利用磷灰石裂变径迹对断层摩擦生热探测或测量的初步探讨
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摘要
以青藏高原东北缘断裂带为研究对像,对利用磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学对地震断层滑动摩擦生热的探测或测量进行了初步探讨。其基本思路是利用磷灰石裂变径迹热年代计的热敏感,通过对横跨断层垂直方向断层岩和围岩的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄及围限径迹长度分布的对比分析,对断层滑动摩擦生热进行探测。本次研究对来自3个断层剖面的13个样品进行了磷灰石裂变径迹分析,样品包括断层主滑动面上的断层泥、碎裂岩和断层围岩,分析结果并没有获得断层摩擦生热的证据,表明这些断层在地震滑动过程中的摩擦增温非常有限,没有达到磷灰石裂变径迹热年代计体系可加载热信息的温度-时间要求。结合前人已有的相关研究,对利用磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学对地震断层滑动摩擦生热进行探测或测量存在的主要问题及可行性进行了初步总结和探讨,认为只适应于对震级大、断层滑动距离和速率大,摩擦强度强,位于一定深度有大量摩擦热生成,并使断层附近增温达到或超过磷灰石裂变径迹部分或完全退火温度的断层进行滑动摩擦生热的探测或测量,将是一种潜在的能对地震断层滑动摩擦生热或增温进行测量的"热量计或温度计"。
This paper focuses primarily on the application of apatite fission track thermochronology to the detection and/or measurement of fault-slip frictional heating. Due to the unique thermal sensitivity of the apatite fission track, apatite fission-track ages and confined track length distribution of samples within and adjacent to fault zones can reveal information of fault-slip frictional heating during individual earthquake fault-slip events. 13 samples were collected from the following 3 sections: The Dagoumen Section perpendicular to Haiyuan active fault, and the Xiaohonggou Section and Hongguliang Section perpendicular to Xiangshan-Tianjingshan active fault on the northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau. Samples include fault gouges and uhracataclasites on principle slip planes of the faults, and ambient rocks adjacent to the faults. No localized thermal anomaly has been implied by fission track analysis. Samples from the Dagoumen Section show damaged apatite fission track system, caused by fault activities which resulted in very low U content of some samples. The results indicate that the magnitudes of frictional heat or increased temperature are too limited to cause annealing of apatite fission track. Based on this study and literature survey we conclude that apatite fission track thermochronology is only suitable for detecting and/or measuring frictional heat caused by large fault displacement and high strength friction which are generally caused by large earthquakes. Furthermore,this paper concludes that apatite fission track method would be a potential "calorimeter or thermometer" to detect and/or measure quantitatively the magnitude of fault-slip frictional heat generated by individual earthquake events.
This paper focuses primarily on the application of apatite fission track thermochronology to the detection and/or measurement of fault-slip frictional heating. Due to the unique thermal sensitivity of the apatite fission track, apatite fission-track ages and confined track length distribution of samples within and adjacent to fault zones can reveal information of fault-slip frictional heating during individual earthquake fault-slip events. 13 samples were collected from the following 3 sections: The Dagoumen Section perpendicular to Haiyuan active fault, and the Xiaohonggou Section and Hongguliang Section perpendicular to Xiangshan-Tianjingshan active fault on the northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau. Samples include fault gouges and uhracataclasites on principle slip planes of the faults, and ambient rocks adjacent to the faults. No localized thermal anomaly has been implied by fission track analysis. Samples from the Dagoumen Section show damaged apatite fission track system, caused by fault activities which resulted in very low U content of some samples. The results indicate that the magnitudes of frictional heat or increased temperature are too limited to cause annealing of apatite fission track. Based on this study and literature survey we conclude that apatite fission track thermochronology is only suitable for detecting and/or measuring frictional heat caused by large fault displacement and high strength friction which are generally caused by large earthquakes. Furthermore,this paper concludes that apatite fission track method would be a potential "calorimeter or thermometer" to detect and/or measure quantitatively the magnitude of fault-slip frictional heat generated by individual earthquake events.
