河海交互作用与黄东海域古扬子大三角洲体系研究
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摘要
河海交互作用与堆积型大陆架发育,是中国海浅海地貌的主要特色。发源于世界屋脊的大河中有5条汇人中国海,源远流长,携运了巨量泥沙被阻积于岛弧背侧的边缘海中。经过漫长的新生代地质时期,尤其是在中、晚更新世堆积为陆架,并经历着全新世海侵过程中的浪流改造。作者通过近30年对区域海岸海洋研究的成果积累,逐渐认识到:在南黄海-东海海域,分布着一个巨型的三角洲体系:基底的大三角洲是中、晚更新世由古长江、古黄河两条世界级大河输水供沙,受季风波浪和潮流作用形成的,其发育时代应在长江贯通下游汇入黄、东海以后;其上叠置发育了规模逐次减小的古江河三角洲、南黄海辐射沙脊群、全新世—现代长江三角洲和历史时期的废黄河三角洲,组成巨型的复合三角洲体系,表层经全新世以来海侵改造发育了波浪与潮流共同作用的沙脊地貌。大三角洲体系覆盖着东海及南黄海海底,形成大陆架表层沉积地貌。这一巨型的河-海交互作用大陆架、三角洲体系,独具特色,具有重大的研究价值。建议:首先需进行一体化全方位的多项调查,包括遥感影像判识,水深与地震剖面探测,海底底质与钻孔取样,以及现代水文泥沙测量等,阐明其分布与环境特征;再进一步开展多学科交叉研究——地质地理、地貌、沉积、海洋动力、海平面变化与河流变迁、海洋地理信息系统等,期以阐明古扬子大三角洲体系各组成部分分布的范围、沉积组成和地貌特点,以及相互叠置关系。最终期以揭示中、晚更新世以来河-海交互作用过程与动力机制、海岸变迁与陆架堆积发育等基础科学问题,为亚太边缘海与大河相互作用的堆积型陆架发育提供实证,丰富海洋地质学理论。同时,可阐明现代海岸滩涂的蚀、淤动态,为新生土地资源规划利用,物源及陆架海疆权益维护提供重要的科学依据。
China seas are characterized by river-sea interaction and accumulative continental shelf.With the association of arc islands,there is a set of marginal seas developed along China coastal areas.To carry huge amount of sediments, five of seven large rivers origin from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ultimately flow into China seas.With sufficient sediments supply,a wide accumulative continental shelf was formed during Cenozoic era.This paper studies geomorphologic formation of the continental shelf in South Yellow Sea and East China Sea,where sediment discharge from the Yellow River and the Changjiang River are the major sources in contributing terrigenous deposits.According to the researches conducted in the last 3 decades,it is eventually realized that,there is a grand delta system distributed in the South Yellow Sea and East China Sea.The base of the system was an original delta,located between 34°30′N to 26°N from north to south,and eastward boundaried as -100～-150m water depth,with the Changjiang River mouth and Hangzhou Estuary as it's centre,forward to sea as a 230°arc shaped delta deposited on the sea bottom.The base delta was formed during Mid-Late Pleistocene when ancient Changjiang River started to run into the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea.This bottom delta was originating from the huge river sediments,discharged from ancient Changjiang and Yellow River,and being reshaped by waves and tidal currents.Upon the huge bottom delta,there are four delta unions superimposed on the top,and developed in different geological time:Paleo Changjiang-Yellow River delta and radiative sand ridge field of Late Pleistocene,Holocene-Modern Changjiang River delta and abandoned Yellow River delta of historical time.The Paleo-Yangtze Grand Delta System geographically covers most areas of East China Sea and South Yellow Sea,which forms continental sedimentary geomorphology.A multidimensional survey to this region is proposed in the paper,which includes RS analysis,water depth and hydrodynamic survey,seismic profile survey on bottom stratigraphical structure,sea-bottom surface and sedimentary core sampling,followed by multi-disciplinary scientific studies of marine geology,marine sedimentology,marine dynamics,land-sea interaction,sea-level change and marine GIS etc.Through the comprehensive study,it is expected that the geographical range of Paleo-Yangtze Grand Delta System could be identified,the sedimentary structure and geomorphologic features of the delta system could be revealed.Furthermore,the study will re-build the land-sea interaction process and dynamic mechanisms during Mid-Late Pleistocene in the region,and supply case study on the development of accumulative continental shelf,which will also provide theoretical input to marine geology.Further study of this grand delta system will contribute important scientific guideline to reveal the developing trend of eroding-depositing dynamics of modern tidal flat,to legitimately plan potential land resources in the region,and to contribute important scientific evidences to guard the National territorial sea-rights.
