溶洞模型逆散射成像技术
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摘要
针对常规叠前深度偏移成像技术难以将溶洞型储集层的多次绕射波完全归位、难以准确成像溶洞分布这一难题,引入了频率域声波逆散射成像方法。该方法直接从炮集地震资料出发,利用散射记录的逆时传播波场与入射波场褶积得到扰动速度的分布,将速度模型迭代更新与构造成像融为一体。溶洞模型数值模拟和物理模拟资料的处理效果表明,即使初始速度模型存在12%的误差,该方法仍可以将溶洞产生的多次绕射波较好地归位,较准确地将溶洞的形状、位置成像。同时,对常规偏移成像方法和逆散射成像方法影响溶洞成像精度的主要因素进行了定量分析,为提高溶洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏勘探精度提供了理论指导。图11参23
To solve the problem of the traditional pre-stack depth migration technique being difficult to collapse multi-diffraction completely and to image the distribution of cavern reservoirs accurately,this paper introduces an inverse-scattering imaging method based on frequency-domain acoustic wave equation.The method is used to process the shot gather directly and it can obtain the direction of perturbation velocity by convolution of reverse-time wavefields of the scattered seismic record with incidence wavefields,which combines updating velocity iteratively and stratum imaging together.The good image profiles of applying the inverse-scattering imaging method to the synthetic record and the laboratorial data of cavern models show that the method can collapse multi-diffraction better and image the distribution and the shape of caverns accurately even if the initial velocity model has an error of 12%.In addition,a quantitative analysis of factors influencing the cavern imaging accuracy in the traditional and new methods provides a theoretical guide to improve the exploration accuracy of vuggy carbonate reservoirs.
To solve the problem of the traditional pre-stack depth migration technique being difficult to collapse multi-diffraction completely and to image the distribution of cavern reservoirs accurately,this paper introduces an inverse-scattering imaging method based on frequency-domain acoustic wave equation.The method is used to process the shot gather directly and it can obtain the direction of perturbation velocity by convolution of reverse-time wavefields of the scattered seismic record with incidence wavefields,which combines updating velocity iteratively and stratum imaging together.The good image profiles of applying the inverse-scattering imaging method to the synthetic record and the laboratorial data of cavern models show that the method can collapse multi-diffraction better and image the distribution and the shape of caverns accurately even if the initial velocity model has an error of 12%.In addition,a quantitative analysis of factors influencing the cavern imaging accuracy in the traditional and new methods provides a theoretical guide to improve the exploration accuracy of vuggy carbonate reservoirs.
引文
[1]刘宏,蔡正旗,谭秀成,等.川东高陡构造薄层碳酸盐岩裂缝性储集层预测[J].石油勘探与开发,2008,35(4):431-436.Liu Hong,Cai Zhengqi,Tan Xiucheng,et al.Forecasting offracture reservoirs in thin carbonate rocks of precipitous structurebelt,East Sichuan[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2008,35(4):431-436.
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[10]Sun R,Mc Mechan G A.Nonlinear reverse-ti me inversion ofelastic offset vertical seismic profile data[J].Geophysics,1988,53(10):1295-1302.
[11]Pratt R G.Frequency-domain elastic wave modeling by finitedifferences:Atool for crosshole seismici maging[J].Geophysics,1990,55(5):626-632.
[12]Pratt RJ.Seismic waveforminversion in the frequency domain,Part 1:Theory and verification in a physical scale model[J].Geophysics,1999,64(3):888-901.
[13]Pratt R J,Shipp R M.Seismic waveform inversion in thefrequency domain,Part 2:Fault delineation in sedi ments usingcrosshole data[J].Geophysics,1999,64(3):902-914.
[14]Sirgue L,Pratt R G.Efficient waveforminversion and i maging:A strategy for selecting temporal frequencies[J].Geophysics,2004,69(1):231-238.
[15]许琨,王妙月.声波方程频率域有限元参数反演[J].地球物理学报,2001,44(6):852-864.Xu Kun,Wang Miaoyue.Finite element inversion of thecoefficients of acoustic equationin frequency domain[J].ChineseJournal of Geophysics,2001,44(6):852-864.
[16]许琨,王妙月.利用地质规则块体建模方法的频率域有限元弹性波速度反演[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(4):708-717.Xu Kun,Wang Miaoyue.Frequency-domain finite-elementinversion of elastic-wave velocity using the geological regular-blocky-model method[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2004,47(4):708-717.
[17]Sheriff R E.Encyclopedic dictionary of exploration geophysics[M].Tulsa:SEG,1991.
[18]云美厚,丁伟,杨凯.地震道空间分辨率研究[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(3):741-746.Yun Meihou,Ding Wei,Yang Kai.Study on the spatialresolution of seismic trace[J].Progress in Geophysics,2005,20(3):741-746.
[19]云美厚,丁伟,王新红.地震水平分辨率研究与应用[J].勘探地球物理进展,2005,28(2):102-107.Yun Meihou,Ding Wei,Wang Xinhong.Study and application ofseismic horizontal resolution[J].Progress in ExplorationGeophysics,2005,28(2):102-107.
[20]俞寿朋.高分辨率地震勘探[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1993.Yu Shoupeng.High-resolution seismic exploration[M].Beijing:PetroleumIndustry Press,1993.