引文
1 Sibson R H.Generation of pseudotachylite by ancient seismic faulting.Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,1975,43:775-794
2 Lachenbruch A H.Frictional heating,fluid pressure,and the resistance to fault motion.Journal of Geophysical Research,1980,85(B11) :6097-6112
3 Kanamori H,Brodsky E E.The physics of earthquakes.Physics Today,2001,54(6) :34-40
4 McKenzie D P,Brune J N.Melting on fault planes during large earthquakes.Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,1972,29:65-78
5 Friedman M,Logan J M,Rigert J A.Glass-indurated quartz gouge in sliding-friction experiments on sandstone.Geological Society of America Bulletin,1974,85:937-942
6 Cardwell R K,Chinn D S,Moore G F et al.Frictional heating on a fault zone with finite thickness.Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,1978,52:525-530
7 Teufel L W,Logan J M.Effect of displacement rate on the real area of contact and temperatures generated during frictional sliding of Tennessee sandstone.Pure and Applied Geophysics,1978,116:840-865
8 Weak H R.Are pseudotachylites products of fracture of fusion?Geology,1978,6:507-511
9 Maddock R H.Melt origin of fault-generated pseudotachylytes demonstrated by textures.Geology,1983,11:105-108
10 Spray J G.A physical basis for the frictional melting of some rockforming minerals.Tectonophysics,l992,204:205-221
11 Spray J G.Pseudotachylyte controversy:Fact or friction? Geology,1995,23:1119-1122
12 马胜利,计凤桔,马 瑾等.摩擦滑动对石英和方解石热释光性质的影响及其地震地质意义.地震地质,1992,14(4) :341-349 Ma Shengli,Ji Fengju,Ma Jin et al.Effect of frictional sliding on thermoluminesscent property of quartz and calcite and its seismogeological significance.Seismology and Geology,1992,14(4) :341-349
13 Wibberley C A J,Shimamoto T.Earthquake slip weakening and asperities explained by thermal pressurization.Nature,2005,436:689-692
14 di Toro G,Hirose T,Nielsen S et al.Natural and experimental evidence of melt lubrication of faults during earthquakes.Science,2006,311:647-649
15 Fukuchi T,Yurugi J,Imai N.ESR detection of seismic frictional heating events in the Nojima fault drill core samples,Japan.Tectonophys ics ,2007,443:127-138
16 Han R ,Shimamoto T,Hirose T et al.Ultralow friction of carbonate faults caused by thermal decomposition.Science,2007,316:878-881
17 d'Alessio M A,Blythe A E,B(u|¨)rgmann R.No friction heat along the San Gabriel fault,California:Evidence from fission-track thermochronology.Geology,2003,31:541-544
18 Wagner G A,van den Haute P.Fission-Track Dating.Norwell,Massachusetts:Kulwer Academy,1992． 95-117
19 Green P F,Duddy I R,Gleadow A J W et al.Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite:1 .A qualitative description.Chemical Geology:Isotope Geoscience Section,1986,59:237-253
20 Laslett G M,Green P F,Duddy I R et al.Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite:2． A quantitative analysis.Chemical Geology:Isotope Geoscience Section,1987,65:1-13
21 国家地震局地质研究所和宁夏回族自治区地震局.中国活动断层研究专辑:海原活动断裂带.北京:地震出版社,1990． 18-138 Institute of Geology,State Seismological Bureau and Seismological Bureau of Ningxia Autonomous Region.Album of Active Faults Study in China:Haiyuan Active Fault Zone.Beijing:Seismological Press,1990． 18-138
22 Zhang P Z,Burchfiel B C,Molnar P et al.Amount and style of Late Cenozoic deformation in the Liupan Shan area,Ningxia autonomous region,China.Tectonics,1991 ,10(6) :1111-1129
23 宁夏回族自治区地震局.中国活动断裂研究专辑:天景山活动断裂带.北京:地震出版社,1995． 24-94 Seismological Bureau of Ningxia Autonomous Region.Album of Active Faults Study in China:Tianiing Shan Active Fault Zone. Beijing:Seismological press,1995． 24-94
24 Hurford A J,Green P F.The zeta age calibration of fission-track dating.Chemical Geology:Isotope Geoscience Section,1983,1:285-317
