华北克拉通中部地区背景噪声成像
摘要
利用华北地区的流动与固定地震观测台阵在2007年1月～12月期间的垂直分量记录,采用背景噪声层析成像方法获得了华北克拉通中部地区6～40 s的相速度和群速度分布图像.成像结果显示研究区地壳以及上地幔的速度结构存在很大的横向不均匀性.8～16 s的相速度以及8～20 s的群速度分布图像清晰地勾绘出华北地区盆地和隆起之间的边界.华北盆地以及山西断陷带呈明显的低速异常,表明相应区域存在较厚的沉积层并且在中、上地壳内存在低速带;而太行山隆起以及鄂尔多斯高原则呈现高速异常.相速度16～25 s以及群速度20～30 s的图像显示华北盆地由低速异常变为高速异常,表明华北盆地的地壳较薄.长周期(30～35 s)相速度图像表明华北盆地的上地幔顶部存在低速异常.华北盆地较薄的地壳和低速异常(明显低于全球平均水平),可能与该地区岩石圈减薄,软流圈物质上涌有关.8～35 s的群速度和相速度图像都显示,大同火山区是一个低速异常区,可能是由目前仍在活动的岩浆的加热而引起地壳升温造成的.
Peking University deployed two linear arrays(140 km apart)of 45 portable broadband seismometers across the southern part of Shanxi Rift during August 2006 to March 2008.Using the ambient noise records at these two arrays and some stations from North China Seismic Array (NCSA)of the Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration(CEA),permanent stations from Hebei Seismological Bureau and Shanxi Seismological Bureau,CEA,China,we obtained empirical Green's function of Rayleigh wave employing the cross-correlation technique. Then we measured group velocity and phase velocity at periods from 6 s to 40 s for all possible station pairs.The results of tomography show that substantial lateral variations exist between Ordos and North China Basin(NCB).Sedimentary basins of NCB and Shanxi Rift are clearly imaged as low velocity anomalies at periods of 8 s.Low group velocities at 12～20 s and phase velocities at 12～16 s may indicate a low velocity layer in the upper and middle crust beneath NCB.However,Ordos and Taihang uplift are imaged as high velocities in the same period range. The rapid change from low velocity anomaly to high anomaly between 16 s and 25 s in phase velocity maps and between 20 s and 30 s in group velocity maps suggests that the Moho depth beneath NCB is much shallower than that beneath Ordos.At longer periods(30～40 s),phase velocity maps show that the velocity beneath NCB is lower than that of Ordos,which could be related to the thinning of lithosphere and the upwelling of asthenosphere beneath NCB.Datong volcanic region is revealed as low velocity anomaly in group and phase velocity maps from 8 to 35 s,which could be caused either by high temperature or partial melt in the crust resulting from active magmatism.
Peking University deployed two linear arrays(140 km apart)of 45 portable broadband seismometers across the southern part of Shanxi Rift during August 2006 to March 2008.Using the ambient noise records at these two arrays and some stations from North China Seismic Array (NCSA)of the Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration(CEA),permanent stations from Hebei Seismological Bureau and Shanxi Seismological Bureau,CEA,China,we obtained empirical Green's function of Rayleigh wave employing the cross-correlation technique. Then we measured group velocity and phase velocity at periods from 6 s to 40 s for all possible station pairs.The results of tomography show that substantial lateral variations exist between Ordos and North China Basin(NCB).Sedimentary basins of NCB and Shanxi Rift are clearly imaged as low velocity anomalies at periods of 8 s.Low group velocities at 12～20 s and phase velocities at 12～16 s may indicate a low velocity layer in the upper and middle crust beneath NCB.However,Ordos and Taihang uplift are imaged as high velocities in the same period range. The rapid change from low velocity anomaly to high anomaly between 16 s and 25 s in phase velocity maps and between 20 s and 30 s in group velocity maps suggests that the Moho depth beneath NCB is much shallower than that beneath Ordos.At longer periods(30～40 s),phase velocity maps show that the velocity beneath NCB is lower than that of Ordos,which could be related to the thinning of lithosphere and the upwelling of asthenosphere beneath NCB.Datong volcanic region is revealed as low velocity anomaly in group and phase velocity maps from 8 to 35 s,which could be caused either by high temperature or partial melt in the crust resulting from active magmatism.
