非连续逆断层引起地表破裂和桥梁破坏的模型试验
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摘要
通过地质力学模型试验研究了共线型和阶梯型两种非连续逆断层的运动引起上覆松散沉积层的破裂特征、沉积层与断层基岩之间的相互关系,并以汶川地震中受损的高原大桥为背景,通过改变桥梁与以上两种断层之间的布置关系研究了断层运动引起桥梁破坏的原因。引进数字散斑相关方法和高速摄像系统进行观测和记录试验过程。试验结果表明,非连续逆断层的破坏过程可分为4个不同的阶段,依次为弹性变形阶段、贯通阶段、滑移阶段和破坏阶段;结合观测系统解释说明了上述变化过程;分析了断层倾角和运动速度对断层基岩破坏形态和地表破裂带的影响;统计了地表破裂带宽度、断层基岩和沉积层抬升高度的关系,对比结果发现:共线型断层在破坏前聚集的能量较大、其地表破裂带宽度和抬升高度均大于阶梯型断层的;沉积层的抬升高度小于基岩的抬升高度;当桥梁模型垂直断层走向布置时均发生破坏,而平行断层走向布置时并没有破坏。
Coplanar and stepped buried reverse faults were carried out to study the relationship between faults movement and surface rupture appearing in soil layer using geomechanical model test.Furthermore,the Gaoyuan Bridge damaged during Wenchuan Earthquake was taken as an example to study the effect of fault propagation on bridge foundation by changing the arrangement of the bridge to these two types of faults.Digital speckle correlation method and high speed camera were used to observe and analyze the process of the fault movement.We have studied the effect of fault dip angles and loading rates.The research results indicated that the failure process of discontinues reverse faults can be divided into four stages:elastic stage,fault coalescence stage,sliding stage and failure stage.The width of surface rupture zone,the uplifts of bedrock and sediment layer were statistics,which indicated the width of surface rupture zone and the uplift of the coplanar type were greater than the stepped one.The larger the fault dip angle,the wider the surface rupture zone was resulted.The uplift of bedrock was greater than the uplift of soil layer.The bridge perpendicular to the fault was damaged and no damage to the parallel one.
Coplanar and stepped buried reverse faults were carried out to study the relationship between faults movement and surface rupture appearing in soil layer using geomechanical model test.Furthermore,the Gaoyuan Bridge damaged during Wenchuan Earthquake was taken as an example to study the effect of fault propagation on bridge foundation by changing the arrangement of the bridge to these two types of faults.Digital speckle correlation method and high speed camera were used to observe and analyze the process of the fault movement.We have studied the effect of fault dip angles and loading rates.The research results indicated that the failure process of discontinues reverse faults can be divided into four stages:elastic stage,fault coalescence stage,sliding stage and failure stage.The width of surface rupture zone,the uplifts of bedrock and sediment layer were statistics,which indicated the width of surface rupture zone and the uplift of the coplanar type were greater than the stepped one.The larger the fault dip angle,the wider the surface rupture zone was resulted.The uplift of bedrock was greater than the uplift of soil layer.The bridge perpendicular to the fault was damaged and no damage to the parallel one.
引文
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[14]Dai Shuhong,Ma Shengli,Pan Yishan,et al.Experimental study on rupture of buried reverse fault and its seimogeological significance[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(4):945-956.[代树红,马胜利,潘一山,等.隐伏逆断层破裂扩展特征的实验研究及其地震地质意义[J].地震地质,2008,30(4):945-956.]
[15]Li Jianmin,Feng Jian,Jin Dayong,et al.Elementary analysis of typical destroying condition and reason of bridges in “5.12”Wenchuan Earthquake area[J].Urban Roads Bridges&Flood Control,2008(8):26-27.[李建民,冯际安,金大勇,等.“5.12”汶川地震灾区桥梁典型损毁情况与原因浅析[J].城市道桥与防洪,2008(8):26-27.]
[16]Yao Lingkan,Chen Qiang.New research subjects on earthquake resistant techniques of line engineering extracted from“5.12”Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(3):43-50.[姚令侃,陈强.“5.12”汶川地震对线路工程抗震技术提出的新课题[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):43-50.]
[17]Huang Yong.The performance of girder bridges in Wenchuan Earthquake and a new method for seismic protection[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2008.28(5):20-26.[黄勇.汶川地震中梁式桥的震害和预防震害的新方法[J].地震工程与工程振动,2008,28(5):20-26.]