China seas are characterized by river-sea interaction and accumulative continental shelf.With the association of arc islands,there is a set of marginal seas developed along China coastal areas.To carry huge amount of sediments, five of seven large rivers origin from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ultimately flow into China seas.With sufficient sediments supply,a wide accumulative continental shelf was formed during Cenozoic era.This paper studies geomorphologic formation of the continental shelf in South Yellow Sea and East China Sea,where sediment discharge from the Yellow River and the Changjiang River are the major sources in contributing terrigenous deposits.According to the researches conducted in the last 3 decades,it is eventually realized that,there is a grand delta system distributed in the South Yellow Sea and East China Sea.The base of the system was an original delta,located between 34°30′N to 26°N from north to south,and eastward boundaried as -100～-150m water depth,with the Changjiang River mouth and Hangzhou Estuary as it's centre,forward to sea as a 230°arc shaped delta deposited on the sea bottom.The base delta was formed during Mid-Late Pleistocene when ancient Changjiang River started to run into the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea.This bottom delta was originating from the huge river sediments,discharged from ancient Changjiang and Yellow River,and being reshaped by waves and tidal currents.Upon the huge bottom delta,there are four delta unions superimposed on the top,and developed in different geological time:Paleo Changjiang-Yellow River delta and radiative sand ridge field of Late Pleistocene,Holocene-Modern Changjiang River delta and abandoned Yellow River delta of historical time.The Paleo-Yangtze Grand Delta System geographically covers most areas of East China Sea and South Yellow Sea,which forms continental sedimentary geomorphology.A multidimensional survey to this region is proposed in the paper,which includes RS analysis,water depth and hydrodynamic survey,seismic profile survey on bottom stratigraphical structure,sea-bottom surface and sedimentary core sampling,followed by multi-disciplinary scientific studies of marine geology,marine sedimentology,marine dynamics,land-sea interaction,sea-level change and marine GIS etc.Through the comprehensive study,it is expected that the geographical range of Paleo-Yangtze Grand Delta System could be identified,the sedimentary structure and geomorphologic features of the delta system could be revealed.Furthermore,the study will re-build the land-sea interaction process and dynamic mechanisms during Mid-Late Pleistocene in the region,and supply case study on the development of accumulative continental shelf,which will also provide theoretical input to marine geology.Further study of this grand delta system will contribute important scientific guideline to reveal the developing trend of eroding-depositing dynamics of modern tidal flat,to legitimately plan potential land resources in the region,and to contribute important scientific evidences to guard the National territorial sea-rights.
