超声波速度测定中影响因素的实验研究
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摘要
超声波测波速时,会受到样品长度、换能器频率、信号放大倍数以及耦合剂和耦合力等因素影响.为了定量地了解这些因素对测量结果的影响,本文用550 KHz、50 KHz二种频率换能器测量了近百块不同长度、空气干燥样品的波速.发现波速随长度的增加由一维"杆"中的波速逐渐增大并稳定在三维"无限大"中的波速,在此过程中长度对550 KHz波速变化的影响要小于50 KHz;一定长度后,频散趋于稳定且与样品Q值有关;波速随信号放大倍数、耦合剂的使用及耦合强度增大而增大.实验数据与波动理论、波速频散公式相符合.利用结果对Q<30的样品用频散法进行了Q测量,与频谱振幅比法结果有1%～11%相差;对地震仪和声波仪频率下测得的岩体完整性系数频散修正后二者平均相差由8%降到1.4%.
During ultrasonic velocity measurements,the result would be affected by the length of the samples,the transducer's frequency,signal amplification,coupling agents,coupling strength and other factors.In order to quantitatively understand these factors on the results,two different frequencies(550 KHz,50 KHz) transducers are used to measure the velocities of nearly a hundred samples with different lengths.It was found that,with the increase of the length,the velocity changes from the velocity of one-dimensional "bar" to the velocity of threedimensional "infinity".In this process,the impact of the length on 550 KHz's velocity was less than that on 50 KHz's;after a certain length,dispersion became a stable value which related to the sample's Q;velocity increased with the signal amplification,coupling agents and coupling strength.The results are consistent with the wave theory and dispersion formula.By the dispersion formula,the results of Q from dispersion method has a difference of 11% according to the spectral amplitude ratio method for the samples(Q<30).After the dispersion correction,the average difference between the coefficient of rock mass integrity tested by seismograph and the one by acoustic instrument decreases to 1.4%from 8%.
During ultrasonic velocity measurements,the result would be affected by the length of the samples,the transducer's frequency,signal amplification,coupling agents,coupling strength and other factors.In order to quantitatively understand these factors on the results,two different frequencies(550 KHz,50 KHz) transducers are used to measure the velocities of nearly a hundred samples with different lengths.It was found that,with the increase of the length,the velocity changes from the velocity of one-dimensional "bar" to the velocity of threedimensional "infinity".In this process,the impact of the length on 550 KHz's velocity was less than that on 50 KHz's;after a certain length,dispersion became a stable value which related to the sample's Q;velocity increased with the signal amplification,coupling agents and coupling strength.The results are consistent with the wave theory and dispersion formula.By the dispersion formula,the results of Q from dispersion method has a difference of 11% according to the spectral amplitude ratio method for the samples(Q<30).After the dispersion correction,the average difference between the coefficient of rock mass integrity tested by seismograph and the one by acoustic instrument decreases to 1.4%from 8%.
引文
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[4]黄忠贤,胥颐,郝天珧等.中国东部海域岩石圈结构面波层析成像[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(3):653-662. Huang Z X,Xu Y,Hao T Y,et al.Surface wave tomography of lithospheric structure in the seas of east China[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(3):653-662.
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[6]Hearst J R,Nelson P H,Paillet F L.Well logging for physical properties[M],2nd edition,Chichester:John Wiley,2000.
[7]Mavko G,Mukerji T,Dvorkin J.The rock physics handbook: tools for seismic analysis in Porous Media[M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1998.
[8]Schon J H.Physical properties of rocks:Fundamentals and principles of petrophysics[M].Oxford:Pergamon Press, 1996.
[9]Birch F.The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10kb [J].J.Geophys.Res.,1961,66:2199-2224.
[10]Gebrande H,Kern H,Rummel F.Elastisity and inelasticity [M].New York:Springer-Verlag,1982.
[11]Han D H,Nur A,Morgan D.Effects of porosity and clay content on wave velocities in sandstones[J].Geophysics, 1986,51:2093-2107.
