双层滑脱构造的物理模拟:对准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱冲断带的启示
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摘要
为了研究双层滑脱构造变形的主控因素,设计了3类砂箱模型,对滑脱层材料、滑脱层厚度、滑脱层黏度、上覆砂层厚度、受力边界条件等主控因素进行物理模拟试验研究。试验结果表明:不同滑脱层材料产生的变形样式不同。以微玻璃珠组成的滑脱层主要产生前展型逆冲叠瓦式断裂构造,下部滑脱层起主控滑脱作用,上部滑脱层厚度、滑脱层之上砂层厚度越大越容易形成滑脱断层;挤压方向与受力边界间的夹角较大时,上部滑脱层容易先形成滑脱断层,其推覆体前缘水平位移较快。以不同黏度硅胶组成的滑脱层产生不同的分层滑脱构造变形样式,当下部滑脱层硅胶黏度为500～1 000Pa.s时,形成分层滑脱前展型叠瓦式构造;当硅胶黏度为2 000～2 500Pa.s时,靠近挤压端先形成背冲构造,然后在上部滑脱层形成叠瓦式构造,在下部滑脱层形成对冲三角带构造、冲起背斜构造。地震和钻井资料显示,准噶尔盆地南缘西段霍尔果斯—安集海褶皱冲断带具有双层滑脱变形特征;模拟结果认为,斜向受力边界、侏罗纪煤层以及古近纪泥岩层的分层滑脱作用是控制变形过程的主要因素。
In order to study the main controlling factors of deformation generated by double decollements,three sets of sand-box models were devised to physically simulate the main controlling factors including the material for double decollements,thickness and viscosity of double decollements,thickness of overlying sand and stress boundary condition.The test results showed that different materials for double decollements produced different sets of structure styles.Imbricate wedges thrusting forward were developed and governed by the lower decollement made up of micro glass beads,the more thickness of upper decollement and overlying sand above the decollement consisted of micro glass beads were,the easier detachment fault developed,and the larger included angle between compression direction and stress boundary was,the easier to generate detachment fault along upper decollement with faster horizontal migration of thrust wedge.Different structure deformation patterns with lamination formed above viscous decollements consisted of silicon gels with different viscosities,and when the viscosities of silicon gels for lower decollement were 500-1 000 Pa·s,imbricate wedges thrusting forward with lamination developed,and when the viscosities of silicon gels were 2 000-2 500 Pa·s,pop-up structure nearby the compression end developed first,then imbricate structure formed within upper decollement,and trigonometric belt,pop-up structure and basement involved anticline developed within lower decollement.Seismic profile and drilling data indicated that fold-and-thrust belts in Khorgos-Anjihai in the western part of southern front of Junggar Basin had the lamination deformation characteristics generated by double decollements,and the simulation results illustrated that the lamination decollement of oblique stress boundary,coal layer in Jurassic and mudstone bed in Paleogene were the main controlling factors on deformation.
In order to study the main controlling factors of deformation generated by double decollements,three sets of sand-box models were devised to physically simulate the main controlling factors including the material for double decollements,thickness and viscosity of double decollements,thickness of overlying sand and stress boundary condition.The test results showed that different materials for double decollements produced different sets of structure styles.Imbricate wedges thrusting forward were developed and governed by the lower decollement made up of micro glass beads,the more thickness of upper decollement and overlying sand above the decollement consisted of micro glass beads were,the easier detachment fault developed,and the larger included angle between compression direction and stress boundary was,the easier to generate detachment fault along upper decollement with faster horizontal migration of thrust wedge.Different structure deformation patterns with lamination formed above viscous decollements consisted of silicon gels with different viscosities,and when the viscosities of silicon gels for lower decollement were 500-1 000 Pa·s,imbricate wedges thrusting forward with lamination developed,and when the viscosities of silicon gels were 2 000-2 500 Pa·s,pop-up structure nearby the compression end developed first,then imbricate structure formed within upper decollement,and trigonometric belt,pop-up structure and basement involved anticline developed within lower decollement.Seismic profile and drilling data indicated that fold-and-thrust belts in Khorgos-Anjihai in the western part of southern front of Junggar Basin had the lamination deformation characteristics generated by double decollements,and the simulation results illustrated that the lamination decollement of oblique stress boundary,coal layer in Jurassic and mudstone bed in Paleogene were the main controlling factors on deformation.
引文
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[6]周叶,林舸,龚发雄,等.单层褶皱变形过程中最大主应力与水平应变的变化及其影响因素[J].大地构造与成矿学,2007,31(1):37-43.ZHOU Ye,LIN Ge,GONG Fa-xiong,et al.VariationBetween the Maximum Principal Stress and Horizon-tal Strain During Single Fold Deformation and ItsControlling Factors[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2007,31(1):37-43.
[7]邓洪菱,张长厚,李海龙,等.褶皱相关断裂构造及其地质意义[J].自然科学进展,2009,19(3):285-296.DENG Hong-ling,ZHANG Chang-hou,LI Hai-long,et al.Structure of Fold-related-fault and Its GeologicalSignificance[J].Progress in Natural Science,2009,19(3):285-296.
