断层分布及几何形态对川西及邻区应变分配的影响
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摘要
川西及邻区分布着中国大陆数条重要的活动断裂带,这些断裂带上的滑动速率与地震活动有很大差异,如鲜水河断裂带的滑动速率在10mm/a以上,该断裂带上大地震频繁发生;而龙门山断裂带的滑动速率很小,虽然该断裂带上地震活动不频繁,但也发生了2008年5月12日汶川Ms8.0级大地震.利用弹黏塑性三维有限元模型,研究川西地区断裂带的几何形态及走向变化对断层滑动速率及区域应变分配影响.结果表明:鲜水河-小江断裂带的滑动速率随着断裂带几何分布及其走向呈现分段特征.结构简单,走向平直的分段滑动速率大;结构复杂,走向变化大的分段滑动速率低,区域应变主要集中在断裂带走向发生急剧变化的分段附近.鲜水河-小江断裂带中段的应变分配受到安宁河-则木河断裂带与大凉山断裂带相互作用的影响.龙门山断裂带的走向与青藏高原的挤出方向近乎垂直,断层活动以逆冲为主,滑动速率较低.
引文
1张培震.青藏高原东缘川西地区的现今构造变形、应变分配与深部动力过程.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2008,38:1041—1056
2Wang E,Burchfield B C,Royden L H,et al.Late Cenozoic Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang,Red River,and Dali Fault Systems of Southwestern Sichuan and Central Yunnan,China.Geol Soc Amer Spec Paper,1998,327:1—108
3Allen C R,Luo Z,Qian H,et al.Field study of a highly active fault zone:The Xianshuihe fault zone of southwestern China.Geol Soc Am Bull,1991,103:1178—1199
4Burchfiel B C,Chen Z,Liu Y,et al.Tectonics of the Longmen Shan and adjacent regions.Int Geol Rev,1995,37:661—735
5徐锡伟,闻学泽,郑荣章,等.川滇地区活动块体最新构造变动样式及其动力来源.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2003,33(增刊):151—162
6Shen Z,LüJ,Wang M,et al.Contemporary crustal deformation around the southeast borderland of the Tibetan Plateau.J Geophys Res,2005,110:B11409,doi:10.1029/2004JB003421
7张培震,王敏,甘卫军,等.GPS观测的活动断裂滑动速率及其对现今大陆动力作用的制约.地学前缘,2003,10(特刊):81—92
8Meade B J,Hager B H.Block models of crustal motion in southern California constrained by GPS measurements.J Geophys Res,2005,110:B03403,doi:10.1029/2004JB003209
9Bennett R A,Friedrich A M,Furlong K P.Codependent histories of the San Andreas and San Jacinto fault zones from inversion of fault displacement rates.Geology,2004,32:961—964,doi:10.1130/G20806.1
10He J K,Lu S J.Lower friction of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system and its effect on active deformation around the south-eastern Tibetan margin.Terr Nova,2007,19:204—210,doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2007.00735.x
11Li Q S,Liu M.Geometrical impact of the San Andreas Fault on stress and seismicity in California.Geophys Res Lett,2006,33:L08302,doi:10.1029/2005GL025661
12丁国瑜,田勤俭,孔凡臣,等.活断层分段—原则、方法及应用.北京:地震出版社,1993
13Li Q S,Liu M.Initiation of the San Jacinto Fault and its interaction with the San Anreas Fault:Insights from geodynamic modeling.Pure Appl Geophys,2007,164:1937—1945,doi:10.1007/s00024-007-0262-z
14Molnar P.Continental tectonics in the aftermath of plate tectonics.Nature,1988,335:131—137
15Royden L H,Burchfiel B C,King R W,et al.Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet.Science,1997,276:788—790
16Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,Wang M,et al.Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data.Geology,2004,32:809—812,doi:10.1130/G20554.1
17张国民,汪素云,李丽,等.中国大陆地震震源深度及其构造含义.科学通报,2002,47:663—668
18朱艾斓,徐锡伟,周永胜,等.川西地区小震重新定位及其活动构造意义.地球物理学报,2005,48:629—636
19Wang Y.Heat flow pattern and lateral variations of lithosphere strength in China mainland:Constraintes on active deformation.Phys Earth Planet Inter,2001,126:121—146
20石耀霖,曹建玲.中国大陆岩石圈等效黏滞系数的计算和讨论.地学前缘,2008,15:82—95
21徐锡伟,张培震,闻学泽,等.川西及其邻近地区活动构造基本特征与强震复发模型.地震地质,2005,27:446—461
22申旭辉,陈正位,许任德,等.凉山活动构造带晚新生代变形特征与位移规模.地震地质,2000,22:232—238
23周荣军,何玉林,黄祖智,等.鲜水河断裂带乾宁-康定段的滑动速率与强震复发间隔.地震学报,2001,23:250—261
24任金卫.则木河断裂晚第四纪位移及滑动速率.地震地质,1994,16:146
25周荣军,黎小刚,黄祖智,等.四川大凉山断裂带的晚第四纪平均滑动速率.地震研究,2003,26:191—196