[12]Wyllie M R J,Gregory A R,Gardner L W.Elastic wave velocities in heterogeneous and porous media[J].Geophysics, 1956,21(129):41-70.
[13]刘洋,刘财,杨宝俊,王典,王建民,王兆湖.松辽盆地北部纵波速度区域特征分析及深层油气问题[J].地球物理学进展, 2008,23(3):785-792. Liu Y,Liu C,Yang B J,Wang D,Wang J M,Wang Z H. Regional characteristic analysis of P-wave velocity and deep oil-gas in the northern Songliao basin[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(3):785-792.
[14]刘明军,李松林,方盛明,等.利用地震波速研究青藏高原东北缘地壳组成及其动力学[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(2):412 -430. Liu M J,Li S L,Fang S M,et al.Study on crustal composition and geodynamics using seismic velocities in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau[J].Chinese J. Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(2):412—430.
[15]胡家富,胡毅力,夏静瑜,陈赟,赵宏,杨海燕.0140缅甸弧及邻区的壳幔S波速度结构与动力学过程[J].地球物理学报, 2008,51(1):140-148. Hu J F,Hu YL,Xia Y,Chen Y,Zhao H.YangH Y.Crustmantle velocity structure of S wave and dynamic process beneath Burma Arc and its adjacent regions[J].Chinese J. Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,50(1):140-148.
[16]孙安辉,赵大鹏,池田伦治,陈顒,山田朗,陈棋福,大野裕记,西坂直树.西南日本地区地壳P、S波速度结构与地震活动的关系[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(4):1013-1022. Sun A H,Zhao D P,Ikeda M,Chen Y,Yamada A,Chen Q F, Ohno Y,Nishizaka N.3-D P and S wave velocity structure and its relationship to seismic and volcanic activity in Southwest Japan[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23 (4):1013-1022.
[17]罗桂纯,葛洪魁,王宝善,胡平,陈顒.利用相关检测进行地震波速变化精确测量研究进展[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23 (1):56-62. Luo G C,Ge H K,Wang B S,Hu P,Chen Y.Process in precise measurement of seismic velocity variation by correlated detection[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(1):56-62.
[18]Michael S.King.The development of rock physics in seismology exploration.Geophysics,2005 7(6):3-8.
[19]施行觉等,岩石初动隐伏效应对波速测量影响[J].地球物理学报.1995,38卷,增刊1,310-315. Shi X J,Lu Z G et at.The influence of pedestal effect on wave velocity measurement[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1995,38(1):310-315.
[20]Arindam B,Adnan A.Evaluation of Ultrasonic Testing in Rock Material Characterization[J],Geotechnical Testing Journal,2006,Vol.29,No.2:1 -9.
[21]陈顒,地壳岩石的力学性能——理论基础与实验方法[M].北京:地震出版社,1988. Chen Y.The mechanical properties of crustal rockstheoretical basis and experimental methods[M].Beijing: Earthquake Press,1988.
[22]尹祥初,固体力学[M].北京:地震岀版社,1986. Yi X C,Solid Mechanics[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press, 1986.
[23]ISRM,1978,Suggested Method for Determining Sound Velocity [R],Int.J.RockMech.Mm.Sci.Geomech,15(2).53-58.
[24]Winkler,K W.Estimates of velocity dispersion between seismic and ultrasonic frequencies[J].Geophysics,1986 51,183- 189.
[25]Jones T D.Pore fluids and frequency-dependent wave propagation [J].Geophysics,1986,51,1939-1953.
[26]Blair D P.A direct comparison between vibrational resonance and pulse transmission data for assessment of seismic attenuation in rock[J].Geophysics,1990,55:51- 60.
[27]Mavko G.D,Jizba.Estimating grain-scale effects on velocity dispersion in rocks[J].Geophysics,1991,56:1931-1940.
