并行计算技术及其在勘探地球物理学中的现状与展望
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摘要
本文详细阐述了并行计算技术及其在地球物理勘探数据处理中的发展现状和发展趋势,分析了几个代表性的并行算法实例.这些结果表明,在拥有强大的并行机的基础上,基于并行计算开发环境(MPI和PVM等)设计高效的并行算法,通过分配合理的并行粒度、通信开销、负载平衡等执行高效的并行计算,可以有效加快处理速度、降低成本.目前,并行算法在地震数据处理中应用已较为成熟,近年来向更实用的基于PC机群的并行技术发展.然而,在非地震方法中,并行算法应用较少见文献报道,研究尚处于初级研究阶段.在大地电磁的二维和三维正、反演问题上,并行计算技术逐渐得到越来越多关注和重视.随着资源和能源需求的增长,地球物理勘探向深度和广度快速发展,大幅增长的数据量使得高性能并行计算机和高效的并行算法在勘探地球物理学中的发展和应用将占据愈来愈重要的地位.
We present the parallel computing technology and its development status in geophysical exploration data processing,and analyze some representative parallel algorithm examples in geophysics.Parallel computing can effectively speed up the processing and reduce the cost based on powerful parallel computer,design efficient parallel algorithm in the parallel computing exploiting environment (MPI,PVW,etc) by allotting rational parallel granularity,communication cost,and load balance.The application of parallel algorithm is quite mature in the seismic data processing,which is developing ahead toward the more practical parallel technology based the PC cluster in recent years.But in the non-seismic aspects there are few reports on the parallel algorithm,and the research is still at the initial stage.For the 2D and 3D MT inversion,the parallel technology is getting more and more attention and recognition.With the demand growth of resources and energy,the exploration development to the depth and extent has resulted in the rapid increase of the data,which promotes the development and application of high performance parallel computing (HPC) technology in geophysics.
We present the parallel computing technology and its development status in geophysical exploration data processing,and analyze some representative parallel algorithm examples in geophysics.Parallel computing can effectively speed up the processing and reduce the cost based on powerful parallel computer,design efficient parallel algorithm in the parallel computing exploiting environment (MPI,PVW,etc) by allotting rational parallel granularity,communication cost,and load balance.The application of parallel algorithm is quite mature in the seismic data processing,which is developing ahead toward the more practical parallel technology based the PC cluster in recent years.But in the non-seismic aspects there are few reports on the parallel algorithm,and the research is still at the initial stage.For the 2D and 3D MT inversion,the parallel technology is getting more and more attention and recognition.With the demand growth of resources and energy,the exploration development to the depth and extent has resulted in the rapid increase of the data,which promotes the development and application of high performance parallel computing (HPC) technology in geophysics.
引文
[1] 赵改善,包红林.集群计算技术及其在石油工业中的应用[J].石油物探,2001,40(3) :118～126． Zhao G S,Bao H L.Cluster computing technique and it's application to the petroleum industry [J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2001,40(3) : 118～126．
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[5] 王月英.基于MPI的三维波动方程有限元法并行正演模拟[J].石油物探,2009,48(3) :221～225． Wang Y Y.Parallel forward modeling of 3-D wave equation finite element method based on MPI [J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2009,48(3) : 221～225．
[6] 殷文.基于频率-慢度域叠前地震记录的合成与并行方法研究 [J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(5) :1474～1480． Yin W.The study of generating prestack synthetic seismograms and its parallel method in frequency slowness domain[J].Progress in Exploration Geophysics,2007,22(5) : 1474～1480．
