贝加尔裂谷区地幔过渡带大范围增厚与局部减薄现象及其动力学意义
摘要
贝加尔裂谷是世界上地震活动最强烈的裂谷带,其动力学成因机制是地球科学界关注的热点课题之一.我们利用全球地震台网长期运行台站TLY和ULN的远震资料,分别计算了P波接收函数(1748条),并在一定角度范围内分区域叠加,获得了研究区下方的410km和660km间断面以及地幔过渡带(MTZ)的厚度.结果表明在研究区的东南部即蒙古地区地幔过渡带厚度基本正常(250km);贝加尔裂谷地区地幔过渡带明显增厚(292km);裂谷下方存在小幅度的减薄现象(230km).综合分析推测,大范围的MTZ增厚,可能原因是中生代的蒙古华北板块(Mongolia-North China Block)与西伯利亚高原碰撞,或者地幔岩浆物质侵入到下地壳,使地壳和岩石圈增厚,致使下地壳产生榴辉岩化,导致重力不稳发生拆沉作用,拆离的部分落入地幔过渡带.拆沉作用诱发软流圈上涌,且拆离部分携带的水分加剧了上地幔熔融程度,使地幔对流速率加快,有利于裂谷的发育.我们初步研究结果认为拆沉的破坏作用及其引发一系列活动对裂谷的发育具有重要的影响,裂谷下方局部MTZ减薄所指示的热物质上涌对岩石圈的破坏可能进一步促进了裂谷的发育.
引文
1杨巍然,纪克诚,孙继源,等.大陆裂谷研究中的几个前沿课题.地学前缘,1995,2:93-102
2Milanovsky E E.Continental rift zone:Their arrangement and development.Tectonophysics,1972,15:65-70
3Zonenshain L P,Savostin L A.Geodynamics of the Baikal rift zone and plate tectonics of Asia.Tectonophysics,1981,76:1-45
4Illies J.An intercontinental belt of the world rift system.Tectonophysics,1969,8:5-29
5Sengor A M,Burke K.Relative timing of rifting and volcanism on Earth and its tectonic implications.Geophys Res Lett,1978,5:419-421
6Doser D.Faulting within the western Baikal rift as characterized by earthquake studies.Tectonophysics,1991,196:87-107
7Keller G R,Bott M H,Wendlandt R F,et al.The Baikal rift system.In:Olsen K H,ed.Continental Rifts:Evolution,Structure,Tectonics.New York:Elsevier Science,1995.325-344
8Zorin Y A,Cordell L.Crustal extension in the Baikal rift zone.Tectonophysics,1991,198:117-121
9Calais E,Lesne O,Deverchere J,et al.Crustal deformation in the Baikal rift from GPS measurements.Geophys Res Lett,1998,25:4003-4006
10Suvorov V D,Mishenkina Z M,Petrick G V,et al.Structure of the crust in the Baikal rift zone and adjacent areas from deep seismic sounding data.Tectonophysics,2002,351:61-74
11Lysak S V.Terrestrial heat flows of continental rifts.Tectonophysics,1984,103:205-215
12Zorin Y A,Kozhevnikov V M,Novoselova M R,et al.Thickness of the lithosphere beneath the Baikal rift zone and adjacent regions.Tectonophysics,1989,168:327-337
13Gao S,Liu K,Davis P,et al.Evidence for small-scale mantle convection in the upper mantle beneath the Baikal rift zone.J Geophys Res,2003,108:2194
14Kiselev A.Volcanism of the Baikal rift zone.Tectonophysics,1987,143:235-244
15Achauer U,Masson F.Seismic tomography of continental rifts revisited:From relative to absolute heterogeneities.Tectonophysics,2002,358:17-37
16Gao S,Liu K,Chen C.Significant crustal thinning beneath the Baikal rift zone:New constraints from receiver functions analysis.Geophys Res Lett,2004,31:L20610
17Nielsen C,Thybo H.No Moho uplift below the Baikal Rift Zone:Evidence from a seismic refraction profile across southern Lake Baikal.J Geophys Res,2009,114:B08306
18Logatchev N A,Zorin Y A.Baikal rift zone:Structure and geodynamics.Tectonophysics,1992,208:273-286
19Egorkin A V,Ziuganov R D,Chernyshev N M.The upper mantle of Siberia.Proc Int Geol Congr,1984,27:26-29
20Gao S,Davis P M,Liu H,et al.SKS splitting beneath continental rift zones.J Geophys Res,1997,102:22781-22797
21Logatchev N,Florensov N.The Baikal system of rift valleys.Tectonophysics,1978,45:1-13
22Artyushkov E,Letnikov F A,Ruzhich F A,et al.The mechanisms of formation of the Baikal Basin.J Geodyn,1990,11:277-291
23Zorin Y A.The Baikal rift:An example of the intrusion of asthenospheric material into the lithosphere as the cause of disruption of lithospheric plates.Tectonophysics,1981,73:91-104
24Zorin Y A.Geodynamics of the western part of the Mongolia-Okhotsk collisional belt,Trans-Baikal region and Mongolia.Tectonophysics,1999,306:33-56