引文
[1] Zhang Y Q,Ma Y S,Yang N,et al.Cenozoic extensional stress evolution in North China.Journal of Geodynamics ,2003,36(5) :591～613
[2] Liu M,Cui X J,Liu F T.Cenozoic rifting and volcanism in eastern China:a mantle dynamic link to the Indo-Asian collision? Tectonophysics,2004,393(1-4) :29～42
[3] Tapponnier P,Molnar P.Active faulting and tectonics in China.Journal of Geophysical Research,1977,82 (20) :2905-2930
[4] Molnar P,Tapponnier P.Cenozoic tectonics of Asia-Effects of a continental collision.Science,1975,189(4201) ;419～426
[5] Northrup C J,Royden L H,Burchfiel B C.Motion of the Pacific Plate relative to Eurasia and its potential relation to cenozoic extension along the Eastern Margin of Eurasia.Geology,1995,23(8) :719～722
[6] 邓晋福,魏文博,邱瑞照等.中国华北地区岩石圈三维结构及演化.北京:地质出版社,2007 Deng J F,Wei W B,Qiu R Z,et al.The Three-Dimensional Structure of Lithosphere and Its Evolution in North China (in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2007
[7] Tian Z Y,Han P,Xu K D.The mesozoic cenozoic East China rift system.Tectonophysics,1992,208(1-3) :341～363
[8] Ye H,Zhang B T,Mao F Y.The Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Great North China:Two types of firing and crustal necking in the Great North China and their tectonic implications.Tectonophysics,1987,133(3-4) :217~227
[9] 刘著新,陈支寄,孙建中等.中国新生代火山岩的K Ar年代与构造环境.见:刘若新主编.中国新生代火山岩年代学与地球化学.北京:地震出版社,1992 Liu Z X,Chen Z J,SunJ Z,et al.The K-Ar age and tectonic environment of Cenozoic volcanic rock in China.In:Liu R X,ed.The Age and Geochemistry of Cenozoic Volcanic Rock in China (in Chinese).Beiiing:Seismoligical Press,1992
[10] 张培震,邓起东,张国民等.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2003,33(S1) :12～20 Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Zhang G M,et al.Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China.Science in China (Series D :Earth Sciences) (in Chinese),2003,33(S1) :12～20
[11] 范俊喜,马瑾,甘卫军.鄂尔多斯地块运动的整体性与不同方向边界活动的交替性.中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2003,33(S1) :119～128 Fan J X,Ma J,Gan W J.Movement of Ordos block and alternation of activity along its boundaries.Science in China (Series D:Earth Sciences),2003,46(Suppl.) :168～180
[12] 邱瑞照,邓晋福,周 肃等.华北地区岩石圈类型:地质与地球物理证据.中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2004,34(8) :698～711 Qiu R Z,Deng J F,Zhou X,et ai.Lithosphere types in North China-Evidences from geology and geophysics.Science in China (Series D:Earth Sciences) (in Chinese),2005,48 (11) :1809～1827
[13] 邓晋福,苏尚国,刘翠等.关于华北克拉通燕山期岩石圈减薄的机制与过程的讨论:是拆沉,还是热侵蚀和化学交代?地学前缘,2006,13(2) :105～119 Deng J F,Su S G,Liu C,et al.Discussion on the lithospheric thinning of the North China craton:delamination? or thermal erosion and chemical metasomatism? Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(2) :105～119
[14] Nabelek J,Chen W P,Ye H.The Tangshan earthquake sequence and its implications for the evolution of the North China Basin.Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth and Planets,1987,92(B12) .12615～12628
[15] Ma Y L,Zhou H L.Crustal thicknesses and Poisson's ratios in China by joint analysis of teleseismic receiver functions and Rayleigh wave dispersion.Geophysical Research Letters,2007,34(12) :L12304
[16] Chen L,Cheng C,Wei Z G.Seismic evidence for significant lateral variations in lithospheric thickness beneath the central and western North China Craton.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2009,286(1-2) :171～183