[7] 殷文.基于频率域高阶有限差分法的正演模拟及并行算法[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2008,38(1) :144～151． Yin W.Forward Modeling and Parallel Algorithm Based on High-Order Finite-Difference Method in Frequency Domain [J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2008,38(1) :144～151．
[8] 刘国峰,刘洪,王秀闽,盂小红.Kirchhoff积分时间偏移的两种走时计算及并行算法[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(1) :131～136． LiuG F,Liu H,Wang X M,Meng X H.Two kinds of traveling time computation and parallel computing methods of Kirchhoff migration [J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2009,24(1) :131～136．
[9] 朱振宇,刘洪,李幼铭.波动方程叠前深度偏移及并行计算在南黄海地区的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(2) :302～305。Zhu Z Y,Liu H,Li Y M.Application of equation pre-stack depth migration and parallel computing in South Yellow Sea area [J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese).2003,18(2) :302～305．
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[13] 潘宏勋,方伍宝.基于PC机群波动方程叠前深度偏移的并行计算策略[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2008,38(4) :708～0712． Pan H X,Fang W B.Parallel Computing Strategy Based on PC Cluster for Wave Equation Prestack Depth Migration[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2008,38(4) :708～0712．
[14] 刘羽.地球物理数据处理与并行计算[J].桂林工学院学报,2004,24(4) :412～416． Liu Y.Geophysical Data Processing and Parallel Computation [J].Journal of Guilin Institute of Technology,2004,24(4) : 412～416．
[15] Tan H D,Tong Y,Liu C H.The parallel 3D magnetotelluric forward modeling algotithm [J].Applied Geophysics,2006,3(4) :197～202．
[16] 刘羽,王家映,等.基于PC机群的大地电磁Occam反演并行计算研究[J].石油物探,2006,45(3) :311～315． Liu Y,Wang J Y,etal.PC cluster based Magnetotelluric 2D Occam's inversion parallel calculation [J].GPP,2006,25(3) :311～315．
[17] 陈国顺.FORTRAN_M:支持任务并行的语言[J].小型微型计算机系统,1996,17(5) :24～28． Chen G S.FORTRAN M: A Language Supporting Task Parallel[J].MINI-Micro Systems,1996,17(5) :24～28．
[18] 张军华,等.PCCluster技术的国内外现状与发展趋势[J].石油物探,2003,42(4) :557～561． Zhang J H,et al.Present situation and developing trend of PCCluster technology [J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2003,42(4) :557～561．
[19] 谭捍东,林昌洪,佟拓.大地电磁三维快速反演并行算法研究 [C].中国地球物理2008． Tan H D,Lin C H,Tong T.The parallel 3D magnetotelluric fast inversion algotithm [C].Chinese Geophysics 2008．
[20] 薛勇,万伟,艾建文.高性能地学计算进展[J].世界科技研究与发展,2008,20(3) :314～319． Xue Y,Wan W,Ai J W.High Performance Geo-computation Developments [J].World SCI-TECH R&D,2008,20(3) :314～319．
[21] Omar R.Three dimensional MPI parallel implementation of the PML algorithm for truncating finite-difference time-domain Grids[J].Parallel Computing,2007,33 : 109～115．
[22] Florent S,Ste'phane O,et al.FWT2D:A massively parallel program for frequency domain full-wave form tomography of wide-aperture seismic data-Part1 Algorithm.Computers &Geosciences,2009,35: 487～495．
[2] 孙世新,卢光辉,等.并行算法及其应用[M].机械工业出版社,2005． Sun S X,Lu G H,et al.Parallel Algorithm and Its Application[M].Mechanical industry Press,2005．
[3] 都志辉,李三立,等.高性能计算并行编程技术-MPI并行程序设计[M].清华大学出版社,2001． Du Z H,Li S L,et al.High-performance computing parallel programming-MPI parallel programming [M].Tsinghua University Press,2001．
[4] 赵改善.可重构计算技术及其在地球物理中的应用前景[J].勘探地球物理进展,2007,30(4) :309～316． Zhao G S.Reconfigurable computing and its application prospects in geophysical exploration [J].Progress in Exploration Geophysics,2007,30(4) :309～316．
[5] 王月英.基于MPI的三维波动方程有限元法并行正演模拟[J].石油物探,2009,48(3) :221～225． Wang Y Y.Parallel forward modeling of 3-D wave equation finite element method based on MPI [J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2009,48(3) : 221～225．
[6] 殷文.基于频率-慢度域叠前地震记录的合成与并行方法研究 [J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(5) :1474～1480． Yin W.The study of generating prestack synthetic seismograms and its parallel method in frequency slowness domain[J].Progress in Exploration Geophysics,2007,22(5) : 1474～1480．