引文
1 Wang Ying,Ren Mei-e,Syvitski James.Sediment transport and terrigenous fluxes.In:Brink Kenneth,Robinson Allan eds.The Sea (Vol.10):The Global Coastal Ocean Processes and Methods. Chichester:John Wiley & Sons,Inc.,1998.253-292
2王颖,傅光翮,张永战.河海交互作用沉积与平原地貌发育.第四纪研究,2007,27(5):674-689 Wang Ying,Fu Guanghe,Zhang Yongzhan.River-sea interactive sedimentation and plain morphological evolution.Quaternary Sciences,2007,27(5):674-689
3 Wang Ying,Ren Mei-e,Zhu Dakui.Sediment supply to the continental shelf by the major rivers of China.Journal of the Geological Society,London,1986,143(6):935-944
4 Curray J R,Moore D G.Growth of the Bengal deep sea fan and denudation in the Himalayas.Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1971,82(3):563-572
5王颖主编.中国区域海洋学——海洋地貌学.北京:海洋出版社,2012.169 Wang Ying ed.Regional Oceanography of China:Marine Geomorphology.Beijing:China Ocean Press,2012.169
6刘振夏.对东海扬子浅滩成因的再认识.海洋学报,1996,18 (2):85-92 Liu Zhenxia.Recognition of the formation of the Yangtze shoal in the East China Sea.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,1996,18(2):85-92
7叶银灿,庄振业,来向华等.东海扬子浅滩砂质底形研究.中国海洋大学学报,2004,34(6):1057-1062 Ye Yincan,Zhuang Zhenye,Lai Xianghua et al.A study of sandy bedforms on the Yangtze shoal in the East China Sea.Periodical of Ocean University of China,2004,34(6):1057-1062
8 Chen Jiyu,Zhu Huifang,Dong Yongfa et al.Development of the Changjiang estuary and its submerged delta.Continental Shelf Research,1985,4(1-2):47-56
9陈吉余.中国河口海岸研究与实践.北京:高等教育出版社, 2007.156 -199 Chen Jiyu.Research and Practice of China Estuary Coast.Beijing: Higher Education Press,2007.156 - 199
10陈吉余.长江三角洲江口段的地形发育.地理学报,1957,23 (3):241-253 Chen Jiyu.Notes on the morphological development of the Yangtze estuary.Acta Geographica Sinica,1957,23(3 ):241 -253
11陈吉余,虞志英,恽才兴.氏江三角洲的地貌发育.地理学报, 1959,25(3):201-220 Chen Jiyu,Yu Zhiying,Yun Caixing.Morphological evolution of Yangtze delta.Acta Geographica Sinica,1959,25(3 ):201 -220
12任美锷主编.江苏省海岸带与海涂资源综合调查报告.北京:海洋出版社,1986.120-133 Ren Mei-e ed.Comprehensive Survey Report on Coastal and Tidal Flat Resources in Jiangsu Province.Beijing;China Ocean Press, 1986.120-133
13国家海洋局第一海洋研究所,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所.渤海黄海地势图.北京:地图出版社,1984 The First Institute of Oceanography,State Oceanic Administration, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences.Morphological Maps of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea.Beijing:Sinomaps Press,1984
14秦蕴珊主编.黄海地质.北京:海洋出版社,1989.24-30 Qin Yunshan ed.Geology of the Yellow Sea.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1989.24 -30
15 Liujian,Saito Yoshiki,Kong Xianghuai et al.Delta development and channel incision during marine isotope stages 3 and 2 in the western South Yellow Sea.Marine Geology,2010,278(1 - 4 ): 54 -76
16李全兴主编.渤海黄海东海地质地球物理图集.北京:海洋出版社,1990.2 Li Quanxing ed.Geology and Geophysics Atlas of the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1990.2
17金翔龙主编.东海海洋地质.北京:海洋出版社,1992.525 Jin Xianglong ed.Marine Geology of the East China Sea.Beijing: China Ocean Press,1992.525
18 Liu Z X.Yangtze shoal——A modern tidal sand sheet in the northwestern part of the East China Sea.Marine Geology,1997,137 (3 -4):321 -330
19 Fisk H N,McFarlan E,Kolb C R et al.Sedimentary framework of the modern Mississippi Delta.Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 1954,24(2):76- 99
20 Roberts H H.Dynamic changes of the Holocene Mississippi River Delta Plain;The delta cycle.Journal of Coastal Research,1997,13 (3):605 -627
21 Coleman J M,Roberts H H,Stone G W.Mississippi River Delta; An overview.Journal of Coastal Research,1998,14(3 );698 -716
22 Shepard F P.Submarine Geology(Third Edition ).New York, Evanston,San Francisco,London;Harper & Row,Publishers, 1973.164 -165