[17] Zhao L,Allen R M,Zheng T Y,et al.Reactivation of an Archean craton;Constraints from P-and S-wave tomography in North China.Geophysical Research Letters ,2009,36: L17306
[18] Xu P F,Zhao D P.Upper-mantle velocity structure beneath the North China Craton:implications for lithospheric thinning.Geophysical J ournal International,2009,177(3) :1279～1283
[19] Huang Z X,Li H Y,Zheng Y J,et al.The lithosphere of North China Craton from surface wave tomography.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2009,288(1-2) :164～173
[20] 何正勤,叶太兰,丁志峰.华北东北部的面波相速度层析成像研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(5) :1233～1242 He ZQ,Ye T L,Ding Z F.Surface wave tomography for the phase velocity in the northeastern part of North China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(5) :1233～1242
[21] Zheng S H,Sun X L,Song X D,et al.Surface wave tomography of China from ambient seismic noise correlation.Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems ,2008,9:Q05020
[22] 房立华,吴建平,吕作勇.华北地区基于噪声的瑞利面波群速度层析成像.地球物理学报,2009,52(3) :663～671 Fang L H,Wu J P,Lii Z Y.Rayleigh wave group velocity tomography from ambient seismic noise in North China.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(3) :663～671
[23] Campillo M,Paul A.Long-range correlations in the diffuse seismic coda.Science,2003,299(5606) :547～549
[24] Shapiro N M,Campillo M.Emergence of broadband Rayleigh waves from correlations of the ambient seismic noise.Geophysical Research Letters,2004,31(7) :L07614
[25] Shapiro N M,Campillo M,Stehly L,et al.High-resolution surface-wave tomography from ambient seismic noise.Science,2005,307(5715) :1615～1618
[26] Stehly L,Campillo M,Froment B,et al.Reconstructing Green's function by correlation of the coda of the correlation(C3) of ambient seismic noise.Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth ,2008,113(B11) :B11306
[27] Weaver R L.Ward identities and the retrieval of Green's functions in the correlations of a diffuse field.Wave Motion ,2008,45(5) :596～604
[28] Bensen G D,RitzwoUer M H,Barmin M P,et al.Processing seismic ambient noise data to obtain reliable broad-band surface wave dispersion measurements.Geophysical Journal International,2007,169(3) :1239～1260
[29] Levshin A L,Ratnikova L,Berger J.Peculiarities of surfacewave propagation across central Eurasia.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1992,82(6) :2464～2493
[30] Levshin A L,RitzwoUer M H.Automated detection,extraction,and measurement of regional surface waves.Pure and Applied Geophysics ,2001,158(8) :1531～1545
[31] Barmin M P,RitzwoUer M H,Levshin A L.A fast and reliable method for surface wave tomography.Pure and Applied Geophysics ,2001,158(8) :1351～1375
[32] Hu S B,He L J,Wang J Y.Heat flow in the continental area of China:a new data set.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2000,179(2) :407-419
[33] Wu QF,Xie Y H,ZuJ H,et al.A Study on the geothermal field in North China.Earthquake Research in China ,1988,1(5) :41~48
[34] 刘建华,刘福田,阎晓蔚等.华北地区I,g微波衰减研究--Lg尾波Q_0地震成像.地球物理学报,2004,47(6) :1044～1052 Liu J H,Liu F T,Yan X W,et al.A study of Lg coda attenuation beneath North China:Seismic imaging of Lg coda Q_0． Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(6) :1044～1052