26何宏林,池田安隆,何玉林,等.新生的大凉山断裂带—鲜水河-小江断裂系中段的裁弯取直.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2008,38:564—574
27宋方敏,汪一鹏,俞维贤,等.小江活动断裂带.北京:地震出版社,1998
28邓起东,张培震,冉勇康,等.中国活动构造基本特征.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2002,32:1020—1030
29Burchfiel B C,Royden L H,van der Hilst R D,et al.A geological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of12May2008,Sichuan,People’s Republic of China.GSA Today,2008,18:4—11,doi:10.1130/GSATG18A.1
30Liu M,Yang Y Q,Stein S,et al.Crustal shortening in the Andes:Why do GPS rates differ from geological rates-Geophys Res Lett,2000,27:3005—3008
31Chevalier M L,Ryerson F J,Tapponnier P,et al.Slip-rate measurements on the Karakorum Fault may imply secular variations in fault motion.Science,2005,307:411—414
32Li Q S,Liu M,Zhang H.A3D visco-elasto-plastic model for simulating long-term slip on non-planar faults.Geophys J Int,2009,176:293—306,doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03962.x
33滕吉文,曾融生,闫雅芬,等.东亚大陆及周边海域Moho界面深度分布和基本构造格局.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2002,32:89—100
34Li S L,Mooney W D,Fan J C.Crustal structure of mainland China from deep seismic sounding data.Tectonophysics,2006,2006:239—252,doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.01.026
35Yang Z X,Waldhauser F,Chen Y T,et al.Double-difference relocation of earthquakes in central-western China,1992—1999.J Seismol,2005,9:241—264
36Wang C Y,Chan W W,Mooney W D.Three-dimensional velocity structure of crust and upper mantle in southwestern China and its tectonic implications.J Geophys Res,2003,108:2442,doi:10.1029/2002JB001973
37Royden L H,Burchfiel B C,van der Hilst R D.The geological evolution of the Tibetan Plateau.Science,2008,321:1054—1058,doi:10.1126/science.1155371
38Chen Z,Burchfiel B C,Liu Y,et al.Global Positioning System measurements from eastern Tibet and their implications for India/Eurasia intercontinental deformation.J Geophys Res,2000,105:16215—16227
39King R W,Shen F,Burchfiel B C,et al.Geodetic measurement of crustal motion in southwest China.Geology,1997,25:179—182
40Clark M K,Royden L H.Topographic ooze:Building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow.Geology,2000,28:703—706
41Clark M K,Bush J W M,Royden L H.Dynamic topography produced by lower crustal flow against rheological strength heterogeneities bordering the Tibetan Plateau.Geophys J Int,2005,162:575—590,doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02580.x
42Wang C Y,Flesch L M,Silver P G,et al.Evidence for mechanically coupled lithosphere in central Asia and resulting implications.Geology,2008,36:363—366,doi:10.1130/G24450A.1
43Flesch L M,Holt W E,Silver P G,et al.Constraining the extent of crust-mantle coupling in central Asia using GPS,geologic,and shear wave splitting data.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2005,238:248—268
44韩渭宾,蒋国芳.大凉山断裂带与安宁河-则木河断裂带的地震活动性分析.地震研究,2005,28:207—212
45李坪.鲜水河-小江断裂带.北京:地震出版社,1993
46何宏林,池田安隆.安宁河断裂带晚第四纪运动特征及模式的讨论.地震学报,2007,29:537—548
47Chen S F,Wilson C J L,Deng Q D,et al.Active faulting and block movement associated with large earthquakes in the Min-Shan and Longmen mountains,northeastern Tibetan Plateau.J Geophys Res,1994,99:24025—24038
48England P,Molnar P.Active deformation of Asia:From Kinematics to dynamics.Science,1997,278:647—650
49张国民,马宏生,王辉,等.中国大陆活动地块边界带与强震活动.地球物理学报,2005,48:602—610
50Densmore A L,Ellis M A,Li Y,et al.Active tectonics of the Beichuan and Pengguan faults at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,2007,26:TC4005,doi:10.1029/2006TC001987