23 Blum M D,Roberts H H.Drowning of the Mississippi Delta due to insufficient sediment supply and global sea-level rise.Nature Geoscience,2009,2:488 -491
24 Milliman J D.Morphology and structure of Amazon upper continental margin.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,1979,63:934 -950
25 Damuth J E,Flood R D.Morphology,sedimentation processes and growth pattern of the Amazon deep-sea fan.Geo-Marine Letters, 1984,3(2-4):109-117
26 Damuth J E,Flood R D,Kowsmann R 0 et al.Anatomy and growth pattern of Amazon deep-sea fan as revealed by long-range side-scan sonar(GLORIA ) and high-resolution seismic studies.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,1988,72:885 -911
27 Figueiredo J,Hoorn C,van der Ven P et al.Late Miocene onset of the Amazon River and the Amazon deep-sea fan;Evidence from the Foz do Amazonas Basin.Geology,2011,37(7):619 -622
28王颖主编.黄海陆架辐射沙脊群.北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2002.230-260 Wang Ying ed.Radiative Sandy Ridge Field on Continental Shelf of the Yellow Sea.Beijing;China Environment Science Press, 2002.230 - 260
29史照良主编.江苏省地图集.北京:中国地图出版社,2004.8-9 Shi Zhaoliang ed.Atlas of Jiangsu Province.Beijing:Sinomaps Press,2004.8 -9
30王颖,张振克,朱大奎等.河海交互作用与苏北平原成因.第四纪研究,2006,26(3):301-320 Wang Ying,Zhang Zhenke,Zhu Dakui et al.River-sea interaction and the North Jiangsu Plain formation.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26 (3):301 -320
31 Berne S,Vagner P,Guichard F el al.Pleistocene forced regressions and tidal sand ridges in the East China Sea.Marine Geology,2002, 188(3 -4):293 -325
32李家彪主编.东海区域地质.北京:海洋出版社,2008.81 Li Jiabiao ed.Regional Geology of East China Sea.Beijing:China Ocean Press,2008.81
33中国地图出版社翻译出版(埃塞尔特地图公司编绘制版).埃塞尔特世界地图集.北京:中国地图出版社,1991.206 Translated by Sinomaps Press(edited and Printed by Esselte Map Service).Esselte Atlas of The World.Beijing:Sinomaps Press, 1991.206
2王颖,傅光翮,张永战.河海交互作用沉积与平原地貌发育.第四纪研究,2007,27(5):674-689 Wang Ying,Fu Guanghe,Zhang Yongzhan.River-sea interactive sedimentation and plain morphological evolution.Quaternary Sciences,2007,27(5):674-689
3 Wang Ying,Ren Mei-e,Zhu Dakui.Sediment supply to the continental shelf by the major rivers of China.Journal of the Geological Society,London,1986,143(6):935-944
4 Curray J R,Moore D G.Growth of the Bengal deep sea fan and denudation in the Himalayas.Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1971,82(3):563-572
5王颖主编.中国区域海洋学——海洋地貌学.北京:海洋出版社,2012.169 Wang Ying ed.Regional Oceanography of China:Marine Geomorphology.Beijing:China Ocean Press,2012.169
6刘振夏.对东海扬子浅滩成因的再认识.海洋学报,1996,18 (2):85-92 Liu Zhenxia.Recognition of the formation of the Yangtze shoal in the East China Sea.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,1996,18(2):85-92
7叶银灿,庄振业,来向华等.东海扬子浅滩砂质底形研究.中国海洋大学学报,2004,34(6):1057-1062 Ye Yincan,Zhuang Zhenye,Lai Xianghua et al.A study of sandy bedforms on the Yangtze shoal in the East China Sea.Periodical of Ocean University of China,2004,34(6):1057-1062
8 Chen Jiyu,Zhu Huifang,Dong Yongfa et al.Development of the Changjiang estuary and its submerged delta.Continental Shelf Research,1985,4(1-2):47-56
9陈吉余.中国河口海岸研究与实践.北京:高等教育出版社, 2007.156 -199 Chen Jiyu.Research and Practice of China Estuary Coast.Beijing: Higher Education Press,2007.156 - 199
10陈吉余.长江三角洲江口段的地形发育.地理学报,1957,23 (3):241-253 Chen Jiyu.Notes on the morphological development of the Yangtze estuary.Acta Geographica Sinica,1957,23(3 ):241 -253
11陈吉余,虞志英,恽才兴.氏江三角洲的地貌发育.地理学报, 1959,25(3):201-220 Chen Jiyu,Yu Zhiying,Yun Caixing.Morphological evolution of Yangtze delta.Acta Geographica Sinica,1959,25(3 ):201 -220
