活动走滑断裂上断塞塘沉积特征及其构造含义——以西秦岭北缘断裂带断塞塘为例
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摘要
活动断裂与地震和地质灾害紧密相关,对与其相关的沉积记录进行研究可以认识其活动习性与规律。通过揭露并分析典型断裂地貌——断塞塘的沉积建造特征,能够帮助识别活动走滑断裂作用的信息。选取青藏高原东北缘的西秦岭北缘断裂带黄香沟段,利用组合探槽对沿其发育的断塞塘及其沉积进行研究,分析其沉积特征,并建立断塞沉积序列。研究发现:断塞塘沉积层序由几个沉积韵律组成,一个沉积韵律组合分为下部的粗粒层与上部的细粒层,粒度下粗上细;粗粒层一般为细砂、粗砂和砾石层,具快速堆积的特征;细粒层均为含炭的粘土、亚粘土和粉砂,具湖塘相沉积的特点。断塞沉积层序是分期的,一个沉积韵律组合是一期断塞作用沉积。分析认为,断塞沉积粗细组合的韵律性结构是断裂周期性活动的产物。这一研究是揭示走滑断裂的构造演化与活动习性,反演断裂走滑活动历史并预测其未来行为的基础。
Active faulting is closely related to earthquake and geologic hazard.Study on relevant deposition records can help understand the active behavior and pattern of an active fault.Therefore,research of sedimentary formation characteristics of typical faulted landform,the sag-pond,can help recognize the information about active strike-slip faulting.Taking the Huangxianggou section of the northern faulting zone of West Qinling in the north Qinghai-Tibet plateau,this study analyzes depositional features using composite trenches and establishes sedimentary sequence of the sag-pond.The result shows that the sedimentary sequence of sag-pond consist of several sedimentary series,each of which contains lower coarse layer and upper fine layers.The coarse layers are commonly constituted by fine sand,coarse sand and gravels,which suggests a fast depositing.The finer layers generally consist of carbonaceous clay,mild clay and silty sand,showing characteristics of lacustrine sedimentation.The sag-pond deposition sequence is multi-staged,and one deposition rhythm corresponding to one sedimentation.Observations indicate that the deposition rhythms were the product of the periodic behavior of the faulting.This study reveals the tectonic evolution and active pattern of strike slip and lays foundation for deducing strike-slipping history and forecasting its upcoming behavior.
Active faulting is closely related to earthquake and geologic hazard.Study on relevant deposition records can help understand the active behavior and pattern of an active fault.Therefore,research of sedimentary formation characteristics of typical faulted landform,the sag-pond,can help recognize the information about active strike-slip faulting.Taking the Huangxianggou section of the northern faulting zone of West Qinling in the north Qinghai-Tibet plateau,this study analyzes depositional features using composite trenches and establishes sedimentary sequence of the sag-pond.The result shows that the sedimentary sequence of sag-pond consist of several sedimentary series,each of which contains lower coarse layer and upper fine layers.The coarse layers are commonly constituted by fine sand,coarse sand and gravels,which suggests a fast depositing.The finer layers generally consist of carbonaceous clay,mild clay and silty sand,showing characteristics of lacustrine sedimentation.The sag-pond deposition sequence is multi-staged,and one deposition rhythm corresponding to one sedimentation.Observations indicate that the deposition rhythms were the product of the periodic behavior of the faulting.This study reveals the tectonic evolution and active pattern of strike slip and lays foundation for deducing strike-slipping history and forecasting its upcoming behavior.
引文
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丁国瑜.1995.阿尔金活断层的古地震与分段.第四纪研究,15(2):97～106.
国家地震局地质研究所,宁夏地震局.1990.海原活动断裂带.北京:地震出版社.
黄春长,庞奖励,黄萍,等.2002.关中盆地西部黄土台塬全新世气候事件研究.干旱区地理,25(1):10～15.
