地热地球物理勘探新进展
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摘要
地热作为一种清洁能源具有巨大的开发潜力,将在我国的经济发展中起到巨大的作用.在传统的热水型地热开发的基础上,国际上非常重视热干岩(Enhanced Geothermal)型地热的勘探开发.在这两类地热勘查和开发中,地球物理方法具有非常重要的作用.本文从地热系统的目标体岩石的地球物理性质出发,分析岩石的地球物理性质与温度、压力和含水量等影响因素的关系.例如随着温度的升高,岩石会出现去磁、电阻率降低、密度降低、弹性波速度也现明显降低等现象.进而分析地球物理方法应用到具体的地热勘查地质-地球物理异常模型.结合国际上21世纪以后的新方法技术,分析了重磁、电、地震方法在利用由于岩石温度的升高而出现的特殊地球物理现象,并应用于地热勘探.通过国内外实例介绍了各种地球物理勘探方法在地热勘查中成功应用,为进一步提高我国地热勘查水平,提供一些参考.
Geothermal energy is a clean energy with great development potential and it will play a tremendous role in China's economic development.Base on the traditional hot-water geothermal development,Enhanced Geothermal are paid much attention to exploration and development in many countries.Geophysical methods play important rule in the two types of geothermal exploration and development.In this paper,we discuss the petrophysical properties of geothermal system,and analyze the rock physical properties such as temperature,pressure and moisture content of the target rock or geological body.Especially there are great changes of rock properties while increasing with temperature,such as the demagnetization,lower resistivity,lower density and low elastic wave velocity.The geophysical properties can be applied in geophysical exploration,and help to analyze the geological-geophysical anomaly model in geothermal exploration.We introduce the advanced geophysical methods and technologies developed in the last few years,analyze application of magnetic and gravity,electrical and electromagnetic method,seismic methods due to rock properties changed with temperature.We introduce the cases in the geothermal exploration and directly applied to geothermal exploration.We hope the new methods can be used as important references in geothermal exploration.
Geothermal energy is a clean energy with great development potential and it will play a tremendous role in China's economic development.Base on the traditional hot-water geothermal development,Enhanced Geothermal are paid much attention to exploration and development in many countries.Geophysical methods play important rule in the two types of geothermal exploration and development.In this paper,we discuss the petrophysical properties of geothermal system,and analyze the rock physical properties such as temperature,pressure and moisture content of the target rock or geological body.Especially there are great changes of rock properties while increasing with temperature,such as the demagnetization,lower resistivity,lower density and low elastic wave velocity.The geophysical properties can be applied in geophysical exploration,and help to analyze the geological-geophysical anomaly model in geothermal exploration.We introduce the advanced geophysical methods and technologies developed in the last few years,analyze application of magnetic and gravity,electrical and electromagnetic method,seismic methods due to rock properties changed with temperature.We introduce the cases in the geothermal exploration and directly applied to geothermal exploration.We hope the new methods can be used as important references in geothermal exploration.
引文
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[2]王宇林,杨春,李宪杰.赤峰南部—朝阳地区地热田成因及地质模式.黑龙江科技学院学报,2004,14(6):343-346.Wang Y L,Yang C,Li X J.Origin of geothermal field and itsgeologic model in south of Chifeng-Chaoyang area.Journal ofHeilongjiang Institute of Science&Technology,2004,14(6):343-346.
[3]秦其明,李百寿,崔容菠等.地热井的天然源超低频电磁探测影响因素分析.地球物理学报,2010,53(3):685-694.Qin Q M,Li B S,Cui R B,et al.Analysis of factors affectingnatural source SLF electromagnetic exploration at geothermalwells.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(3):685-694.
[4]Fitterman D V,石精华.俄勒冈州Newberry火山区的地壳结构及地热潜力综述.地球物理学进展,1989,(1):111.Fitterman D V,Shi J H.Reviewed of Oregon New-berryvolcanic region of crust structure and geothermal potential.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),1989,(1):111.
[5]周厚芳,刘闯,石昆法.地热资源探测方法研究进展.地球物理学进展,2003,18(4):656-661.Zhou H F,Liu C,Shi K F.A Review of study on geothermalresources exploration.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2003,18(4):656-661.