12任美锷主编.江苏省海岸带与海涂资源综合调查报告.北京:海洋出版社,1986.120-133 Ren Mei-e ed.Comprehensive Survey Report on Coastal and Tidal Flat Resources in Jiangsu Province.Beijing;China Ocean Press, 1986.120-133
13国家海洋局第一海洋研究所,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所.渤海黄海地势图.北京:地图出版社,1984 The First Institute of Oceanography,State Oceanic Administration, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences.Morphological Maps of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea.Beijing:Sinomaps Press,1984
14秦蕴珊主编.黄海地质.北京:海洋出版社,1989.24-30 Qin Yunshan ed.Geology of the Yellow Sea.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1989.24 -30
15 Liujian,Saito Yoshiki,Kong Xianghuai et al.Delta development and channel incision during marine isotope stages 3 and 2 in the western South Yellow Sea.Marine Geology,2010,278(1 - 4 ): 54 -76
16李全兴主编.渤海黄海东海地质地球物理图集.北京:海洋出版社,1990.2 Li Quanxing ed.Geology and Geophysics Atlas of the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1990.2
17金翔龙主编.东海海洋地质.北京:海洋出版社,1992.525 Jin Xianglong ed.Marine Geology of the East China Sea.Beijing: China Ocean Press,1992.525
18 Liu Z X.Yangtze shoal——A modern tidal sand sheet in the northwestern part of the East China Sea.Marine Geology,1997,137 (3 -4):321 -330
19 Fisk H N,McFarlan E,Kolb C R et al.Sedimentary framework of the modern Mississippi Delta.Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 1954,24(2):76- 99
20 Roberts H H.Dynamic changes of the Holocene Mississippi River Delta Plain;The delta cycle.Journal of Coastal Research,1997,13 (3):605 -627
21 Coleman J M,Roberts H H,Stone G W.Mississippi River Delta; An overview.Journal of Coastal Research,1998,14(3 );698 -716
22 Shepard F P.Submarine Geology(Third Edition ).New York, Evanston,San Francisco,London;Harper & Row,Publishers, 1973.164 -165
23 Blum M D,Roberts H H.Drowning of the Mississippi Delta due to insufficient sediment supply and global sea-level rise.Nature Geoscience,2009,2:488 -491
24 Milliman J D.Morphology and structure of Amazon upper continental margin.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,1979,63:934 -950
25 Damuth J E,Flood R D.Morphology,sedimentation processes and growth pattern of the Amazon deep-sea fan.Geo-Marine Letters, 1984,3(2-4):109-117
26 Damuth J E,Flood R D,Kowsmann R 0 et al.Anatomy and growth pattern of Amazon deep-sea fan as revealed by long-range side-scan sonar(GLORIA ) and high-resolution seismic studies.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,1988,72:885 -911
27 Figueiredo J,Hoorn C,van der Ven P et al.Late Miocene onset of the Amazon River and the Amazon deep-sea fan;Evidence from the Foz do Amazonas Basin.Geology,2011,37(7):619 -622
28王颖主编.黄海陆架辐射沙脊群.北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2002.230-260 Wang Ying ed.Radiative Sandy Ridge Field on Continental Shelf of the Yellow Sea.Beijing;China Environment Science Press, 2002.230 - 260
29史照良主编.江苏省地图集.北京:中国地图出版社,2004.8-9 Shi Zhaoliang ed.Atlas of Jiangsu Province.Beijing:Sinomaps Press,2004.8 -9
30王颖,张振克,朱大奎等.河海交互作用与苏北平原成因.第四纪研究,2006,26(3):301-320 Wang Ying,Zhang Zhenke,Zhu Dakui et al.River-sea interaction and the North Jiangsu Plain formation.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26 (3):301 -320
31 Berne S,Vagner P,Guichard F el al.Pleistocene forced regressions and tidal sand ridges in the East China Sea.Marine Geology,2002, 188(3 -4):293 -325
32李家彪主编.东海区域地质.北京:海洋出版社,2008.81 Li Jiabiao ed.Regional Geology of East China Sea.Beijing:China Ocean Press,2008.81
33中国地图出版社翻译出版(埃塞尔特地图公司编绘制版).埃塞尔特世界地图集.北京:中国地图出版社,1991.206 Translated by Sinomaps Press(edited and Printed by Esselte Map Service).Esselte Atlas of The World.Beijing:Sinomaps Press, 1991.206
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