[18]Xie Heping,Tai Jiajia,Deng Jianhui,et al.Analysis of damage mechanism of Gaoyuan Bridge in Hongkou[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(3):51-55.[谢和平,台佳佳,邓建辉,等.虹口高原大桥的破坏机制分析[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):51-55.]
[19]Wong R H C,Chau K T.Crack coalescence in a rock-like material containing two cracks[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1998,35(2):147-164.
[20]Barton N R.A review of the shear strength of filled discontinuities in rock[M].Norwegian Geotech Inst Publ,1974.
[21]Obert L,Duval W I.Rock mechanics and the design of structures in rock[M].New York:Wiley,1967:650.
[22]Atkinson B K.Fracture mechanics of rock[M].New York:Elsevier,1987:155.
[23]Farmer I W.Engineering behaviour of rocks[M].2nd Ed.London:Chapman&Hall,1983:208.
[24]Goodman R E.Introduction to rock mechanics[M].2nd Ed.New York:John Wiley&Sons,1989:576.
[25]Yang Guanghui,Zhao Yunhong,Deng Taiping.Primary study on the geological suitability of using ground source heat pump technology in red ground,Sichuan[R].Sichuan Institute of Geological Engineering Investigation.[阳光辉,赵云红,邓太平.四川省红层区运用地源热泵技术的地质适宜性初探[R].四川省地质工程勘察院,成都,2008.]
[26]Wang Weimin,Zhao Lianfeng,Li Juan,et al.Rupture process of the M,8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51(5):1403-1410.[王卫民,赵连锋,李娟,等.四川汶川8.0级地震震源过程[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(5):1403-1410.]
[27]An Meiqi,Ding Lifeng,Wang Haizhong,et al.Research of property and activity of Longmen Mountain fault[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2004,24(2):115-119.[安美其,丁立丰,王海忠,等.龙门山断裂带的性质和活动性研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2004,24(2):115-119.]
[28]Ma Shaopeng.Development and application of digital speckle correlation method of failure of failure measurement of rock materials[D].Baijing:Tsinghua University,2003.[马少鹏.数字散斑相关方法在岩石破坏测量中的发展与应用[D].北京:清华大学,2003.]
[2]Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Yu Guihua,et al.Coseismic reverse- and oblique-slip surface faulting generated by the 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Geology,2009,37(6):515-518.
[3]Li Yong,Huang Runqiu,Densmore A L.Basic features and research progresses of Wenchuan Ms8.0Earthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(3):7-25.[李勇,黄润秋,Densmore A L.汶川8.0级地震的基本特征及其研究进展[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):7-25.]
[4]Zhou Qing,Xu Xiwei,Yu Guihua,et al.Investigaiton on widths of surface rupture zones of the MS8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake,Sichuan Province,China[J].Seismology and Geology,200830(3):778-788.[周庆,徐锡伟,于贵华,等.汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带宽度调查[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):778-788.]
[5]Wei Zhanyu,He Honglin,Dong Shaopeng,et al.Rupture analysis of the Wenchuan Earthquake at two observation stations by geometry and kinematics[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(4):630-643.[魏占玉,何宏林,董绍鹏,等.2008.从两个地表破裂点的几何学与运动学特征分析汶川地震的破裂方式[J].地震地质,30(4):630-643.]
[6]Li Xiguan,Yu Guihua,Xu Xiwei.Surface ruptures in bedrock of the MS8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(4):989-995.[李细光,于贵华,徐锡伟.汶川MS8.0地震基岩中的地表破裂[J].地震地质,2008,30(4):989-995.]
[7]Ran Yongkang,Chen Lichun,Chen Guihua,et al.Primary analysis of insitu recurrence of large earthquake along seismogenic fault of the MS8.0Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(4):630-643.[冉勇康,陈立春,陈桂华,等.汶川MS8.0地震发震断裂大地震原地重复现象初析[J].地震地质,2008,30(4):630-643.]
[8]Han Zhujun,Ran Yongkang,Xu Xiwei.Primary study on possible width and displacement of future surface rupture zone produced by active fault[J].Seismology and Geology,2002,24(4):484-494.[韩竹军,冉勇康,徐锡伟.隐伏活断层未来地表破裂带宽度与位错量初步研究[J].地震地质,2002,24(4):484-494.]
[9]Lade P V,Cole D A,Cummings D.Multiple failure surfaces over dip-slip faults[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1984,110:616-627.