25Koulakov I.Role of the plume in development of the Baikal rift(from teleseimic and local tomography).In:Achauer U,ed.ILP-workshop on“Plume-Lithosphere Interactions Strasbourg”.9-11April,2000.63-65
26Logatchev N A,Zorin Y A.Baikal rift:Active or passive?-Comparison of the Baikal and Kenya rift zones.Tectonophysics,1983,94:223-240
27Molnar P,Tapponnier P.Cenozoic tectonics of Asia:Effects of a continental collision.Science,1975,189:419-426
28Zoenshain L P,Savostin L.Geodynamics of the Baikal rift zone and plate tectonics of Asia.Tectonophysics,1981,76:1-45
29Kiselev A I,Popov A M.Asthenospheric diaper beneath the Baikal rift:Petrologic constraints.Tectonophysics,1992,208:287-295
30Achauer U,Masson F.Seismic tomography of continental rifts revisited:From relative to absolute heterogeneities.Tectonophysics,2002,358:17-37
31Yin A.Mode of Cenozoic east-west extension in Tibet suggesting a common origin of rifts in Asia during the Indo-Asian collision.J Geophys Res,2000,105:21745-21760
32Petit C,Deverchere J,Sankov F.Present-day stress field changes along the Baikal rift and tectonic implications.Tectonics,1996,15:1171-1191
33Delvaux D,Moeys R,Stapel G,et al.Paleostress reconstructions and geodynamics of the Baikal region,central Asia.Tectonophysics,1997,282:1-38
34Lesne O,Calais E,Deverchere J,et al.Dynamics of intracontinental extension in the north Baikal rift from two-dimensional numerical deformation modeling.J Geophys Res,2000,105:21727-21744
35杨巍然,隋志龙,Mast V D.俄罗斯贝加尔湖区伸展构造及与中国东部伸展构造对比.地球科学进展,2003,18:45-49
36Zhao D P,Lei J,Inoue A,et al.Deep structure and origin of the Baikal rift zone.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2006,243:681-691
37Gao S,Davis P M,Liu H,et al.Asymmetric upwarp of the asthenosphere beneath the Baikal rift zone,Siberia.J Geophys Res,1994,99:15319-15330
38Malamud B D,Turcotte D L.How many plumes are there?Earth Planet Sci Lett,1999,174:113-124
39Zorin Y A,Turutanov E K,Mordvinova V,et al.The Baikal rift zone:The effect of mantle plumes on older structure.Tectonophysics,2003,371:153-173
40Petit C,Koulakov I,Deverchere J.Velocity structure around the Baikal rift zone from teleseismic and local earthquake traveltimes and geodynamic implications.Tectonophysics,1998,296:125-144
41Bina C R,Helffrich G.Phase transition Clapeyron slopes and transition zone seismic discontinuity topography.J Geophys Res,1994,99:15853-15860
42刘启元,李顺成,沈杨,等.延怀盆地及其邻区地壳上地幔速度结构的宽频带地震台站研究.地球物理学报,1997,40:763-771
43吴庆举,曾融生.用宽频带远震接收函数研究青藏高原的地壳结构.地球物理学报,1998,41:669-679
44胡家富,苏有锦,朱雄关,等.云南的地壳S波速度与泊松比结构及其意义.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2003,33:714-722
45Kennett B L,Engdahl E R.Traveltimes for global earthquake location and phase identification.J Geophys Res,1991,105:429-465
46Ai Y,Zheng T.The upper mantle discontinuity structure beneath eastern China.Geophys Res Lett,2003,30:2089,doi:10.1029/2003GL017678
47Chen L,Ai Y.Discontinuity structure of the mantle transition zone beneath the North China Craton from receiver function migration.J Geophys Res,2009,114:B06307,doi:10.1029/2008JB006221
48沈旭章,周蕙兰.接收函数CCP-PWS偏移方法探测中国东北地区620km深处低速层.科学通报,2009,54:215-223
49Zhang Z,Yuan X,Chen Y,et al.Seismic signature of the collision between the east Tibetan escape flow and the Sichuan Basin.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2010,doi:10.1061/j.espl.2010.01.046
50Tian X,Zhao D,Zhang H,et al.Mantle transition zone topography and structure beneath the central Tien Shan orogenic belt.J Geophys Res,2010,115:B10308,doi:10.1029/2008JB006229