[28]Toksoz,M N,Johnston,D H,and Timur A.Attenuation of seismic waves in dry and saturated rocks:I.Laboratory measurements[J].Geophysics,1979,20:53-67.
[29]Tang X M.A waveform inversion technique for measuring elastic wave attenuation using cylindrical bars[J]. Geophysics,1992,57:854-859.
[30]Aki,Keiiti.Quantitative seismology volume I[M].W.H. FREEMAN AND COMPANY,1980.
[31]Kjartansson,E.Constant-Q wave propagation and attenuation [J].J.Geophys.Res.,1979,84:4737-4738.
[32]胡文寿,张显志.论工程岩体完整性的评价方法[J].西安工程学院学报,2001,23(3):51-52. Hu W T,Zhang X Z.Evaluating ways about the integrity of the engineering rock mass[J].Journal of Xi'an Engineering University,2001,23(3):51-52.
[33]林尤元,颜挚.Kv法在判定岩体完整性中的应用[J].华南地震,2006,26(2):83. Lin Y Y,Yan Z.Application of the Kv method to the Judgement of Rock Mass Integrality[J].South China Journal of Seismology,2006,26(2):83.
[2]于湘伟,陈运泰,张怀.京津唐地区地壳三维P波速度结构与地震活动性分析[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(8):1817-1828. Yu X W,Chen Y T,Zhang H.Three dimensional crustal Pwave velocity structure and seismicity analysis in BeijingTianjin -Tangshan Region[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(8):1817 -1828.
[3]杨峰,黄金莉,杨挺.应用远震有限频率层析成像反演首都圈上地幔速度结构[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(8):1806-1816. Yang F,Huang J L,Yang T.Upper mantle structure beneath the Chinese capital region from teleseismic finite-frequency tomography[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53 (8):1806-1816.
[4]黄忠贤,胥颐,郝天珧等.中国东部海域岩石圈结构面波层析成像[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(3):653-662. Huang Z X,Xu Y,Hao T Y,et al.Surface wave tomography of lithospheric structure in the seas of east China[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(3):653-662.
[5]Anstey N A.Velocity in thin section[M].First Break,1991, 9(10):449-457.
[6]Hearst J R,Nelson P H,Paillet F L.Well logging for physical properties[M],2nd edition,Chichester:John Wiley,2000.
[7]Mavko G,Mukerji T,Dvorkin J.The rock physics handbook: tools for seismic analysis in Porous Media[M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1998.
[8]Schon J H.Physical properties of rocks:Fundamentals and principles of petrophysics[M].Oxford:Pergamon Press, 1996.
[9]Birch F.The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10kb [J].J.Geophys.Res.,1961,66:2199-2224.
[10]Gebrande H,Kern H,Rummel F.Elastisity and inelasticity [M].New York:Springer-Verlag,1982.
[11]Han D H,Nur A,Morgan D.Effects of porosity and clay content on wave velocities in sandstones[J].Geophysics, 1986,51:2093-2107.
[12]Wyllie M R J,Gregory A R,Gardner L W.Elastic wave velocities in heterogeneous and porous media[J].Geophysics, 1956,21(129):41-70.
[13]刘洋,刘财,杨宝俊,王典,王建民,王兆湖.松辽盆地北部纵波速度区域特征分析及深层油气问题[J].地球物理学进展, 2008,23(3):785-792. Liu Y,Liu C,Yang B J,Wang D,Wang J M,Wang Z H. Regional characteristic analysis of P-wave velocity and deep oil-gas in the northern Songliao basin[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(3):785-792.
[14]刘明军,李松林,方盛明,等.利用地震波速研究青藏高原东北缘地壳组成及其动力学[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(2):412 -430. Liu M J,Li S L,Fang S M,et al.Study on crustal composition and geodynamics using seismic velocities in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau[J].Chinese J. Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(2):412—430.