[35] 汪素云,裴顺平,Hear T M等.利用M_L振幅研究地壳横波Q值Ⅱ:Q横向变化特征.地球物理学报,2008,51(1) :133～139 Wang SY,Pei S P,Hearn T M,et al.Crustal S-wave Q estimated from M_L amplitude Ⅱ:Q lateral variation in China.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(1) :133～139
[36] Zheng T Y,Zhao L,Zhu R X.Insight into the geodynamics of cratonic reactivation from seismic analysis of the crust-mantle boundary.Geophysical Research Letters ,2008,35(8) :L08303
[37] Zheng T Y,Chen L,Zhao L,et al.Crust-mantle structure difference across the gravity gradient zone in Norht China Cration:Seismic image of the thinned continental crust.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2006,159(1-2) :43-58
[38] 潘佳铁,吴庆举,李永华等.华北地区瑞雷面波相速度层析成像.地球物理学报,2011,54(1) :67～76 Pan J T,Wu Q J,Li Y H,et al.Rayleigh wave tomography of the phase velocity in North China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(1) :67～76
[39] 唐有彩,冯永革,陈永顺等.山西断陷带地壳结构的接收函数研究.地球物理学报,2010,53(9) :2102～2109 Tang Y C,Feng Y G,Chen Y S,et al.Receiver function analysis at Shanxi Rift.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(9) :2102～2109
[40] Xu X W,Ma X Y.Geodynamics of the Shanxi Rift systerm,China.Tectonophysics,1992,208(1-3) :325～340
[41] 马宗晋(主编).山西临汾地震研究与系统减灾.北京:地震出版社,1993 Ma Z J.Research on Earthquake and Systematic Haard Reducing in Linfen City,Shanxi Province (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1993
[42] Xu Y G,Ma J L,Frey F A,et al.Role of lithosphere-asthenosphere interaction in the genesis of Quaternary alkali and tholeiitic basalts from Datong,western North China Craton.Chemical Geology ,2005,224(4) :247～271
[43] Chen L,Ai Y S.Discontinuity structure of the mantle transition zone beneath the North China Craton from receiver function migration.Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth,2009,114:B06307,DOI:10． 1029/2008JB006221
[2] Liu M,Cui X J,Liu F T.Cenozoic rifting and volcanism in eastern China:a mantle dynamic link to the Indo-Asian collision? Tectonophysics,2004,393(1-4) :29～42
[3] Tapponnier P,Molnar P.Active faulting and tectonics in China.Journal of Geophysical Research,1977,82 (20) :2905-2930
[4] Molnar P,Tapponnier P.Cenozoic tectonics of Asia-Effects of a continental collision.Science,1975,189(4201) ;419～426
[5] Northrup C J,Royden L H,Burchfiel B C.Motion of the Pacific Plate relative to Eurasia and its potential relation to cenozoic extension along the Eastern Margin of Eurasia.Geology,1995,23(8) :719～722
[6] 邓晋福,魏文博,邱瑞照等.中国华北地区岩石圈三维结构及演化.北京:地质出版社,2007 Deng J F,Wei W B,Qiu R Z,et al.The Three-Dimensional Structure of Lithosphere and Its Evolution in North China (in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2007
[7] Tian Z Y,Han P,Xu K D.The mesozoic cenozoic East China rift system.Tectonophysics,1992,208(1-3) :341～363
[8] Ye H,Zhang B T,Mao F Y.The Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Great North China:Two types of firing and crustal necking in the Great North China and their tectonic implications.Tectonophysics,1987,133(3-4) :217~227
[9] 刘著新,陈支寄,孙建中等.中国新生代火山岩的K Ar年代与构造环境.见:刘若新主编.中国新生代火山岩年代学与地球化学.北京:地震出版社,1992 Liu Z X,Chen Z J,SunJ Z,et al.The K-Ar age and tectonic environment of Cenozoic volcanic rock in China.In:Liu R X,ed.The Age and Geochemistry of Cenozoic Volcanic Rock in China (in Chinese).Beiiing:Seismoligical Press,1992
[10] 张培震,邓起东,张国民等.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2003,33(S1) :12～20 Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Zhang G M,et al.Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China.Science in China (Series D :Earth Sciences) (in Chinese),2003,33(S1) :12～20