[6]柳建新,郭振威,郭荣文等.CSAMT和重力方法在狮子湖温泉深部地球物理勘查中的应用.地球物理学进展,2009,24(5):1868-1873.Liu J X,Guo Z W,Gou R W,et al.Application of controlledsource audiomagnetotelluric and gravity methods to survey theLionlake hot spring geothermal area.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2009,24(5):1868-1873.
[7]李百寿,秦其明,侯贵廷等.被动式超低频电磁法在深部地热资源勘察中的应用——以JR-119井及JR-168井为例.地球物理学进展,2009,24(2):699-706.Li B S,Qing Q M,Hou G T,et al.Applications of thepassive super Low Frequency(SLF)electromagnetic techniqueto exploration of geothermal energy sources.Progress inGeophysics(in Chinese),2009,24(2):699-706.
[8]吴璐苹,石昆法,李荫槐等.可控源音频大地电磁法在地下水勘查中的应用研究.地球物理学报,1996,39(5):712-717,723-724.Wu L P,Shi K F,Li Y H,et al.Application of CSAMT tothe search for groundwater.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1996,39(5):712-717,723-724.
[9]冯昌格,刘绍文,王良书等.塔里木盆地现今地热特征.地球物理学报,2009,52(11):2752-2762.Feng C G,Liu S W,Wang S L,et al.Present-day geothermalregime in Tarim basin,northwest China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(11):2752-2762.
[10]Volpi G,Manzellaa A,Fiordelisi A.Investigation of geothermalstructures by magnetotellurics(MT):an example from theMt.Amiata area,Italy.Geothermics,2003,32(2):131-145.
[11]Oskooi B,Manzella A.2Dinversion of the Magnetotelluricdata from Travale Geothermal Field in Italy.Journal of theEarth&Space Physics,2011,36(4):1-18.
[12]Schwarz G,Haak V,Rath V.Electrical conductivity studiesin the Travale geothermal field,Italy.Geothermics,1985,14(5-6):654-661.
[13]胡圣标,何丽娟,汪集旸.中国大陆地区大地热流数据汇编(第三版).地球物理学报,2001,44(5):611-627.Hu S B,He L J,Wang J Y.Compilation of heat flow data inthe China continental area(3rd edition).Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2001,44(5):611-627.
[14]沈显杰,李国华,汪缉安等.青海柴达木盆地大地热流测量与统计热流计算.地球物理学报,1994,37(1):56-65.Shen X J,Li G H,Wang J A,et al.Terrestrial heat flowmeasurement and calculation of statistical heat flow in Caidambasin.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1994,37(1):56-65.
[15]Kahle H G,Werner D.A geophysical study of the Rhinegraben—II.Gravity anomalies and geothermal implications.GeophysicalJournal of the Royal Astronomical Society,1980,62(3):631-647.
[16]Jousset P,Haberland C,Bauer K,et al.Hengill geothermalvolcanic complex(Iceland)characterized by integratedgeophysical observations.Geothermics,2011,40(1):1-24.
[17]Karastathis V K,Papoulia J,Di Fiore B,et al.Deep structureinvestigations of the geothermal field of the North EuboeanGulf,Greece,using 3-D local earthquake tomography andCurie Point Depth analysis.Journal of Volcanology andGeothermal Research,2011,206(3-4):106-120.
[18]陈墨香,汪集旸.中国地热研究的回顾和展望.地球物理学报,1994,37(S1):320-339.Chen M X,Wang J Y.Review and prospect on Geothermalstudies in China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1994,37(S1):320-339.
[19]Г.А.切列缅斯基.实用地热学.地质出版社,北京,1982:115-153.Г.А.Череменский.Practical Geothermics.Beijing:TheGeological Publishing House,1982:115-153.
[20]Oskooi B,Pedersen L B,Smirnov M,eta l.The deep geothermalstructure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge deduced from MT data inSW Iceland.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,2005,150(1-3):183-195.
[21]Berktold A.Electromagnetic studies in geothermal regions.Geophysical Surveys,1983,6(1-2):173-200.
