金沙江寨子村巨型古滑坡的工程地质特征及其发生机制
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摘要
通过现场调查,对金沙江寨子村巨型古滑坡的工程地质特征及形成机制进行较为深入的探讨。该滑坡后缘与前缘高差638 m,体积2.5×108 m3。主断壁外围发育有宽30～100 cm的冠裂缝,滑坡断壁为高5～30 m的石灰岩峭壁。滑源区地形起伏较大,内部发育有规模不一的冲沟,覆盖有发育植被的坡积物、倒石堆和直径1～6 m的巨石。滑坡主体为程海断裂带,断裂带背景地层主要为C2+3石灰岩,岩性为碎裂石灰岩和岩溶角砾岩。寨子村滑坡曾诱发严重的滑坡堵江事件,滑源区对面岸坡残留滑坡坝坝顶高出江面118 m,体积180×104 m3,由70%的粒径在30 cm以下的灰岩碎块和30%的粒径30 cm以上的灰岩、岩溶角砾岩块石组成。长200 km的程海断裂带是一条规模巨大的岩石圈断裂,长期活动导致带内及其两侧岩体质量降低。沿断裂带北西侧顺其走向流过的金沙江的底蚀作用使得右岸岸坡越来越陡,为其大规模失稳奠定基础。程海断裂带还是一条活动性断裂,其自身活动产生的地震是寨子村滑坡的诱发因素。
Height difference between the crown and the toe of rupture surface of Zhaizicun landslide in Jinsha river is 638 m,with about 2.5×108 m3 total rock displaced.The width of crown cracks surrounding the main scarp,which is limestone cliffs with a height of 5–30 m,is 30–100 cm.Slip source area with gullies is covered by colluvial deposit with vegetation,talus and separate giant rock blocks with a diameter of 1–6 m.The landslide occurred in Chenghai fault zone,which developed in the limestone dating to C2+3;and the landslide deposit is mainly made of cataclastic limestone and karst breccia.The Zhaizicun landslide once dammed Jinsha river and the crest of the residual landslide dam with a volume of 180 × 104 m3 opposite slip source area is 118 m high above the river.The relic landslide dam is mainly composed of 70% of limestone block with a diameter of less than 30 cm and 30% of blocks of limestone and karst breccia with a diameter of more than 30 cm.Chenghai fault zone with a length of 200 km is normal and lithospheric fault and its long-term activities make the quality of the rockmass in fault zone decrease.The undercutting of the Jinsha River flowing along the left side of the fault zone make the right bank slope increasingly steep and laid the foundation for the bank slope failure on a large scale.Chenghai fault zone is an activity fracture and the earthquake caused by its own activities is the inducing factor of Zhaizicun landslide.
Height difference between the crown and the toe of rupture surface of Zhaizicun landslide in Jinsha river is 638 m,with about 2.5×108 m3 total rock displaced.The width of crown cracks surrounding the main scarp,which is limestone cliffs with a height of 5–30 m,is 30–100 cm.Slip source area with gullies is covered by colluvial deposit with vegetation,talus and separate giant rock blocks with a diameter of 1–6 m.The landslide occurred in Chenghai fault zone,which developed in the limestone dating to C2+3;and the landslide deposit is mainly made of cataclastic limestone and karst breccia.The Zhaizicun landslide once dammed Jinsha river and the crest of the residual landslide dam with a volume of 180 × 104 m3 opposite slip source area is 118 m high above the river.The relic landslide dam is mainly composed of 70% of limestone block with a diameter of less than 30 cm and 30% of blocks of limestone and karst breccia with a diameter of more than 30 cm.Chenghai fault zone with a length of 200 km is normal and lithospheric fault and its long-term activities make the quality of the rockmass in fault zone decrease.The undercutting of the Jinsha River flowing along the left side of the fault zone make the right bank slope increasingly steep and laid the foundation for the bank slope failure on a large scale.Chenghai fault zone is an activity fracture and the earthquake caused by its own activities is the inducing factor of Zhaizicun landslide.