51张东宁,袁松涌,沈正康.青藏高原现代地壳运动与活动断裂带关系的模拟实验.地球物理学报,2006,50:153—162
52许志琴,侯立玮王宗秀,等.中国松潘-甘孜造山带的造山过程.北京:地质出版社,1992
53向宏发,徐锡伟,虢顺民,等.丽江-小金河断裂第四纪以来的左旋逆推运动及其构造地质意义—陆内活动地块横向构造的屏蔽作用.地震地质,2002,24:188—198
2Wang E,Burchfield B C,Royden L H,et al.Late Cenozoic Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang,Red River,and Dali Fault Systems of Southwestern Sichuan and Central Yunnan,China.Geol Soc Amer Spec Paper,1998,327:1—108
3Allen C R,Luo Z,Qian H,et al.Field study of a highly active fault zone:The Xianshuihe fault zone of southwestern China.Geol Soc Am Bull,1991,103:1178—1199
4Burchfiel B C,Chen Z,Liu Y,et al.Tectonics of the Longmen Shan and adjacent regions.Int Geol Rev,1995,37:661—735
5徐锡伟,闻学泽,郑荣章,等.川滇地区活动块体最新构造变动样式及其动力来源.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2003,33(增刊):151—162
6Shen Z,LüJ,Wang M,et al.Contemporary crustal deformation around the southeast borderland of the Tibetan Plateau.J Geophys Res,2005,110:B11409,doi:10.1029/2004JB003421
7张培震,王敏,甘卫军,等.GPS观测的活动断裂滑动速率及其对现今大陆动力作用的制约.地学前缘,2003,10(特刊):81—92
8Meade B J,Hager B H.Block models of crustal motion in southern California constrained by GPS measurements.J Geophys Res,2005,110:B03403,doi:10.1029/2004JB003209
9Bennett R A,Friedrich A M,Furlong K P.Codependent histories of the San Andreas and San Jacinto fault zones from inversion of fault displacement rates.Geology,2004,32:961—964,doi:10.1130/G20806.1
10He J K,Lu S J.Lower friction of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system and its effect on active deformation around the south-eastern Tibetan margin.Terr Nova,2007,19:204—210,doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2007.00735.x
11Li Q S,Liu M.Geometrical impact of the San Andreas Fault on stress and seismicity in California.Geophys Res Lett,2006,33:L08302,doi:10.1029/2005GL025661
12丁国瑜,田勤俭,孔凡臣,等.活断层分段—原则、方法及应用.北京:地震出版社,1993
13Li Q S,Liu M.Initiation of the San Jacinto Fault and its interaction with the San Anreas Fault:Insights from geodynamic modeling.Pure Appl Geophys,2007,164:1937—1945,doi:10.1007/s00024-007-0262-z
14Molnar P.Continental tectonics in the aftermath of plate tectonics.Nature,1988,335:131—137
15Royden L H,Burchfiel B C,King R W,et al.Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet.Science,1997,276:788—790
16Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,Wang M,et al.Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data.Geology,2004,32:809—812,doi:10.1130/G20554.1
17张国民,汪素云,李丽,等.中国大陆地震震源深度及其构造含义.科学通报,2002,47:663—668
18朱艾斓,徐锡伟,周永胜,等.川西地区小震重新定位及其活动构造意义.地球物理学报,2005,48:629—636
19Wang Y.Heat flow pattern and lateral variations of lithosphere strength in China mainland:Constraintes on active deformation.Phys Earth Planet Inter,2001,126:121—146
20石耀霖,曹建玲.中国大陆岩石圈等效黏滞系数的计算和讨论.地学前缘,2008,15:82—95
21徐锡伟,张培震,闻学泽,等.川西及其邻近地区活动构造基本特征与强震复发模型.地震地质,2005,27:446—461
22申旭辉,陈正位,许任德,等.凉山活动构造带晚新生代变形特征与位移规模.地震地质,2000,22:232—238
23周荣军,何玉林,黄祖智,等.鲜水河断裂带乾宁-康定段的滑动速率与强震复发间隔.地震学报,2001,23:250—261
24任金卫.则木河断裂晚第四纪位移及滑动速率.地震地质,1994,16:146
25周荣军,黎小刚,黄祖智,等.四川大凉山断裂带的晚第四纪平均滑动速率.地震研究,2003,26:191—196
26何宏林,池田安隆,何玉林,等.新生的大凉山断裂带—鲜水河-小江断裂系中段的裁弯取直.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2008,38:564—574
27宋方敏,汪一鹏,俞维贤,等.小江活动断裂带.北京:地震出版社,1998
28邓起东,张培震,冉勇康,等.中国活动构造基本特征.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2002,32:1020—1030