[11] 范俊喜,马瑾,甘卫军.鄂尔多斯地块运动的整体性与不同方向边界活动的交替性.中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2003,33(S1) :119～128 Fan J X,Ma J,Gan W J.Movement of Ordos block and alternation of activity along its boundaries.Science in China (Series D:Earth Sciences),2003,46(Suppl.) :168～180
[12] 邱瑞照,邓晋福,周 肃等.华北地区岩石圈类型:地质与地球物理证据.中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2004,34(8) :698～711 Qiu R Z,Deng J F,Zhou X,et ai.Lithosphere types in North China-Evidences from geology and geophysics.Science in China (Series D:Earth Sciences) (in Chinese),2005,48 (11) :1809～1827
[13] 邓晋福,苏尚国,刘翠等.关于华北克拉通燕山期岩石圈减薄的机制与过程的讨论:是拆沉,还是热侵蚀和化学交代?地学前缘,2006,13(2) :105～119 Deng J F,Su S G,Liu C,et al.Discussion on the lithospheric thinning of the North China craton:delamination? or thermal erosion and chemical metasomatism? Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(2) :105～119
[14] Nabelek J,Chen W P,Ye H.The Tangshan earthquake sequence and its implications for the evolution of the North China Basin.Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth and Planets,1987,92(B12) .12615～12628
[15] Ma Y L,Zhou H L.Crustal thicknesses and Poisson's ratios in China by joint analysis of teleseismic receiver functions and Rayleigh wave dispersion.Geophysical Research Letters,2007,34(12) :L12304
[16] Chen L,Cheng C,Wei Z G.Seismic evidence for significant lateral variations in lithospheric thickness beneath the central and western North China Craton.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2009,286(1-2) :171～183
[17] Zhao L,Allen R M,Zheng T Y,et al.Reactivation of an Archean craton;Constraints from P-and S-wave tomography in North China.Geophysical Research Letters ,2009,36: L17306
[18] Xu P F,Zhao D P.Upper-mantle velocity structure beneath the North China Craton:implications for lithospheric thinning.Geophysical J ournal International,2009,177(3) :1279～1283
[19] Huang Z X,Li H Y,Zheng Y J,et al.The lithosphere of North China Craton from surface wave tomography.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2009,288(1-2) :164～173
[20] 何正勤,叶太兰,丁志峰.华北东北部的面波相速度层析成像研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(5) :1233～1242 He ZQ,Ye T L,Ding Z F.Surface wave tomography for the phase velocity in the northeastern part of North China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(5) :1233～1242
[21] Zheng S H,Sun X L,Song X D,et al.Surface wave tomography of China from ambient seismic noise correlation.Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems ,2008,9:Q05020
[22] 房立华,吴建平,吕作勇.华北地区基于噪声的瑞利面波群速度层析成像.地球物理学报,2009,52(3) :663～671 Fang L H,Wu J P,Lii Z Y.Rayleigh wave group velocity tomography from ambient seismic noise in North China.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(3) :663～671
[23] Campillo M,Paul A.Long-range correlations in the diffuse seismic coda.Science,2003,299(5606) :547～549
[24] Shapiro N M,Campillo M.Emergence of broadband Rayleigh waves from correlations of the ambient seismic noise.Geophysical Research Letters,2004,31(7) :L07614
[25] Shapiro N M,Campillo M,Stehly L,et al.High-resolution surface-wave tomography from ambient seismic noise.Science,2005,307(5715) :1615～1618