引文
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[23]云南省地质矿产局.云南省区域地质志[M].北京:地质出版社,1990:557–563.(Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Yunnan Province.Regional geology of Yunnan province[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1990:557–563.(in Chinese))
[24]俞维贤,王彬,毛燕,等.程海断裂带断层泥中石英碎砾表面SEM特征及断层活动状态的分析[J].中国地震,2004,20(4):347–352.(YU Weixian,WANG Bin,MAO Yan,et al.The SEM character of the surface of quart grains in the gouge of Chenghai fault and evaluation of its activity[J].Earthquake Research in China,2004,20(4):347–352.(in Chinese))
[25]俞维贤,张建国,周光全,等.2001年永胜6级地震的地表破裂与程海断裂[J].地震研究,2005,28(2):125–128.(YU Weixian,ZHANG Jianguo,ZHOU Guangquan,et al.Surface rupture of the 2001 Yongsheng M6 earthquake and Chenghai fault[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2005,28(2):125–128.(in Chinese))
[2]BRüCKL E P.Cause-effect models of large landslides[J].Natural Hazards,2001,23(2/3):291–314.
[3]SCHUSTER R L.The 25 most catastrophic landslides of the 20th century,in Chacon,Irigaray and Fernandez(eds.),Landslides[C]//Proceedings of the 8th International Conference and Field Trip on Landslides.Rotterdam:Balkema,1996.
[4]VOIGHT B,FAUST C.Frictional heat and strength loss in some rapid landslides:error correction and affirmation of mechanism for the Vaiont landslide[J].Geotechnique,1992,42(4):641–643.
[5]钟立勋.中国重大地质灾害实例分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1999,10(3):1–10.(ZHONG Lixun.Case study on significant geo-hazards in China[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,1999,10(3):1–10.(in Chinese))
[6]孙德永.南昆铁路八渡滑坡工程整治[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2000:1–38.(SUN Deyong.Badu landslides engineering treatment of Nanning—Kunming railway[M].Beijing:China Railway Publishing House,2000:1–38.(in Chinese))
[7]BAUM R L,CRONE A J,ESCOBAR D,et al.Assessment of landslide hazards resulting from the February 13,2001,El Salvador?3550?岩石力学与工程学报2011年Earthquake[R].Reston:U.S.Geological Survey,2001.
[8]张倬元,刘汉超.地下采掘环境效应的一个特殊实例——韩城电厂地基隆起机制及其控制措施[J].地学前缘,2001,8(2):285–295.(ZHANG Zhuoyuan,LIU Hanchao.A special case history of the environmental impact by underground mining—the mechanism and control measures of the ground upheaval deformation of Hancheng power plant[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2001,8(2):285–295.(in Chinese))
[9]殷跃平.西藏波密易贡高速巨型滑坡特征及减灾研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2000,(4):8–11.(YIN Yueping.Rapid huge landslide and hazard reduction of Yigong River in the Bomi,Tibet[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,2000,(4):8–11.(in Chinese))
[10]王治华,吕杰堂.从卫星图像上认识西藏易贡滑坡[J].遥感学报,2001,5(4):312–316.(WANG Zhihua,LU Jietang.Understand Yigong landslide in Tibet based on the satellite image[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2001,5(4):312–316.(in Chinese))
[11]林懂明,皮良友,黄海浪,等.南昆线八渡K343滑坡的工程地质条件及治理研究[J].工程地质学报,2002,10(2):220–224.(LIN Dongming,PI Liangyou,HUANG Hailang,et al.Study on engineering geological conditions for landslide at Badu K343 section Nanning—Kunming railway and treatment[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2002,10(2):220–224.(in Chinese))
[12]黄润秋,许强.中国典型灾难性滑坡[M].北京:科学出版社,2008:1–553.(HUANG Runqiu,XU Qiang.Typical catastrophic landslides in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2008:1–553.(in Chinese))
[13]SCHUSTER R L,LYNN M H.Socioeconomic impacts of landslides in the Western hemisphere[R].Reston:U.S.Geological Survey,2001.
