隧道反射波超前探测有限差分正演模拟与偏移处理
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摘要
针对地下工程领域隧道不良地质灾害超前探测问题,构建断层、倾斜软弱夹层等地质灾害体的隧道介质模型,研究隧道反射波超前探测的波场传播机理与偏移成像问题。利用一阶速度-应力弹性波方程和高阶交错网格差分计算方法,导出隧道工程反射波探测数值模拟的差分计算格式、数值稳定性条件以及边界条件,对上述模型进行正演模拟,得到相应模型不同时刻的波场快照与地震合成记录;通过对这些模拟结果进行分析,验证高阶交错网格差分法在隧道波场正演中的有效性。在导出弹性波方程逆时延拓交错网格差分计算格式基础上,通过求解程函数方程,获取激发时间成像条件,进而得到隧道全波场逆时偏移算法及偏移处理程序,并应用于隧道波场偏移成像中。研究结果表明:采用高阶交错网格有限差分逆时偏移算法能使反射波归位,绕射波收敛,从而大大提高了隧道工程反射波探测的分辨率,为隧道超前探测资料的解释提供理论依据。
The propagation and imaging problem of detection ahead of mining tunnel with the reflection wave method in underground engineering were discussed.Based on the fact that the detection and forecasting for badness geological structures ahead of the tunneling are difficult,two tunneling conceptual geological models with such geological hazards in tunnels as fault,tilted weak interlayer in front of tunnel face were constructed.After high-order finite-difference format of wave equation,the free boundary conditions and artificial boundary conditions were deduced based on one-order velocity-stress elastic wave equation,the detection simulation ahead of tunnel face for these two models was implemented.Then,the wave field snapshots and forward records were acquired and discussed,and the validity of high-order finite-difference forward simulation method in tunnel wave field was illuminated.Staggered-grid finite-difference scheme for inverse time calculation was derived from Eikonal equation,the seismic travel time at each underground point in these two models was computed by upwind-finite-difference format,which was the excitation-time imaging condition in reverse-time migration.Then the reverse-time migration algorithm of tunnel wave field and migration processing program were gotten,and synthetic data of those models were applied.The wave-field characters and migrated sections were analyzed with different models using reflection wave methods.The results show that this migration algorithm can make the reflection wave return to the original position and diffraction wave converge,which offers the logical proof for reflection wave method for detection ahead of tunnel.
The propagation and imaging problem of detection ahead of mining tunnel with the reflection wave method in underground engineering were discussed.Based on the fact that the detection and forecasting for badness geological structures ahead of the tunneling are difficult,two tunneling conceptual geological models with such geological hazards in tunnels as fault,tilted weak interlayer in front of tunnel face were constructed.After high-order finite-difference format of wave equation,the free boundary conditions and artificial boundary conditions were deduced based on one-order velocity-stress elastic wave equation,the detection simulation ahead of tunnel face for these two models was implemented.Then,the wave field snapshots and forward records were acquired and discussed,and the validity of high-order finite-difference forward simulation method in tunnel wave field was illuminated.Staggered-grid finite-difference scheme for inverse time calculation was derived from Eikonal equation,the seismic travel time at each underground point in these two models was computed by upwind-finite-difference format,which was the excitation-time imaging condition in reverse-time migration.Then the reverse-time migration algorithm of tunnel wave field and migration processing program were gotten,and synthetic data of those models were applied.The wave-field characters and migrated sections were analyzed with different models using reflection wave methods.The results show that this migration algorithm can make the reflection wave return to the original position and diffraction wave converge,which offers the logical proof for reflection wave method for detection ahead of tunnel.
引文
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[13]张平松,吴健生.中国隧道及井巷地震波法超前探测技术研究分析[J].地球科学进展,2006,21(10):1033-1038.ZHANG Ping-song,WU Jian-sheng.Research and analysis offorward prediction technology using seismic reflection wave intunnel and laneway in china[J].Advance in Earth Science,2006,21(10):1033-1038.
[14]何振起,李海,梁颜忠.利用地震反射法进行隧道施工地质预报[J].铁道工程学报,2000(4):81-85.HE Zhen-qi,LI Hai,LIANG Yan-zhong.Geological superleading forecast during tunnel construction by utilizing seismicresponse analysis methods[J].Journal of Railway EngineeringSociety,2000(4):81-85.
[15]常旭,刘伊克,桂志先.反射地震零偏移距逆时偏移方法用于隧道超前预报[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(5):1482-1488.CHANG Xu,LIU Yi-ke,GUI Zhi-xian.Zero-offset reverse timemigration for prediction ahead of tunnel face[J].Chinese Journalof Geophysics,2006,49(5):1482-1488.
[16]Bohlen T,Lorang U.Rayleigh-to-shear wave conversion at thetunnel face From 3D-FD modeling to ahead-of-drillexploration[J].Geophysics,2007,72(6):T67-T79.
[17]董良国,马在田,曹景忠.一阶弹性波方程交错网格高阶差分法稳定性研究[J].地球物理学报,2000,43(6):856-864.DONG Liang-guo,MA Zai-tian,CAO Jing-zhong.A study onstability of the staggered-grid high-order difference method offirst-order elastic wave equation[J].Chinese Journal ofGeophysics,2000,43(6):856-864.