[15]胡家富,胡毅力,夏静瑜,陈赟,赵宏,杨海燕.0140缅甸弧及邻区的壳幔S波速度结构与动力学过程[J].地球物理学报, 2008,51(1):140-148. Hu J F,Hu YL,Xia Y,Chen Y,Zhao H.YangH Y.Crustmantle velocity structure of S wave and dynamic process beneath Burma Arc and its adjacent regions[J].Chinese J. Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,50(1):140-148.
[16]孙安辉,赵大鹏,池田伦治,陈顒,山田朗,陈棋福,大野裕记,西坂直树.西南日本地区地壳P、S波速度结构与地震活动的关系[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(4):1013-1022. Sun A H,Zhao D P,Ikeda M,Chen Y,Yamada A,Chen Q F, Ohno Y,Nishizaka N.3-D P and S wave velocity structure and its relationship to seismic and volcanic activity in Southwest Japan[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23 (4):1013-1022.
[17]罗桂纯,葛洪魁,王宝善,胡平,陈顒.利用相关检测进行地震波速变化精确测量研究进展[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23 (1):56-62. Luo G C,Ge H K,Wang B S,Hu P,Chen Y.Process in precise measurement of seismic velocity variation by correlated detection[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(1):56-62.
[18]Michael S.King.The development of rock physics in seismology exploration.Geophysics,2005 7(6):3-8.
[19]施行觉等,岩石初动隐伏效应对波速测量影响[J].地球物理学报.1995,38卷,增刊1,310-315. Shi X J,Lu Z G et at.The influence of pedestal effect on wave velocity measurement[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1995,38(1):310-315.
[20]Arindam B,Adnan A.Evaluation of Ultrasonic Testing in Rock Material Characterization[J],Geotechnical Testing Journal,2006,Vol.29,No.2:1 -9.
[21]陈顒,地壳岩石的力学性能——理论基础与实验方法[M].北京:地震出版社,1988. Chen Y.The mechanical properties of crustal rockstheoretical basis and experimental methods[M].Beijing: Earthquake Press,1988.
[22]尹祥初,固体力学[M].北京:地震岀版社,1986. Yi X C,Solid Mechanics[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press, 1986.
[23]ISRM,1978,Suggested Method for Determining Sound Velocity [R],Int.J.RockMech.Mm.Sci.Geomech,15(2).53-58.
[24]Winkler,K W.Estimates of velocity dispersion between seismic and ultrasonic frequencies[J].Geophysics,1986 51,183- 189.
[25]Jones T D.Pore fluids and frequency-dependent wave propagation [J].Geophysics,1986,51,1939-1953.
[26]Blair D P.A direct comparison between vibrational resonance and pulse transmission data for assessment of seismic attenuation in rock[J].Geophysics,1990,55:51- 60.
[27]Mavko G.D,Jizba.Estimating grain-scale effects on velocity dispersion in rocks[J].Geophysics,1991,56:1931-1940.
[28]Toksoz,M N,Johnston,D H,and Timur A.Attenuation of seismic waves in dry and saturated rocks:I.Laboratory measurements[J].Geophysics,1979,20:53-67.
[29]Tang X M.A waveform inversion technique for measuring elastic wave attenuation using cylindrical bars[J]. Geophysics,1992,57:854-859.
[30]Aki,Keiiti.Quantitative seismology volume I[M].W.H. FREEMAN AND COMPANY,1980.
[31]Kjartansson,E.Constant-Q wave propagation and attenuation [J].J.Geophys.Res.,1979,84:4737-4738.
[32]胡文寿,张显志.论工程岩体完整性的评价方法[J].西安工程学院学报,2001,23(3):51-52. Hu W T,Zhang X Z.Evaluating ways about the integrity of the engineering rock mass[J].Journal of Xi'an Engineering University,2001,23(3):51-52.
[33]林尤元,颜挚.Kv法在判定岩体完整性中的应用[J].华南地震,2006,26(2):83. Lin Y Y,Yan Z.Application of the Kv method to the Judgement of Rock Mass Integrality[J].South China Journal of Seismology,2006,26(2):83.
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