[21]Chen J,Schuster G T.Resolution li mits of migrated i mages[J].Geophysics,1999,64(8):1046-1053.
[22]杨文采,李幼铭.应用地震层析成像[M].北京:地质出版社,1993.Yang Wencai,Li Youming.Application seismic tomography[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1993.
[23]姚姚,唐文榜.深层碳酸盐岩岩溶风化壳洞缝型油气藏可检测性的理论研究[J].石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(6):623-629.Yao Yao,Tang Wenbang.Theoretical study of detectable cavern-fractured reservoir in weathered Karst of deep carbonatite[J].OilGeophysical Prospecting,2003,38(6):623-629.
[2]张永刚.复杂介质地震波场模拟分析与应用[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2007.Zhang Yonggang.Analysis and application of seismic wave fieldsmodeling in complex media[M].Beijing:Petroleum IndustryPress,2007.
[3]叶勇,杨子兴,李佩,等.碳酸盐岩溶洞数值模拟及地震识别[J].天然气工业,2007,27(3):43-45.Ye Yong,Yang Zixing,Li Pei,et al.Numerical si mulation andseismic recognition of carbonate Karst cave[J].Natural GasIndustry,2007,27(3):43-45.
[4]闵小刚,顾汉名,朱定.塔河油田孔洞模型的波动方程正演模拟[J].勘探地球物理进展,2006,29(3):187-191.Min Xiaogang,Gu Hanming,Zhu Ding.Wave equation forwardmodeling of cavern models in Tahe oilfield[J].Progress inExploration Geophysics,2006,29(3):187-191.
[5]Cohen J K,Bleistein N.Aninverse methodfor determining smallvariation in propagation speed[J].SI AM on Applied Math,1977,39:784-799.
[6]Tarantola A.The seismic reflection inverse problem[J].Soc.Ind.Appl.Math.,1984:104-181.
[7]Tarantola A.Inversion of seismic reflection data in the acousticapproxi mation[J].Geophysics,1984,49(8):1259-1266.
[8]Mora P.Nonlinear two-di mensional elastic inversion ofmultioffset seismic data[J].Geophysics,1987,52(9):1211-1228.
[9]Mora P.Inversion=migration+tomography[J].Geophysics,1989,54(12):1575-1586.
[10]Sun R,Mc Mechan G A.Nonlinear reverse-ti me inversion ofelastic offset vertical seismic profile data[J].Geophysics,1988,53(10):1295-1302.
[11]Pratt R G.Frequency-domain elastic wave modeling by finitedifferences:Atool for crosshole seismici maging[J].Geophysics,1990,55(5):626-632.
[12]Pratt RJ.Seismic waveforminversion in the frequency domain,Part 1:Theory and verification in a physical scale model[J].Geophysics,1999,64(3):888-901.
[13]Pratt R J,Shipp R M.Seismic waveform inversion in thefrequency domain,Part 2:Fault delineation in sedi ments usingcrosshole data[J].Geophysics,1999,64(3):902-914.
[14]Sirgue L,Pratt R G.Efficient waveforminversion and i maging:A strategy for selecting temporal frequencies[J].Geophysics,2004,69(1):231-238.
[15]许琨,王妙月.声波方程频率域有限元参数反演[J].地球物理学报,2001,44(6):852-864.Xu Kun,Wang Miaoyue.Finite element inversion of thecoefficients of acoustic equationin frequency domain[J].ChineseJournal of Geophysics,2001,44(6):852-864.
[16]许琨,王妙月.利用地质规则块体建模方法的频率域有限元弹性波速度反演[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(4):708-717.Xu Kun,Wang Miaoyue.Frequency-domain finite-elementinversion of elastic-wave velocity using the geological regular-blocky-model method[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2004,47(4):708-717.
[17]Sheriff R E.Encyclopedic dictionary of exploration geophysics[M].Tulsa:SEG,1991.
[18]云美厚,丁伟,杨凯.地震道空间分辨率研究[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(3):741-746.Yun Meihou,Ding Wei,Yang Kai.Study on the spatialresolution of seismic trace[J].Progress in Geophysics,2005,20(3):741-746.
[19]云美厚,丁伟,王新红.地震水平分辨率研究与应用[J].勘探地球物理进展,2005,28(2):102-107.Yun Meihou,Ding Wei,Wang Xinhong.Study and application ofseismic horizontal resolution[J].Progress in ExplorationGeophysics,2005,28(2):102-107.
[20]俞寿朋.高分辨率地震勘探[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1993.Yu Shoupeng.High-resolution seismic exploration[M].Beijing:PetroleumIndustry Press,1993.
[21]Chen J,Schuster G T.Resolution li mits of migrated i mages[J].Geophysics,1999,64(8):1046-1053.
[22]杨文采,李幼铭.应用地震层析成像[M].北京:地质出版社,1993.Yang Wencai,Li Youming.Application seismic tomography[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1993.
[23]姚姚,唐文榜.深层碳酸盐岩岩溶风化壳洞缝型油气藏可检测性的理论研究[J].石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(6):623-629.Yao Yao,Tang Wenbang.Theoretical study of detectable cavern-fractured reservoir in weathered Karst of deep carbonatite[J].OilGeophysical Prospecting,2003,38(6):623-629.
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