[26] Stehly L,Campillo M,Froment B,et al.Reconstructing Green's function by correlation of the coda of the correlation(C3) of ambient seismic noise.Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth ,2008,113(B11) :B11306
[27] Weaver R L.Ward identities and the retrieval of Green's functions in the correlations of a diffuse field.Wave Motion ,2008,45(5) :596～604
[28] Bensen G D,RitzwoUer M H,Barmin M P,et al.Processing seismic ambient noise data to obtain reliable broad-band surface wave dispersion measurements.Geophysical Journal International,2007,169(3) :1239～1260
[29] Levshin A L,Ratnikova L,Berger J.Peculiarities of surfacewave propagation across central Eurasia.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1992,82(6) :2464～2493
[30] Levshin A L,RitzwoUer M H.Automated detection,extraction,and measurement of regional surface waves.Pure and Applied Geophysics ,2001,158(8) :1531～1545
[31] Barmin M P,RitzwoUer M H,Levshin A L.A fast and reliable method for surface wave tomography.Pure and Applied Geophysics ,2001,158(8) :1351～1375
[32] Hu S B,He L J,Wang J Y.Heat flow in the continental area of China:a new data set.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2000,179(2) :407-419
[33] Wu QF,Xie Y H,ZuJ H,et al.A Study on the geothermal field in North China.Earthquake Research in China ,1988,1(5) :41~48
[34] 刘建华,刘福田,阎晓蔚等.华北地区I,g微波衰减研究--Lg尾波Q_0地震成像.地球物理学报,2004,47(6) :1044～1052 Liu J H,Liu F T,Yan X W,et al.A study of Lg coda attenuation beneath North China:Seismic imaging of Lg coda Q_0． Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(6) :1044～1052
[35] 汪素云,裴顺平,Hear T M等.利用M_L振幅研究地壳横波Q值Ⅱ:Q横向变化特征.地球物理学报,2008,51(1) :133～139 Wang SY,Pei S P,Hearn T M,et al.Crustal S-wave Q estimated from M_L amplitude Ⅱ:Q lateral variation in China.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(1) :133～139
[36] Zheng T Y,Zhao L,Zhu R X.Insight into the geodynamics of cratonic reactivation from seismic analysis of the crust-mantle boundary.Geophysical Research Letters ,2008,35(8) :L08303
[37] Zheng T Y,Chen L,Zhao L,et al.Crust-mantle structure difference across the gravity gradient zone in Norht China Cration:Seismic image of the thinned continental crust.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2006,159(1-2) :43-58
[38] 潘佳铁,吴庆举,李永华等.华北地区瑞雷面波相速度层析成像.地球物理学报,2011,54(1) :67～76 Pan J T,Wu Q J,Li Y H,et al.Rayleigh wave tomography of the phase velocity in North China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(1) :67～76
[39] 唐有彩,冯永革,陈永顺等.山西断陷带地壳结构的接收函数研究.地球物理学报,2010,53(9) :2102～2109 Tang Y C,Feng Y G,Chen Y S,et al.Receiver function analysis at Shanxi Rift.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(9) :2102～2109
[40] Xu X W,Ma X Y.Geodynamics of the Shanxi Rift systerm,China.Tectonophysics,1992,208(1-3) :325～340
[41] 马宗晋(主编).山西临汾地震研究与系统减灾.北京:地震出版社,1993 Ma Z J.Research on Earthquake and Systematic Haard Reducing in Linfen City,Shanxi Province (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1993
[42] Xu Y G,Ma J L,Frey F A,et al.Role of lithosphere-asthenosphere interaction in the genesis of Quaternary alkali and tholeiitic basalts from Datong,western North China Craton.Chemical Geology ,2005,224(4) :247～271
[43] Chen L,Ai Y S.Discontinuity structure of the mantle transition zone beneath the North China Craton from receiver function migration.Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth,2009,114:B06307,DOI:10． 1029/2008JB006221
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