[7] 殷文.基于频率域高阶有限差分法的正演模拟及并行算法[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2008,38(1) :144～151． Yin W.Forward Modeling and Parallel Algorithm Based on High-Order Finite-Difference Method in Frequency Domain [J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2008,38(1) :144～151．
[8] 刘国峰,刘洪,王秀闽,盂小红.Kirchhoff积分时间偏移的两种走时计算及并行算法[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(1) :131～136． LiuG F,Liu H,Wang X M,Meng X H.Two kinds of traveling time computation and parallel computing methods of Kirchhoff migration [J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2009,24(1) :131～136．
[9] 朱振宇,刘洪,李幼铭.波动方程叠前深度偏移及并行计算在南黄海地区的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(2) :302～305。Zhu Z Y,Liu H,Li Y M.Application of equation pre-stack depth migration and parallel computing in South Yellow Sea area [J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese).2003,18(2) :302～305．
[10] 赵景霞,张叔伦,孙沛勇,等.三维并行合成震源记录叠前深度偏移.地球物理学报,2006,49(1) :225～233． Zhao J X,Zhang S L,Sun P Y,et al.3-D parallel prestack depth migration of synthetic source records.Chinese J.Geophysics.(in Chinese),2006,49(1) : 225～233．
[11] 孔祥宁等.曙光4000A上三维叠前深度偏移并行计算的应用设计[J]。物探化探技术,2006,28(3) :0205． Kong X N,Fang Wu-bao,et al.The design for parallel computing of 3D prestack depth migration on Dawning 4000A [J].Computing Techniques for Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2006,28(3) : 205
[12] 严建文,方伍宝,曹辉,等.井间地震数据的波动方程偏移成像.地球物理学报,2008,51(3) :908～914． Yan J W,Fang W B,Cao H,etal.Wave equation migration imaging of cross2well seismic data.Chinese J.Geophysics.(in Chinese),2008,51(3) :908～914．
[13] 潘宏勋,方伍宝.基于PC机群波动方程叠前深度偏移的并行计算策略[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2008,38(4) :708～0712． Pan H X,Fang W B.Parallel Computing Strategy Based on PC Cluster for Wave Equation Prestack Depth Migration[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2008,38(4) :708～0712．
[14] 刘羽.地球物理数据处理与并行计算[J].桂林工学院学报,2004,24(4) :412～416． Liu Y.Geophysical Data Processing and Parallel Computation [J].Journal of Guilin Institute of Technology,2004,24(4) : 412～416．
[15] Tan H D,Tong Y,Liu C H.The parallel 3D magnetotelluric forward modeling algotithm [J].Applied Geophysics,2006,3(4) :197～202．
[16] 刘羽,王家映,等.基于PC机群的大地电磁Occam反演并行计算研究[J].石油物探,2006,45(3) :311～315． Liu Y,Wang J Y,etal.PC cluster based Magnetotelluric 2D Occam's inversion parallel calculation [J].GPP,2006,25(3) :311～315．
[17] 陈国顺.FORTRAN_M:支持任务并行的语言[J].小型微型计算机系统,1996,17(5) :24～28． Chen G S.FORTRAN M: A Language Supporting Task Parallel[J].MINI-Micro Systems,1996,17(5) :24～28．
[18] 张军华,等.PCCluster技术的国内外现状与发展趋势[J].石油物探,2003,42(4) :557～561． Zhang J H,et al.Present situation and developing trend of PCCluster technology [J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2003,42(4) :557～561．
[19] 谭捍东,林昌洪,佟拓.大地电磁三维快速反演并行算法研究 [C].中国地球物理2008． Tan H D,Lin C H,Tong T.The parallel 3D magnetotelluric fast inversion algotithm [C].Chinese Geophysics 2008．
[20] 薛勇,万伟,艾建文.高性能地学计算进展[J].世界科技研究与发展,2008,20(3) :314～319． Xue Y,Wan W,Ai J W.High Performance Geo-computation Developments [J].World SCI-TECH R&D,2008,20(3) :314～319．
[21] Omar R.Three dimensional MPI parallel implementation of the PML algorithm for truncating finite-difference time-domain Grids[J].Parallel Computing,2007,33 : 109～115．
[22] Florent S,Ste'phane O,et al.FWT2D:A massively parallel program for frequency domain full-wave form tomography of wide-aperture seismic data-Part1 Algorithm.Computers &Geosciences,2009,35: 487～495．
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