51Langston C A.Structure under Mount Rainer,Washington,inferred from trleseismic body waves.J Geophys Res,1979,84:4794-4762
52Schimmel M,Paulssen H.Noise reduction and detection of weak,coherent signals through phase-weighted stacks.J Geophys Res,1997,130:497-505
53Press W H,Teukolsky S A,Vetterling W T,et al.Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN.2nd ed.New York:Cambridge Univ.Press,1992
54Efron B,Tibshirani R.Bootstrap methods for standard errors,confidence intervals,and other measures of statistical accuracy.Stat Sci,1986,1:54-75
55Liu K,Gao S.Mantle transition zone discontinuities beneath the Baikal rift and adjacent areas.J Geophys Res,2006,111:B11301
56罗艳,黄忠贤,彭艳菊,等.中国大陆及邻区SKS波分裂研究.地球物理学报,2004,47:812-821
57Barruol G,Deschamps A,Deverchere J,et al.Upper mantle flow beneath and around the Hangay dome,Central Mongolia.Barth Planet Sci Lett,2008,274:221-233
58Liu K H,Gao S S,Gao Y,et al.Shear wave splitting and mantle flow associated with the deflected Pacific slab beneath northeast Asia.J Geophys Res,2008,113:B01305,doi:10.1029/2007JB005178
59张建利,田小波,张中杰,等.贝加尔裂谷地区地壳上地幔各向异性研究.地球物理学报,2012,doi:10.6038/j.issn.001-5733.2012.08.005
60Lobatskaya R M.Neotectonic fault-block structure of junction of Siberian platform and west Siberian plate.Russ Geo Geophys,2005,46:141-150
61Mats V,Lobatskaya R,Khlystov O.Evolution of faults in a continental rift:Morphotectonic evidence from the southwestern termination of the north Baikal basin.Earth Sci Fron,2007,14:207-219
62Mats A D,Perepelova T I.A new perspective on evolution of the Baikal Rift.Geosci Fron,2011,2:349-365
63Meng Q.What drove late Mesozoic extension of the northern China-Mongolia tract?Tectonophysics,2003,369:155-174
64Kelbert A,Schultz A,Egbert G.Global electromagnetic induction constraints on transition-zone water content variations.Nature,2009,460:1003-1007,doi:10.1038/nature08257
65熊熊,单斌,王继业,等.蒙古-贝加尔地区上地幔小尺度对流及地球动力学意义.地球物理学报,2010,53:1594-1604,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.07.010
2Milanovsky E E.Continental rift zone:Their arrangement and development.Tectonophysics,1972,15:65-70
3Zonenshain L P,Savostin L A.Geodynamics of the Baikal rift zone and plate tectonics of Asia.Tectonophysics,1981,76:1-45
4Illies J.An intercontinental belt of the world rift system.Tectonophysics,1969,8:5-29
5Sengor A M,Burke K.Relative timing of rifting and volcanism on Earth and its tectonic implications.Geophys Res Lett,1978,5:419-421
6Doser D.Faulting within the western Baikal rift as characterized by earthquake studies.Tectonophysics,1991,196:87-107
7Keller G R,Bott M H,Wendlandt R F,et al.The Baikal rift system.In:Olsen K H,ed.Continental Rifts:Evolution,Structure,Tectonics.New York:Elsevier Science,1995.325-344
8Zorin Y A,Cordell L.Crustal extension in the Baikal rift zone.Tectonophysics,1991,198:117-121
9Calais E,Lesne O,Deverchere J,et al.Crustal deformation in the Baikal rift from GPS measurements.Geophys Res Lett,1998,25:4003-4006
10Suvorov V D,Mishenkina Z M,Petrick G V,et al.Structure of the crust in the Baikal rift zone and adjacent areas from deep seismic sounding data.Tectonophysics,2002,351:61-74
11Lysak S V.Terrestrial heat flows of continental rifts.Tectonophysics,1984,103:205-215
12Zorin Y A,Kozhevnikov V M,Novoselova M R,et al.Thickness of the lithosphere beneath the Baikal rift zone and adjacent regions.Tectonophysics,1989,168:327-337
13Gao S,Liu K,Davis P,et al.Evidence for small-scale mantle convection in the upper mantle beneath the Baikal rift zone.J Geophys Res,2003,108:2194
