大容量气枪激发与场地条件的耦合效果研究
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摘要
为充分和合理地利用大容量气枪震源,研究水下激发的气枪信号与场地条件的耦合作用尤为重要.本文采用Zoepp ritz方程研究了水底界面上地震波的反射与透射特性,采用谱元法研究了水下介质中波传播规律,研究结果表明:(1)陆上水体气枪激发应选择合适的场地条件,不同水底能够产生不同的反射和透射效果;(2)陆上水体的有限性会对气枪激发的信号产生会引起较强散射波,对地震波传播能量有调制和衰减作用;(3)高阻抗的玄武岩层有较强的屏蔽作用,大容量的气枪能产生低频信号有较强的穿透高速屏蔽层的能力和较强的抗散射能力;水介质的优秀特性使得大容量气枪能够用于区域尺度的深部探测.气枪激发与场地条件的耦合效果研究为采用气枪震源进行结构探测选择合适的场地条件和观测系统提供了理论依据.
In order to use large capacity airgun seismic source fully and reasonably to explore underground structure, the coupling effect of airgun signal and field conditions is particularly important.Based on Zoeppritz equation,we study the reflection and refraction characteristics on the water bottom interface,and use SEM to research the wave propagation in underwater medium.The results show that:(l)The suitable firing field conditions should be charged before exploration which can produce various different underwater of reflection and transmission effect.(2)The limits of the reservoir will cause strong scattering wave.(3)The basalt layer with high impedance are strong shielding layer, high-capacity air-guns can produce low-frequency signals which can penetrate high-speed shielding layer and control strong ability of scattering.The outstanding characteristics of water medium make large capacity air-guns can be used in deep exploration areas.Study on the coupling effect of airgun signal and field situation can provide theory basis for choosing the appropriate site conditions and observation system.
In order to use large capacity airgun seismic source fully and reasonably to explore underground structure, the coupling effect of airgun signal and field conditions is particularly important.Based on Zoeppritz equation,we study the reflection and refraction characteristics on the water bottom interface,and use SEM to research the wave propagation in underwater medium.The results show that:(l)The suitable firing field conditions should be charged before exploration which can produce various different underwater of reflection and transmission effect.(2)The limits of the reservoir will cause strong scattering wave.(3)The basalt layer with high impedance are strong shielding layer, high-capacity air-guns can produce low-frequency signals which can penetrate high-speed shielding layer and control strong ability of scattering.The outstanding characteristics of water medium make large capacity air-guns can be used in deep exploration areas.Study on the coupling effect of airgun signal and field situation can provide theory basis for choosing the appropriate site conditions and observation system.
引文
[1]Chen Y,Liu L B,Ge H K,et al.Using an airgun array in a land reservoir as the seismic source for seismotectonic studies in northern China:experiments and preliminary results[J]. Geophysical Prospecting,2007,56:601-612.
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[3]Fuis G S,Clayton R W,Davis P M,et al.Fault systems of the 1971 San Fernando and 1994 Northridge earthquakes, southern California:Relocated aftershocks and seismic images from LARSE II[J].Geology,2003,31(2):171-174.
[4]Okaya D,Henrys S,Stem T.Double-sided onshore-offshore seismic imaging of a plate boundary:"super-gathers" across South Island,New Zealand[J].Tectonophysics,2002,355: 247-263.
[5]丘学林,陈颙,朱日祥,等.大容量气枪震源在海陆联测中的应用:南海北部试验结果分析[J].科学通报,2007,52(4): 463-469. Qiu X L,Chen Y,Zhu R X,et al.The application of large volume airgun sources to the onshore-offshore seismic surveys: Implication from the experimental results in northern South China Sea[J].Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),2007,52 (4):463-469.
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[7]Ziolkowski A,ParkesG,Hatton L,etal.The signature of an airgun array:Computation from near-field measurements including interactionsCJ].Geophysics,1982,47(10):1413-1421.
[8]Zoeppritz K.On the reflection and propagation of seismic waves[J].Gottinger Nachrichten,1919,1:66- 84.
[9]Tatham R H,Goolsbee D V.Separation of S-wave and P-wave reflections offshore western florida[J].Geophysics,1984,49 (5):493-508.
[10]Galloway W E,Ganey-Curry P E,Li X,et al.Cenozoic depositional history of the Gulf of Mexico Basin[J].Am. Assn.Petrol.Geol.Bull.,2000,84N(11):1743-1774.
[11]Komatitsch D,Tromp J.Introduction to the spectral element method for three-dimensional seismic wave propagation[J]. Geophys.J.Int.,1999,139(3):806-822.
[12]Komatitsch D,Vilotte J P.The spectral element method:an efficient tool to simulate the seismic response of 2D and 3D geological structures[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1998,88 (2):368 - 392.
[13]Morency C,Luo Y,Tromp J.Finite-frequency kernels for wave propagation in porous media based upon adjoint methods [J].Geophys.J.Int.,2009,179(2):1148-1168.
[14]裴正林,牟永光.火成岩区地震波传播规律研究[J].石油物探,2004,43(5):433-437. Pei Z L.Mou Y G.Study of seismic wave propagation regularity in igneous rock area[J].Geophysical Prospection for Petroleum(in Chinese).2004.43(5):433-437.
[15]Ziolkowski A,Hanssen P.Gatliff R.Use of low frequencies for sub-basalt imaging[J].Geophysical Prospecting.2003. 51(3):169-182.
[16]Hanssen P.Ziolkowski A,Li A Y.A quantitative study on the use of converted waves for sub-basalt imaging[J]. Geophysical Prospecting.2003.51(3):183-193.
