang X L, Chen Q F, et al. Fine tomographic inversion of the upper crust 3-D structure around Beijing[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2005, 48(2) :359-366．
[26] 齐齐诚.赵大鹏,陈颐,等.首都圈地区地壳P波和S波三维速度结构及其与大地震的关系[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(3) :805-815． Qi C, Zhao D P, Chen Y, et al. 3-D P and S Wave Velocity Structures and Their Relationship to Strong Earthquakes in the Chinese Capital Region [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2006, 49(3) :805-815．
[27] 于湘伟,陈运泰,王培德.京津唐地区中上地壳三维P波速度结构[J].地震学报,2003,25(1) :1-14． Yu X W, Chen Y Ti, Wang P D. Three-dimensional P wave velocity structure in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2003, 25(1) : 1-14．
[28] 张宏志,孙静华.华北遥测地震台网联网定位能力[J].地震地磁观测与研究,1993,14(4) :21-25． Zhang H Z, Sun J H. Location capability of the North China United Seismic Networks ( NCUSN) [J]. Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation, 1993, 14(4) : 21-25．
[29] 朱介寿,曹家敏,蔡学林,等.东亚及西太平洋边缘海高分辨率面波层析成像[J].地球物理学报,2002,45(5) :646-664． Zhu J S, Cao J M, Li X B, et al. High resolution surface wave tomography in East Asia and West Pacific marginal seas, Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2002,45(5) : 646-664．
[30] 郑建常,顾瑾平,张元生.联合反演研究华北地区三维速度结构[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(6) :1706-1714． Zheng J C, Gu j P, Zhang Y S. Combined Inversion of the upper crust 3-D velocity structure in North China [J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2007,22(6) :1706-1714．
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