14Kiselev A.Volcanism of the Baikal rift zone.Tectonophysics,1987,143:235-244
15Achauer U,Masson F.Seismic tomography of continental rifts revisited:From relative to absolute heterogeneities.Tectonophysics,2002,358:17-37
16Gao S,Liu K,Chen C.Significant crustal thinning beneath the Baikal rift zone:New constraints from receiver functions analysis.Geophys Res Lett,2004,31:L20610
17Nielsen C,Thybo H.No Moho uplift below the Baikal Rift Zone:Evidence from a seismic refraction profile across southern Lake Baikal.J Geophys Res,2009,114:B08306
18Logatchev N A,Zorin Y A.Baikal rift zone:Structure and geodynamics.Tectonophysics,1992,208:273-286
19Egorkin A V,Ziuganov R D,Chernyshev N M.The upper mantle of Siberia.Proc Int Geol Congr,1984,27:26-29
20Gao S,Davis P M,Liu H,et al.SKS splitting beneath continental rift zones.J Geophys Res,1997,102:22781-22797
21Logatchev N,Florensov N.The Baikal system of rift valleys.Tectonophysics,1978,45:1-13
22Artyushkov E,Letnikov F A,Ruzhich F A,et al.The mechanisms of formation of the Baikal Basin.J Geodyn,1990,11:277-291
23Zorin Y A.The Baikal rift:An example of the intrusion of asthenospheric material into the lithosphere as the cause of disruption of lithospheric plates.Tectonophysics,1981,73:91-104
24Zorin Y A.Geodynamics of the western part of the Mongolia-Okhotsk collisional belt,Trans-Baikal region and Mongolia.Tectonophysics,1999,306:33-56
25Koulakov I.Role of the plume in development of the Baikal rift(from teleseimic and local tomography).In:Achauer U,ed.ILP-workshop on“Plume-Lithosphere Interactions Strasbourg”.9-11April,2000.63-65
26Logatchev N A,Zorin Y A.Baikal rift:Active or passive?-Comparison of the Baikal and Kenya rift zones.Tectonophysics,1983,94:223-240
27Molnar P,Tapponnier P.Cenozoic tectonics of Asia:Effects of a continental collision.Science,1975,189:419-426
28Zoenshain L P,Savostin L.Geodynamics of the Baikal rift zone and plate tectonics of Asia.Tectonophysics,1981,76:1-45
29Kiselev A I,Popov A M.Asthenospheric diaper beneath the Baikal rift:Petrologic constraints.Tectonophysics,1992,208:287-295
30Achauer U,Masson F.Seismic tomography of continental rifts revisited:From relative to absolute heterogeneities.Tectonophysics,2002,358:17-37
31Yin A.Mode of Cenozoic east-west extension in Tibet suggesting a common origin of rifts in Asia during the Indo-Asian collision.J Geophys Res,2000,105:21745-21760
32Petit C,Deverchere J,Sankov F.Present-day stress field changes along the Baikal rift and tectonic implications.Tectonics,1996,15:1171-1191
33Delvaux D,Moeys R,Stapel G,et al.Paleostress reconstructions and geodynamics of the Baikal region,central Asia.Tectonophysics,1997,282:1-38
34Lesne O,Calais E,Deverchere J,et al.Dynamics of intracontinental extension in the north Baikal rift from two-dimensional numerical deformation modeling.J Geophys Res,2000,105:21727-21744
35杨巍然,隋志龙,Mast V D.俄罗斯贝加尔湖区伸展构造及与中国东部伸展构造对比.地球科学进展,2003,18:45-49
36Zhao D P,Lei J,Inoue A,et al.Deep structure and origin of the Baikal rift zone.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2006,243:681-691
37Gao S,Davis P M,Liu H,et al.Asymmetric upwarp of the asthenosphere beneath the Baikal rift zone,Siberia.J Geophys Res,1994,99:15319-15330
38Malamud B D,Turcotte D L.How many plumes are there?Earth Planet Sci Lett,1999,174:113-124
39Zorin Y A,Turutanov E K,Mordvinova V,et al.The Baikal rift zone:The effect of mantle plumes on older structure.Tectonophysics,2003,371:153-173