25 Hurford A J.Standardization of fission-track dating calibration:Recommendation by the Fission Track Working Group of the I.U.G.S.subcommission on geochronology.Chemical Geology:Isotope Geoscience Section,1990,80(2) :171-178
26 Sibson R H.Fault rocks and fault mechanisms.Journal of the Geological Society,1977 ,133:191-213
27 Gleadow A J W,Duddy I R,Green P F et al.Confined fission track lengths in apatite:A diagnostic tool for thermal history analysis.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,1986,94:405-415
28 Green P F,Duddy I R,Laslett C M et al.Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite 4． Quantitative modelling techniques and extension to geological timescale.Chemical Geology:Isotope Geoscience Section,1989,79:155-182
29 Batt G E,Braun J,Kohn B P et al.Thermochronological analysis of the dynamics of the Southern Alps,New Zealand.Geological Society of America Bulletin,2000,112:250-266
30 Camacho A,McDougald I,Armstrong R el al.Evidence for shear heating Musgrave block,Central Australia.Journal of Structural Geology,2001,23:1007-1013
31 Xu Ganqing,Kamp P J J.Tectonics and denudation adjacent to the Xianshuihe fault,Eastern Tibetan Plateau:Constraints from fission track thermochronology.Journal of Geophysical Research,2000,105(B8) :19231-19251
32 王庆隆,万景林.用裂变径迹法研究断层活动年龄的初步探讨.地震地质,1988,10(4) :199-205 Wang Qinglong,Wan Jinglin.Application of fission track method to timing of faulting.Seismology and Geology,1988,10(4) :199-205
33 丁林.裂变径迹定年方法的进展及应用第四纪研究,1997,(3) :272-280 Ding Lin.Advance of fission-track analysis method and its application.Quaternary Sciences,1997,(3) :272-280
34 Byerlee J.Friction of rocks.Pure and Applied Geophysics,1978,116:615-626
35 Sibson R H.Thickness of the seismic slip zone.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2003 93(3) :1169-1178
2 Lachenbruch A H.Frictional heating,fluid pressure,and the resistance to fault motion.Journal of Geophysical Research,1980,85(B11) :6097-6112
3 Kanamori H,Brodsky E E.The physics of earthquakes.Physics Today,2001,54(6) :34-40
4 McKenzie D P,Brune J N.Melting on fault planes during large earthquakes.Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,1972,29:65-78
5 Friedman M,Logan J M,Rigert J A.Glass-indurated quartz gouge in sliding-friction experiments on sandstone.Geological Society of America Bulletin,1974,85:937-942
6 Cardwell R K,Chinn D S,Moore G F et al.Frictional heating on a fault zone with finite thickness.Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,1978,52:525-530
7 Teufel L W,Logan J M.Effect of displacement rate on the real area of contact and temperatures generated during frictional sliding of Tennessee sandstone.Pure and Applied Geophysics,1978,116:840-865
8 Weak H R.Are pseudotachylites products of fracture of fusion?Geology,1978,6:507-511
9 Maddock R H.Melt origin of fault-generated pseudotachylytes demonstrated by textures.Geology,1983,11:105-108
10 Spray J G.A physical basis for the frictional melting of some rockforming minerals.Tectonophysics,l992,204:205-221
11 Spray J G.Pseudotachylyte controversy:Fact or friction? Geology,1995,23:1119-1122
12 马胜利,计凤桔,马 瑾等.摩擦滑动对石英和方解石热释光性质的影响及其地震地质意义.地震地质,1992,14(4) :341-349 Ma Shengli,Ji Fengju,Ma Jin et al.Effect of frictional sliding on thermoluminesscent property of quartz and calcite and its seismogeological significance.Seismology and Geology,1992,14(4) :341-349
13 Wibberley C A J,Shimamoto T.Earthquake slip weakening and asperities explained by thermal pressurization.Nature,2005,436:689-692
14 di Toro G,Hirose T,Nielsen S et al.Natural and experimental evidence of melt lubrication of faults during earthquakes.Science,2006,311:647-649