[10]Bray J D,Seed R B,Cluff L S,et al.Earthquake fault rupture propagation through soil[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1994,120(3):543-561.
[11]Lin M L,Chung C F,Jeng F S.Deformation of overburden soil induced by thrust fault slip[J].Engineering Geology,2006,88(1-2):70-89.
[12]Guo Endong,Feng Qimin,Bo Jingshan,et al.Seismic test of soil site rupture under fault displacements[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2001,21(3):145-149.[郭恩栋,冯启民,薄景山,等.覆盖土层场地地震断裂实验[J].地震工程与工程振动,2001,21(3):145-149.]
[13]Zhao Lei,Li Xiaojun,Lei Da.Problems of rupturing process of overlaying soil due to fault dislocation of bedrock[J].Journal of Beijing University of Technology,2007,33(1):20-25.[赵雷,李小军,霍达.断层错动引发基岩上覆土层破裂问题[J].北京工业大学学报,2007,33(1):20-25.]
[14]Dai Shuhong,Ma Shengli,Pan Yishan,et al.Experimental study on rupture of buried reverse fault and its seimogeological significance[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(4):945-956.[代树红,马胜利,潘一山,等.隐伏逆断层破裂扩展特征的实验研究及其地震地质意义[J].地震地质,2008,30(4):945-956.]
[15]Li Jianmin,Feng Jian,Jin Dayong,et al.Elementary analysis of typical destroying condition and reason of bridges in “5.12”Wenchuan Earthquake area[J].Urban Roads Bridges&Flood Control,2008(8):26-27.[李建民,冯际安,金大勇,等.“5.12”汶川地震灾区桥梁典型损毁情况与原因浅析[J].城市道桥与防洪,2008(8):26-27.]
[16]Yao Lingkan,Chen Qiang.New research subjects on earthquake resistant techniques of line engineering extracted from“5.12”Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(3):43-50.[姚令侃,陈强.“5.12”汶川地震对线路工程抗震技术提出的新课题[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):43-50.]
[17]Huang Yong.The performance of girder bridges in Wenchuan Earthquake and a new method for seismic protection[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2008.28(5):20-26.[黄勇.汶川地震中梁式桥的震害和预防震害的新方法[J].地震工程与工程振动,2008,28(5):20-26.]
[18]Xie Heping,Tai Jiajia,Deng Jianhui,et al.Analysis of damage mechanism of Gaoyuan Bridge in Hongkou[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(3):51-55.[谢和平,台佳佳,邓建辉,等.虹口高原大桥的破坏机制分析[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):51-55.]
[19]Wong R H C,Chau K T.Crack coalescence in a rock-like material containing two cracks[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1998,35(2):147-164.
[20]Barton N R.A review of the shear strength of filled discontinuities in rock[M].Norwegian Geotech Inst Publ,1974.
[21]Obert L,Duval W I.Rock mechanics and the design of structures in rock[M].New York:Wiley,1967:650.
[22]Atkinson B K.Fracture mechanics of rock[M].New York:Elsevier,1987:155.
[23]Farmer I W.Engineering behaviour of rocks[M].2nd Ed.London:Chapman&Hall,1983:208.
[24]Goodman R E.Introduction to rock mechanics[M].2nd Ed.New York:John Wiley&Sons,1989:576.
[25]Yang Guanghui,Zhao Yunhong,Deng Taiping.Primary study on the geological suitability of using ground source heat pump technology in red ground,Sichuan[R].Sichuan Institute of Geological Engineering Investigation.[阳光辉,赵云红,邓太平.四川省红层区运用地源热泵技术的地质适宜性初探[R].四川省地质工程勘察院,成都,2008.]
[26]Wang Weimin,Zhao Lianfeng,Li Juan,et al.Rupture process of the M,8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51(5):1403-1410.[王卫民,赵连锋,李娟,等.四川汶川8.0级地震震源过程[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(5):1403-1410.]
[27]An Meiqi,Ding Lifeng,Wang Haizhong,et al.Research of property and activity of Longmen Mountain fault[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2004,24(2):115-119.[安美其,丁立丰,王海忠,等.龙门山断裂带的性质和活动性研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2004,24(2):115-119.]
[28]Ma Shaopeng.Development and application of digital speckle correlation method of failure of failure measurement of rock materials[D].Baijing:Tsinghua University,2003.[马少鹏.数字散斑相关方法在岩石破坏测量中的发展与应用[D].北京:清华大学,2003.]
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