[18]Cerjian C,Kosloff D,Kosloff R,et al.A nonreflecting boundarycondition for discrete acoustic and elastic wave equations[J].Geophysics,1985,50(3):705-708.
[19]熊金良,李国发,王濮,等.地震波走时计算的逆风差分算法[J].物探化探计算技术,2004,26(4):295-298.XIONG Jin-liang,LI Guo-fa,WANG Pu,et al.Upwind finitedifference solution of eikonal equation[J].ComputingTechniques for Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2004,26(4):295-298.
[2]Madani H.Tunneling[M].2nd ed.Persian:Tehran PolytechnicUniversity Press,1998:15-70.
[3]钟世航.陆地声纳法的原理及其在铁路地质勘测和隧道施工中的应用[J].中国铁道科学,1995,16(4):48-55.ZHONG Shi-hang.The principle and application of land sonarmethod in railway geological survey and tunnel construction[J].China Railway Science,1995,16(4):48-55.
[4]曾昭璜.隧道地震反射法超前预报[J].地球物理学报,1994,37(2):268-271.ZENG Zhao-huang.Prediction ahead of the tunnel face by theseismic reflection methods[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1994,37(2):268-271.
[5]Inazaki T,Isahai H,Kawamura S,et al.Stepwise application ofhorizontal seismic profiling for tunnel prediction ahead of theface[J].The Leading Edge,1999,18(12):1429-1431.
[6]Neil D,Haramy K,Hanson D,et al.Tomography to evaluate siteconditions during tunneling[C]//3rd National Conference of theGeo-Institute,American Society of Civil Engineers.Geotechnical Special Publication,1999:13-17.
[7]Kneib G,Kassel A,Lorenz K.Automated seismic predictionahead of the tunnel boring machine[J].First Break,2000,18(7):295-302.
[8]Borm G,Giese R,Klose C,et al.ISIS integrated seismic imagingsystem for the geologic prediction ahead in undergroundconstruction[C]//65th Annual Conference and Exhibition,EAGE,Extended Abstracts.Norway,2003:887-899.
[9]Zhao Y G,Jiang H,Zhao X P.Tunnel seismic tomographymethod for geological prediction and its application[J].AppliedGeophysics,2006,3(2):69-74.
[10]Dickmann T,Sander B.Drivage concurrent tunnel seismicprediction[J].Felsbau-rock and Soil Engineering,1996,14(1):406-411.
[11]梁庆华,宋劲.矿井多波多分量地震勘探超前探测原理与实验研究[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,2009,40(5):1392-1398.LIANG Qing-hua,SONG Jin.Advanced detection theory andexperimental research of multi-wave and multi-componentseismic exploration in mine[J].Journal of Central SouthUniversity:Science and Technology,2009,40(5):1392-1398.
[12]宋先海,顾汉明,肖伯勋.我国隧道地质超前预报技术述评[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2):605-613.SONG Xian-hai,GU Han-ming,XIAO Bo-xun.Overview oftunnel geological advanced prediction in China[J].Progress inGeophysics,2006,21(2):605-613.
[13]张平松,吴健生.中国隧道及井巷地震波法超前探测技术研究分析[J].地球科学进展,2006,21(10):1033-1038.ZHANG Ping-song,WU Jian-sheng.Research and analysis offorward prediction technology using seismic reflection wave intunnel and laneway in china[J].Advance in Earth Science,2006,21(10):1033-1038.
[14]何振起,李海,梁颜忠.利用地震反射法进行隧道施工地质预报[J].铁道工程学报,2000(4):81-85.HE Zhen-qi,LI Hai,LIANG Yan-zhong.Geological superleading forecast during tunnel construction by utilizing seismicresponse analysis methods[J].Journal of Railway EngineeringSociety,2000(4):81-85.
[15]常旭,刘伊克,桂志先.反射地震零偏移距逆时偏移方法用于隧道超前预报[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(5):1482-1488.CHANG Xu,LIU Yi-ke,GUI Zhi-xian.Zero-offset reverse timemigration for prediction ahead of tunnel face[J].Chinese Journalof Geophysics,2006,49(5):1482-1488.
[16]Bohlen T,Lorang U.Rayleigh-to-shear wave conversion at thetunnel face From 3D-FD modeling to ahead-of-drillexploration[J].Geophysics,2007,72(6):T67-T79.
[17]董良国,马在田,曹景忠.一阶弹性波方程交错网格高阶差分法稳定性研究[J].地球物理学报,2000,43(6):856-864.DONG Liang-guo,MA Zai-tian,CAO Jing-zhong.A study onstability of the staggered-grid high-order difference method offirst-order elastic wave equation[J].Chinese Journal ofGeophysics,2000,43(6):856-864.
[18]Cerjian C,Kosloff D,Kosloff R,et al.A nonreflecting boundarycondition for discrete acoustic and elastic wave equations[J].Geophysics,1985,50(3):705-708.
[19]熊金良,李国发,王濮,等.地震波走时计算的逆风差分算法[J].物探化探计算技术,2004,26(4):295-298.XIONG Jin-liang,LI Guo-fa,WANG Pu,et al.Upwind finitedifference solution of eikonal equation[J].ComputingTechniques for Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2004,26(4):295-298.
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