[17]佘德平,管路平,徐颖,等.应用低频信号提高高速玄武岩屏蔽层下的成像质量[J].石油地球物理勘探,2007,42(5): 564-567. She D P,Guang L P.Xu Y.et al.Applying of lowfrequency signal to improve imaging quality below shielding high-velocity basalt[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese).2007,42(5):564-567.
[18]林建民,王宝善,葛洪魁,等.大容量气枪震源特征及地震波传播的震相分析[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(1):206-212. Lin J M,Wang B S.Ge H K.et al.Study on large volume airgun source characteristics and seismic phase analysis[J]. Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008.51(1):206-212.
[19]唐杰,王宝善,葛洪魁,等.大容量气枪震源的实验与模拟研究[J].中国地震,2009,25(1):1-11. Tang J,Wang B S,Ge H K,et al.Study of experiment and simulation of large volume air-gun in deep structures exploration[J].Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese), 2009,25(1):1-11.
[20]唐杰.气枪激发信号传播的谱元法数值模拟研究[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(9):2348-2356. Tang J.Study on SEM numerical simulation of airgun signal transition[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54 (9):2348-2356.
[2]唐杰,王宝善,葛洪魁,等.小当量激发的远距离信号检测研究[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(6):1810-1818. Tang J,Wang B S,Ge H K,et al.Study on weak signal detection of small shot in regional scale deep exploration[J]. Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(6):1810- 1818.
[3]Fuis G S,Clayton R W,Davis P M,et al.Fault systems of the 1971 San Fernando and 1994 Northridge earthquakes, southern California:Relocated aftershocks and seismic images from LARSE II[J].Geology,2003,31(2):171-174.
[4]Okaya D,Henrys S,Stem T.Double-sided onshore-offshore seismic imaging of a plate boundary:"super-gathers" across South Island,New Zealand[J].Tectonophysics,2002,355: 247-263.
[5]丘学林,陈颙,朱日祥,等.大容量气枪震源在海陆联测中的应用:南海北部试验结果分析[J].科学通报,2007,52(4): 463-469. Qiu X L,Chen Y,Zhu R X,et al.The application of large volume airgun sources to the onshore-offshore seismic surveys: Implication from the experimental results in northern South China Sea[J].Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),2007,52 (4):463-469.
[6]Tang J,Wang BS,Ge H K,et al.Experiment and simulation of large capacity air-guns in deep structure exploration[J]. Earthquake Research in China,2009,23(4):1-11.
[7]Ziolkowski A,ParkesG,Hatton L,etal.The signature of an airgun array:Computation from near-field measurements including interactionsCJ].Geophysics,1982,47(10):1413-1421.
[8]Zoeppritz K.On the reflection and propagation of seismic waves[J].Gottinger Nachrichten,1919,1:66- 84.
[9]Tatham R H,Goolsbee D V.Separation of S-wave and P-wave reflections offshore western florida[J].Geophysics,1984,49 (5):493-508.
[10]Galloway W E,Ganey-Curry P E,Li X,et al.Cenozoic depositional history of the Gulf of Mexico Basin[J].Am. Assn.Petrol.Geol.Bull.,2000,84N(11):1743-1774.
[11]Komatitsch D,Tromp J.Introduction to the spectral element method for three-dimensional seismic wave propagation[J]. Geophys.J.Int.,1999,139(3):806-822.
[12]Komatitsch D,Vilotte J P.The spectral element method:an efficient tool to simulate the seismic response of 2D and 3D geological structures[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1998,88 (2):368 - 392.
[13]Morency C,Luo Y,Tromp J.Finite-frequency kernels for wave propagation in porous media based upon adjoint methods [J].Geophys.J.Int.,2009,179(2):1148-1168.
[14]裴正林,牟永光.火成岩区地震波传播规律研究[J].石油物探,2004,43(5):433-437. Pei Z L.Mou Y G.Study of seismic wave propagation regularity in igneous rock area[J].Geophysical Prospection for Petroleum(in Chinese).2004.43(5):433-437.
[15]Ziolkowski A,Hanssen P.Gatliff R.Use of low frequencies for sub-basalt imaging[J].Geophysical Prospecting.2003. 51(3):169-182.
[16]Hanssen P.Ziolkowski A,Li A Y.A quantitative study on the use of converted waves for sub-basalt imaging[J]. Geophysical Prospecting.2003.51(3):183-193.
[17]佘德平,管路平,徐颖,等.应用低频信号提高高速玄武岩屏蔽层下的成像质量[J].石油地球物理勘探,2007,42(5): 564-567. She D P,Guang L P.Xu Y.et al.Applying of lowfrequency signal to improve imaging quality below shielding high-velocity basalt[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese).2007,42(5):564-567.
[18]林建民,王宝善,葛洪魁,等.大容量气枪震源特征及地震波传播的震相分析[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(1):206-212. Lin J M,Wang B S.Ge H K.et al.Study on large volume airgun source characteristics and seismic phase analysis[J]. Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008.51(1):206-212.
[19]唐杰,王宝善,葛洪魁,等.大容量气枪震源的实验与模拟研究[J].中国地震,2009,25(1):1-11. Tang J,Wang B S,Ge H K,et al.Study of experiment and simulation of large volume air-gun in deep structures exploration[J].Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese), 2009,25(1):1-11.
[20]唐杰.气枪激发信号传播的谱元法数值模拟研究[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(9):2348-2356. Tang J.Study on SEM numerical simulation of airgun signal transition[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54 (9):2348-2356.
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