贾玉连,施雅风,王苏民,等.2001.40ka以来青藏高原的4次湖涨期及其形成机制初探.中国科学(D辑),31(B12):241～251.
李传友,张培震,袁道阳,等.2006.西秦岭北缘断裂带黄香沟段晚第四纪水平位移特征及其微地貌响应.地震地质,28(3):391～404.
李天祒,杜其方,游泽李,等.1997.鲜水河活动断裂带及强震危险性评估.成都:成都地图出版社,57～65.
闵伟,张培震,邓起东.2000.区域古地震复发行为的初步研究.地震学报,22(2):163～170.
穆桂春,谭术魁.1992.气候地貌学及中国气候地貌分类案例研究.北大学学报(自然科学版),14(3):283～289.
冉勇康,段瑞涛,邓起东,等.1997.海原断裂高湾子地点三维探槽的开挖与古地震研究.地震地质,19(2):97～107.
宋方敏,汪一鹏,俞维贤,等.1998.小江活动断裂带.北京:地震出版社,22～52.
汪一鹏,宋方敏,李志义,等.1990.宁夏香山-天景山断裂带晚第四纪强震重复间隔的研究.中国地震,6(2):15～24.
杨景春,李有利.2005.地貌学原理.北京:北京大学出版社,37～38.
姚檀栋.1999.末次冰期青藏高原的气候突变——古里雅冰芯与格陵兰GRIP冰芯对比研究.中国科学(D辑),29(2):175～184.
袁道阳,张培震,刘百篪,等.2003.青藏高原东北缘晚第四纪活动构造的几何图像与构造转换.地质学报,78(2):270～278.
张培震,邓起东,杨晓平,等.1995.天山北麓的冰水冲洪积地貌与新构造运动.活动断裂研究,4,北京:地震出版社,63～78.
Allen C R,Luo Z,Qian H,Wen X,Zhou H,Huang W.1991.Field study of a highly active fault zone;the Xianshuihe fault ofsouthwestern China.Geol.Soc.Am.Bull.,103:1178～1199.
Grant L B,Sieh K.1994.Paleoseismic evidence of clusteredearthquakes on the San Andress Fault in the Carrizo Plain,California.J.Geophys.Res.,99:6819～6841.
Guo J,Lin A,Maruyama T,Zhen J,Sun G.2006.Newconstraints on recent large earthquakes along the Xidatan-Dongdatan segment of the Kunlun fault,Western China.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,96(1):48～58,doi:10.1785/0120040176.
Kidd WS,Molnar P.1988.Quaternary and active faulting observedonthe1985Acdamia Sinica-Royal Society Geotraverse of Tibet.Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.,327(A):337～363.
Lienkaemper J J,Dawson T E,Personius S F,Seitz G G,Reidy LM,Schwartz D P.2002.Arecord of large earthquakes on thesouthern Hayward fault for the past500years.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,92(7):2637～2658.
Lienkaemper J J,Williams P L.2007.Arecord of large earthquakeson the southern Hayward fault for the past1800years.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,97(6):1803～1819,doi:10.1785/0120060258.
Nelson A R.1992.DiscordantCages fromburiedtidal-marsh soilsin the Cascadian subduction zone,southern Oregon coast.Quaternary Research,3874～3890.
Sieh K E.1978.Slip alongthe San Andreas fault associated withthegreat1857earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,68(5):421～1448.
Toke'N A,Arrowsmith J R,Young J J,Crosby C J.2006.Paleoseismic and postseismic observations of surface slip alongthe parkfield segment of the San Andreas fault.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,96(4B):S221～S238,doi:10.1785/0120050809.
Wallace R E.1990.The San Andreas fault system,California.US Geol.Survey Prof.Paper,1515:16～18.
丁国瑜.1995.阿尔金活断层的古地震与分段.第四纪研究,15(2):97～106.
国家地震局地质研究所,宁夏地震局.1990.海原活动断裂带.北京:地震出版社.