[8]李忠权,张寿庭,应丹琳,等.准噶尔盆地南缘托斯台地区构造特征研究[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2010,37(6):593-598.LI Zhong-quan,ZHANG Shou-ting,YING Dan-lin,et al.The Characteristics of the Structure Section inTuositai Region on the South Edge of Junggar Basin,Xinjiang,China[J].Journal of Chengdu University ofTechnology:Science and Technology Edition,2010,37(6):593-598.
[9]宋勇,冯建伟,戴俊生,等.前陆冲断带构造应力场与裂缝发育关系[J].地质力学学报,2010,16(3):310-324.SONG Yong,FENG Jian-wei,DAI Jun-sheng,et al.Relationship Between Structural Stress Field andDevelopment of Fractures in Foreland Thrust Belt[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2010,16(3):310-324.
[10]武国利,陈虹,田密,等.大巴山弧形构造带中段渔渡地区侏罗纪叠加变形研究[J].地球科学与环境学报,2010,32(2):130-136.WU Guo-li,CHEN Hong,TIAN Mi,et al.Study onJurassic Superposed Deformation in Yudu Area Loca-ted in the Middle of Dabashan Tectonic Belt[J].Jour-nal of Earth Sciences and Environment,2010,32(2):130-136.
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[12]KOYI H A,VENDEVILLE B C.The Effect of Decol-lement Dip on Geometry and Kinematics of Model Ac-cretionary Wedges[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2003,25(9):1445-1450.
[13]KOYI H A,COTTON J.Experimental Insights onthe Geometry and Kinematics of Fold-and-thrustBelts Above Weak,Viscous Evaporitic Decollement:aDiscussion[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2004,26(11):2139-2141.
[14]汤良杰,杨克明,金文正,等.龙门山冲断带多层次滑脱带与滑脱构造变形[J].中国科学:D辑,2008,38(增1):30-40.TANG Liang-jie,YANG Ke-ming,JIN Wen-zheng,et al.Multiple Detachment Belts and Deformation ofLongmenshan Thrust Belt[J].Science in China:SeriesD,2008,38(S1):30-40.
[15]颜丹平,金哲龙,张维宸,等.川渝湘鄂薄皮构造带多层拆离滑脱系的岩石力学性质及其对构造变形样式的控制[J].地质通报,2008,27(10):1687-1697.YAN Dan-ping,JIN Zhe-long,ZHANG Wei-chen,et al.Rock Mechanical Characteristics of the Multi-layer Detachment Fault System and Their Controls onthe Structural Deformation Style of the Sichuan-Chongqing-Hunan-Hubei Thin-skinned Belt,SouthChina[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2008,27(10):1687-1697.
[16]于福生,王彦华,李晓剑,等.川西坳陷孝泉—丰谷构造带变形特征及成因机制模拟[J].地球科学与环境学报,2011,33(1):45-53.YU Fu-sheng,WANG Yan-hua,LI Xiao-jian,et al.Deformation Characteristics and Genetic Simulation ofXiaoquan-Fenggu Structural Belt in West Sichuan De-pression[J].Journal of Earth Sciences and Environ-ment,2011,33(1):45-53.
[17]DAVIS D M,ENGELDER T.The Role of Salt inFold-and-thrust Belts[J].Tectonophysics,1985,119(1/2):67-88.
[18]GUTSCHER M A,KUKOWSKI N,MALAVIELLE J,et al.Cyclical Behavior of Thrust Wedges:Insightsfrom High Basal Friction Sandbox Experiments[J].Geology,1996,24(2):135-138.
[19]COTTON J T,KOYI H A.Modeling of Thrust FrontsAbove Ductile and Frictional Detachments:Applica-tion to Structures in the Salt Range and Potwar Pla-teau,Pakistan[J].GSA Bulletin,2000,112(3):351-363.
[20]SCHARER K M,BURBANK D W,CHEN J,et al.Detachment Folding in the Southwestern Tianshan-Tarim Foreland,China:Shortening Estimates andRates[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2004,26(11):2119-2137.
[21]周建勋,郎建,刘重庆.韧性基底层黏度对褶皱冲断带变形特征的影响——来自物理模拟的启示[J].西北大学学报:自然科学版,2009,39(3):392-398.ZHOU Jian-xun,LANG Jian,LIU Chong-qing.Influ-ence of Viscosity of Ductile Substrate on Deforma-tional Features of Fold-thrust Belts—Insights fromPhysical Modeling[J].Journal of Northwest University:Natural Science Edition,2009,39(3):392-398.
[22]于福生,李国志,杨光达,等.准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱-冲断带变形特征及成因机制模拟[J].大地构造与成矿学,2009,33(3):386-395.YU Fu-sheng,LI Guo-zhi,YANG Guang-da,et al.Deformation Feature and Genesis Simulation of Fold-and-thrust Belts in the Southern Margin,JunggarBasin[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2009,33(3):386-395.
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