40Petit C,Koulakov I,Deverchere J.Velocity structure around the Baikal rift zone from teleseismic and local earthquake traveltimes and geodynamic implications.Tectonophysics,1998,296:125-144
41Bina C R,Helffrich G.Phase transition Clapeyron slopes and transition zone seismic discontinuity topography.J Geophys Res,1994,99:15853-15860
42刘启元,李顺成,沈杨,等.延怀盆地及其邻区地壳上地幔速度结构的宽频带地震台站研究.地球物理学报,1997,40:763-771
43吴庆举,曾融生.用宽频带远震接收函数研究青藏高原的地壳结构.地球物理学报,1998,41:669-679
44胡家富,苏有锦,朱雄关,等.云南的地壳S波速度与泊松比结构及其意义.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2003,33:714-722
45Kennett B L,Engdahl E R.Traveltimes for global earthquake location and phase identification.J Geophys Res,1991,105:429-465
46Ai Y,Zheng T.The upper mantle discontinuity structure beneath eastern China.Geophys Res Lett,2003,30:2089,doi:10.1029/2003GL017678
47Chen L,Ai Y.Discontinuity structure of the mantle transition zone beneath the North China Craton from receiver function migration.J Geophys Res,2009,114:B06307,doi:10.1029/2008JB006221
48沈旭章,周蕙兰.接收函数CCP-PWS偏移方法探测中国东北地区620km深处低速层.科学通报,2009,54:215-223
49Zhang Z,Yuan X,Chen Y,et al.Seismic signature of the collision between the east Tibetan escape flow and the Sichuan Basin.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2010,doi:10.1061/j.espl.2010.01.046
50Tian X,Zhao D,Zhang H,et al.Mantle transition zone topography and structure beneath the central Tien Shan orogenic belt.J Geophys Res,2010,115:B10308,doi:10.1029/2008JB006229
51Langston C A.Structure under Mount Rainer,Washington,inferred from trleseismic body waves.J Geophys Res,1979,84:4794-4762
52Schimmel M,Paulssen H.Noise reduction and detection of weak,coherent signals through phase-weighted stacks.J Geophys Res,1997,130:497-505
53Press W H,Teukolsky S A,Vetterling W T,et al.Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN.2nd ed.New York:Cambridge Univ.Press,1992
54Efron B,Tibshirani R.Bootstrap methods for standard errors,confidence intervals,and other measures of statistical accuracy.Stat Sci,1986,1:54-75
55Liu K,Gao S.Mantle transition zone discontinuities beneath the Baikal rift and adjacent areas.J Geophys Res,2006,111:B11301
56罗艳,黄忠贤,彭艳菊,等.中国大陆及邻区SKS波分裂研究.地球物理学报,2004,47:812-821
57Barruol G,Deschamps A,Deverchere J,et al.Upper mantle flow beneath and around the Hangay dome,Central Mongolia.Barth Planet Sci Lett,2008,274:221-233
58Liu K H,Gao S S,Gao Y,et al.Shear wave splitting and mantle flow associated with the deflected Pacific slab beneath northeast Asia.J Geophys Res,2008,113:B01305,doi:10.1029/2007JB005178
59张建利,田小波,张中杰,等.贝加尔裂谷地区地壳上地幔各向异性研究.地球物理学报,2012,doi:10.6038/j.issn.001-5733.2012.08.005
60Lobatskaya R M.Neotectonic fault-block structure of junction of Siberian platform and west Siberian plate.Russ Geo Geophys,2005,46:141-150
61Mats V,Lobatskaya R,Khlystov O.Evolution of faults in a continental rift:Morphotectonic evidence from the southwestern termination of the north Baikal basin.Earth Sci Fron,2007,14:207-219
62Mats A D,Perepelova T I.A new perspective on evolution of the Baikal Rift.Geosci Fron,2011,2:349-365
63Meng Q.What drove late Mesozoic extension of the northern China-Mongolia tract?Tectonophysics,2003,369:155-174
64Kelbert A,Schultz A,Egbert G.Global electromagnetic induction constraints on transition-zone water content variations.Nature,2009,460:1003-1007,doi:10.1038/nature08257
65熊熊,单斌,王继业,等.蒙古-贝加尔地区上地幔小尺度对流及地球动力学意义.地球物理学报,2010,53:1594-1604,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.07.010
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