[22]Wright P M,Ward S H,Ross H P,et al.State-of-the-artgeophysical exploration for geothermal resources.Geophysics,1985,50(12):2666-2699.
[23]FlóvenzóG,Georgsson L S,árnason K.Resistivity structure ofthe upper crust in Iceland.J.Geophys.Res.,1985,90(B12):10136-10150.
[24]Goldstein N E.Northern Nevada geothermal exploration strategyanalysis.University of California,Lawrence BerkeleyNational Laboratory.Report LBL-7012,1977:55.
[25]Goldstein N E,Norris R A,Wilt M J.Assessment of surfacegeophysical methods in geothermal exploration andrecommendations for future research.University ofCalifornia,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.ReportLBL-6815,1978.
[26]Ward S H,Ross H P,Nielson D L.Exploration strategy forhigh-temperature hydrothermal systems in Basin and RangeProvince.The American Association of Petroleum GeologistsBulletin,1981,65(1):86-102.
[27]Geothermal Resources Council Special Report.The Role ofHeat in the Development of Energy and Mineral Resources inthe Northern Basin and Range Province.GeothermalResources Council,1983,13:384.
[28]Wright P M,Nielson D L,Ross H P,eta l.Regional explorationfor convective-hydrothermal resources.Geothermal Scienceand Technology,1989,2(2):69-124.
[29]Ward S H,Parry W T,Nash W P,et al.A summary of thegeology,geochemistry,and geophysics of the Roosevelt HotSprings thermal area,Utah.Geophysics,1978,43(7):1515-1542.
[30]Ross H P,Nielson D L,Moore J N.Roosevelt Hot Springsgeothermal system,Utah-Case study.The AmericanAssociation of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,1982,66(7):879-902.
[31]Wright P M.Seismic methods in mineral exploration in Seventy-Fifty Anniversary Volume.Economic Geology,Society ofEconomic Geologists,1981:863-870.
[32]Kasameyer P W,Younker L W,Hanson J M.Developmentand application of a hydrothermal model for the Salton SeaGeothermal field,California.Geological Society of theAmerican Bulletin,1984,95(10):1242-1252.
[33]Dakhnov V N.Geophysical well logging.Q.Colo.Sch.Mines,1962,57(2):445.
[34]Vogt C,Mottaghy D,Wolf A,et al.Reducing temperatureuncertainties by stochastic geothermal reservoir modelling.Geophys.J.Int.,2010,181(1):321-333.
[35]Jardani1A,Revil A.Stochastic joint inversion of temperatureand self-potential data.Geophys.J.Int.,2009,179(1):640-654.
[36]Kristinsdóttir L H,FlóvenzóG,árnason K,et al.Electricalconductivity and P-wave velocity in rock samples from high-temperature Icelandic geothermal fields.Geothermics,2010,39(1):94-105.
[37]Jaya M S,Shapiro S A,Kristinsdóttir L H,et al.Temperaturedependence of seismic properties in geothermal rocks atreservoir conditions.Geothermics,2010,39(1):115-123.
[38]Yang Y J,Ritzwoller M H,Jones C H.Subsurface Characterizationof the COSO Geothermal Field and Surroundings by AmbientNoise Tomography.Geochemistry,Geophysics,and Geosystems,2010:1-43.
[39]Ravat D,Pignatelli A,Nicolosi I,et al.A study of spectralmethods of estimating the depth to the bottom of magneticsources from near-surface magnetic anomaly data.Geophys.J.Int.,2007,169(2):421-434.
[40]Zahira S,Abderrahmane H,Mederbal K,et al.Mappinglatent heat flux in the western forest covered regions ofAlgeria using Remote sensing data and a spatialized model.Remote Sensing,2009,1(4):795-817.
[41]Pamuku O A,AkiˇgZ,Demirba爧爦,et al.Investigation ofcrustal thickness in Eastern Anatolia using gravity,magneticand topographic data.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2007,164(11):2345-2358.
[42]Soengkono S,Hochstein M P.Magnetic anomalies over theWairakei Geothermal field,central north island,NewZealand.Geothermal Resources Council Transactions,1992,16:273-278.
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