[14]OCAKOGLU F,GOKCEOGLU C,ERCANOGLU M.Dynamics of a complex mass movement triggered by heavy rainfall:a case study from NW Turkey[J].Geomorphology,2002,42(3/4):329–341.
[15]PELLEGRINO A,PRESTININZI A.Impact of weathering on the geomechanical properties of rocks along thermal-metamorphic contact belts and morpho-evolutionary processes:the deep-seated gravitational slope deformations of Mt.Granieri–Salincriti(Calabria–Italy)[J].Geomorphology,2007,87(3):176–195.
[16]陈自生,孔纪名.1991年9月23日云南省昭通市头寨沟特大滑坡[J].山地研究,1991,9(4):265–268.(CHEN Zisheng,KONG Jiming.A catastrophic landslide of Sept.23rd,1991 at Touzhai Gully of Zhaotong,Yunnan Province[J].Journal of Mountain Research,1991,9(4):265–268.(in Chinese))
[17]金德山.云南元阳老金山滑坡[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1998,9(4):98–101.(JIN Deshan.Laojin mountain landslides in Yuanyang county,Yunnan province[J].The Chinese of Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,1998,9(4):98–101.(in Chinese))
[18]中华人民共和国行业标准编写组.DZ/T 0219—2006滑坡防治工程设计与施工技术规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2006.(The Professional Standards Complication Group of People′s Republic of China.DZ/T 0219—2006 Specification of design and construction for landslides stabilization[S].Beijing:Standard Press of China,2006.(in Chinese))
[19]徐则民,黄润秋.峨眉山玄武岩大规模灾难性崩滑事件的地质构造约束[J].地质论评,2010,56(2):224–236.(XU Zemin,HUANG Runqiu.The geological structure constraint for massive and catastrophic landslides in Permian Emeishan basalt[J].Geological Review,2010,56(2):224–236.(in Chinese))
[20]MUSTARD P S,DONALDSON J A.Paleokarst breccias,calcretes,silcretes and fault talus breccias at the base of upper Proterozoic“Windermere”strata,Northern Canadian Cordillera[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1990,60(4):525–539.
[21]赵澄林,朱筱敏.沉积岩石学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2001:97–98.(ZHAO Chenglin,ZHU Xiaomin.Sedimentary petrology[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2001:97–98.(in Chinese))
[22]周光全,王晋南,王绍晋,等.永胜6.0级地震的地质构造背景及发震构造[J].地震研究,2002,25(4):356–361.(ZHOU Guangquan,WANG Jinnan,WANG Shaojin,et al.The seismogogical tectonic background and seismogenic structure of the M6.0 Yongsheng earthquake[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2002,25(4):356–361.(in Chinese))
[23]云南省地质矿产局.云南省区域地质志[M].北京:地质出版社,1990:557–563.(Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Yunnan Province.Regional geology of Yunnan province[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1990:557–563.(in Chinese))
[24]俞维贤,王彬,毛燕,等.程海断裂带断层泥中石英碎砾表面SEM特征及断层活动状态的分析[J].中国地震,2004,20(4):347–352.(YU Weixian,WANG Bin,MAO Yan,et al.The SEM character of the surface of quart grains in the gouge of Chenghai fault and evaluation of its activity[J].Earthquake Research in China,2004,20(4):347–352.(in Chinese))
[25]俞维贤,张建国,周光全,等.2001年永胜6级地震的地表破裂与程海断裂[J].地震研究,2005,28(2):125–128.(YU Weixian,ZHANG Jianguo,ZHOU Guangquan,et al.Surface rupture of the 2001 Yongsheng M6 earthquake and Chenghai fault[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2005,28(2):125–128.(in Chinese))
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