黄春长,庞奖励,黄萍,等.2002.关中盆地西部黄土台塬全新世气候事件研究.干旱区地理,25(1):10～15.
贾玉连,施雅风,王苏民,等.2001.40ka以来青藏高原的4次湖涨期及其形成机制初探.中国科学(D辑),31(B12):241～251.
李传友,张培震,袁道阳,等.2006.西秦岭北缘断裂带黄香沟段晚第四纪水平位移特征及其微地貌响应.地震地质,28(3):391～404.
李天祒,杜其方,游泽李,等.1997.鲜水河活动断裂带及强震危险性评估.成都:成都地图出版社,57～65.
闵伟,张培震,邓起东.2000.区域古地震复发行为的初步研究.地震学报,22(2):163～170.
穆桂春,谭术魁.1992.气候地貌学及中国气候地貌分类案例研究.北大学学报(自然科学版),14(3):283～289.
冉勇康,段瑞涛,邓起东,等.1997.海原断裂高湾子地点三维探槽的开挖与古地震研究.地震地质,19(2):97～107.
宋方敏,汪一鹏,俞维贤,等.1998.小江活动断裂带.北京:地震出版社,22～52.
汪一鹏,宋方敏,李志义,等.1990.宁夏香山-天景山断裂带晚第四纪强震重复间隔的研究.中国地震,6(2):15～24.
杨景春,李有利.2005.地貌学原理.北京:北京大学出版社,37～38.
姚檀栋.1999.末次冰期青藏高原的气候突变——古里雅冰芯与格陵兰GRIP冰芯对比研究.中国科学(D辑),29(2):175～184.
袁道阳,张培震,刘百篪,等.2003.青藏高原东北缘晚第四纪活动构造的几何图像与构造转换.地质学报,78(2):270～278.
张培震,邓起东,杨晓平,等.1995.天山北麓的冰水冲洪积地貌与新构造运动.活动断裂研究,4,北京:地震出版社,63～78.
Allen C R,Luo Z,Qian H,Wen X,Zhou H,Huang W.1991.Field study of a highly active fault zone;the Xianshuihe fault ofsouthwestern China.Geol.Soc.Am.Bull.,103:1178～1199.
Grant L B,Sieh K.1994.Paleoseismic evidence of clusteredearthquakes on the San Andress Fault in the Carrizo Plain,California.J.Geophys.Res.,99:6819～6841.
Guo J,Lin A,Maruyama T,Zhen J,Sun G.2006.Newconstraints on recent large earthquakes along the Xidatan-Dongdatan segment of the Kunlun fault,Western China.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,96(1):48～58,doi:10.1785/0120040176.
Kidd WS,Molnar P.1988.Quaternary and active faulting observedonthe1985Acdamia Sinica-Royal Society Geotraverse of Tibet.Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.,327(A):337～363.
Lienkaemper J J,Dawson T E,Personius S F,Seitz G G,Reidy LM,Schwartz D P.2002.Arecord of large earthquakes on thesouthern Hayward fault for the past500years.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,92(7):2637～2658.
Lienkaemper J J,Williams P L.2007.Arecord of large earthquakeson the southern Hayward fault for the past1800years.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,97(6):1803～1819,doi:10.1785/0120060258.
Nelson A R.1992.DiscordantCages fromburiedtidal-marsh soilsin the Cascadian subduction zone,southern Oregon coast.Quaternary Research,3874～3890.
Sieh K E.1978.Slip alongthe San Andreas fault associated withthegreat1857earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,68(5):421～1448.
Toke'N A,Arrowsmith J R,Young J J,Crosby C J.2006.Paleoseismic and postseismic observations of surface slip alongthe parkfield segment of the San Andreas fault.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,96(4B):S221～S238,doi:10.1785/0120050809.
Wallace R E.1990.The San Andreas fault system,California.US Geol.Survey Prof.Paper,1515:16～18.
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