15 Fukuchi T,Yurugi J,Imai N.ESR detection of seismic frictional heating events in the Nojima fault drill core samples,Japan.Tectonophys ics ,2007,443:127-138
16 Han R ,Shimamoto T,Hirose T et al.Ultralow friction of carbonate faults caused by thermal decomposition.Science,2007,316:878-881
17 d'Alessio M A,Blythe A E,B(u|¨)rgmann R.No friction heat along the San Gabriel fault,California:Evidence from fission-track thermochronology.Geology,2003,31:541-544
18 Wagner G A,van den Haute P.Fission-Track Dating.Norwell,Massachusetts:Kulwer Academy,1992． 95-117
19 Green P F,Duddy I R,Gleadow A J W et al.Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite:1 .A qualitative description.Chemical Geology:Isotope Geoscience Section,1986,59:237-253
20 Laslett G M,Green P F,Duddy I R et al.Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite:2． A quantitative analysis.Chemical Geology:Isotope Geoscience Section,1987,65:1-13
21 国家地震局地质研究所和宁夏回族自治区地震局.中国活动断层研究专辑:海原活动断裂带.北京:地震出版社,1990． 18-138 Institute of Geology,State Seismological Bureau and Seismological Bureau of Ningxia Autonomous Region.Album of Active Faults Study in China:Haiyuan Active Fault Zone.Beijing:Seismological Press,1990． 18-138
22 Zhang P Z,Burchfiel B C,Molnar P et al.Amount and style of Late Cenozoic deformation in the Liupan Shan area,Ningxia autonomous region,China.Tectonics,1991 ,10(6) :1111-1129
23 宁夏回族自治区地震局.中国活动断裂研究专辑:天景山活动断裂带.北京:地震出版社,1995． 24-94 Seismological Bureau of Ningxia Autonomous Region.Album of Active Faults Study in China:Tianiing Shan Active Fault Zone. Beijing:Seismological press,1995． 24-94
24 Hurford A J,Green P F.The zeta age calibration of fission-track dating.Chemical Geology:Isotope Geoscience Section,1983,1:285-317
25 Hurford A J.Standardization of fission-track dating calibration:Recommendation by the Fission Track Working Group of the I.U.G.S.subcommission on geochronology.Chemical Geology:Isotope Geoscience Section,1990,80(2) :171-178
26 Sibson R H.Fault rocks and fault mechanisms.Journal of the Geological Society,1977 ,133:191-213
27 Gleadow A J W,Duddy I R,Green P F et al.Confined fission track lengths in apatite:A diagnostic tool for thermal history analysis.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,1986,94:405-415
28 Green P F,Duddy I R,Laslett C M et al.Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite 4． Quantitative modelling techniques and extension to geological timescale.Chemical Geology:Isotope Geoscience Section,1989,79:155-182
29 Batt G E,Braun J,Kohn B P et al.Thermochronological analysis of the dynamics of the Southern Alps,New Zealand.Geological Society of America Bulletin,2000,112:250-266
30 Camacho A,McDougald I,Armstrong R el al.Evidence for shear heating Musgrave block,Central Australia.Journal of Structural Geology,2001,23:1007-1013
31 Xu Ganqing,Kamp P J J.Tectonics and denudation adjacent to the Xianshuihe fault,Eastern Tibetan Plateau:Constraints from fission track thermochronology.Journal of Geophysical Research,2000,105(B8) :19231-19251
32 王庆隆,万景林.用裂变径迹法研究断层活动年龄的初步探讨.地震地质,1988,10(4) :199-205 Wang Qinglong,Wan Jinglin.Application of fission track method to timing of faulting.Seismology and Geology,1988,10(4) :199-205
33 丁林.裂变径迹定年方法的进展及应用第四纪研究,1997,(3) :272-280 Ding Lin.Advance of fission-track analysis method and its application.Quaternary Sciences,1997,(3) :272-280
34 Byerlee J.Friction of rocks.Pure and Applied Geophysics,1978,116:615-626
35 Sibson R H.Thickness of the seismic slip zone.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2003 93(3) :1169-1178
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