29Burchfiel B C,Royden L H,van der Hilst R D,et al.A geological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of12May2008,Sichuan,People’s Republic of China.GSA Today,2008,18:4—11,doi:10.1130/GSATG18A.1
30Liu M,Yang Y Q,Stein S,et al.Crustal shortening in the Andes:Why do GPS rates differ from geological rates-Geophys Res Lett,2000,27:3005—3008
31Chevalier M L,Ryerson F J,Tapponnier P,et al.Slip-rate measurements on the Karakorum Fault may imply secular variations in fault motion.Science,2005,307:411—414
32Li Q S,Liu M,Zhang H.A3D visco-elasto-plastic model for simulating long-term slip on non-planar faults.Geophys J Int,2009,176:293—306,doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03962.x
33滕吉文,曾融生,闫雅芬,等.东亚大陆及周边海域Moho界面深度分布和基本构造格局.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2002,32:89—100
34Li S L,Mooney W D,Fan J C.Crustal structure of mainland China from deep seismic sounding data.Tectonophysics,2006,2006:239—252,doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.01.026
35Yang Z X,Waldhauser F,Chen Y T,et al.Double-difference relocation of earthquakes in central-western China,1992—1999.J Seismol,2005,9:241—264
36Wang C Y,Chan W W,Mooney W D.Three-dimensional velocity structure of crust and upper mantle in southwestern China and its tectonic implications.J Geophys Res,2003,108:2442,doi:10.1029/2002JB001973
37Royden L H,Burchfiel B C,van der Hilst R D.The geological evolution of the Tibetan Plateau.Science,2008,321:1054—1058,doi:10.1126/science.1155371
38Chen Z,Burchfiel B C,Liu Y,et al.Global Positioning System measurements from eastern Tibet and their implications for India/Eurasia intercontinental deformation.J Geophys Res,2000,105:16215—16227
39King R W,Shen F,Burchfiel B C,et al.Geodetic measurement of crustal motion in southwest China.Geology,1997,25:179—182
40Clark M K,Royden L H.Topographic ooze:Building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow.Geology,2000,28:703—706
41Clark M K,Bush J W M,Royden L H.Dynamic topography produced by lower crustal flow against rheological strength heterogeneities bordering the Tibetan Plateau.Geophys J Int,2005,162:575—590,doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02580.x
42Wang C Y,Flesch L M,Silver P G,et al.Evidence for mechanically coupled lithosphere in central Asia and resulting implications.Geology,2008,36:363—366,doi:10.1130/G24450A.1
43Flesch L M,Holt W E,Silver P G,et al.Constraining the extent of crust-mantle coupling in central Asia using GPS,geologic,and shear wave splitting data.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2005,238:248—268
44韩渭宾,蒋国芳.大凉山断裂带与安宁河-则木河断裂带的地震活动性分析.地震研究,2005,28:207—212
45李坪.鲜水河-小江断裂带.北京:地震出版社,1993
46何宏林,池田安隆.安宁河断裂带晚第四纪运动特征及模式的讨论.地震学报,2007,29:537—548
47Chen S F,Wilson C J L,Deng Q D,et al.Active faulting and block movement associated with large earthquakes in the Min-Shan and Longmen mountains,northeastern Tibetan Plateau.J Geophys Res,1994,99:24025—24038
48England P,Molnar P.Active deformation of Asia:From Kinematics to dynamics.Science,1997,278:647—650
49张国民,马宏生,王辉,等.中国大陆活动地块边界带与强震活动.地球物理学报,2005,48:602—610
50Densmore A L,Ellis M A,Li Y,et al.Active tectonics of the Beichuan and Pengguan faults at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,2007,26:TC4005,doi:10.1029/2006TC001987
51张东宁,袁松涌,沈正康.青藏高原现代地壳运动与活动断裂带关系的模拟实验.地球物理学报,2006,50:153—162
52许志琴,侯立玮王宗秀,等.中国松潘-甘孜造山带的造山过程.北京:地质出版社,1992
53向宏发,徐锡伟,虢顺民,等.丽江-小金河断裂第四纪以来的左旋逆推运动及其构造地质意义—陆内活动地块横向构造的屏蔽作用.地震地质,2002,24:188—198
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