地形对碎屑流冲出的影响作用(英文)
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摘要
传统的碎屑流冲出预测经验模型主要基于冲出物体积与冲出物到达角的假设关系式,并没有考虑地形的影响,其中到达角指滑坡后壁顶点与堆积体末端点连线的角度。本文通过小尺寸模型槽实验研究不同地形条件对碎屑流冲出的影响,发现冲出路径上的缓地形将增加到达角,对近期的两个地震诱发型碎屑流场点的调查结果也表明了缓地形对到达角的影响。还发现冲出物受地形限制而改变冲出方向时可能增加冲出角。考虑上述两种地形约束作用的冲出距离预测值将小于传统的预测方法。
Conventional empirical models for predicting travel distance of rock avalanche were generated based on the assumed correlation between the volume of involved debris and its angle of reach,which didn't take account of the role of topography on the run-out of rock avalanche.Here the angle of reach refers to the angle of line connecting slide crest and accumulation tip.In this paper,several cases of small scale flume tests are performed to investigate run-out behaviors of rock avalanches under different terrain conditions.Results show that the gentle segment of slope in travel path increases the angle of reach.Field checking for two recently earthquake induced rock avalanches also revealed the same phenomenon.It is also found that change of travel direction as a consequence of topography constraint will increase the angle of reach.A deduction is drawn that a smaller value of travel distance will be generated considering the both topography influences,comparing with the expected value based on the conventional assumed correlation.
Conventional empirical models for predicting travel distance of rock avalanche were generated based on the assumed correlation between the volume of involved debris and its angle of reach,which didn't take account of the role of topography on the run-out of rock avalanche.Here the angle of reach refers to the angle of line connecting slide crest and accumulation tip.In this paper,several cases of small scale flume tests are performed to investigate run-out behaviors of rock avalanches under different terrain conditions.Results show that the gentle segment of slope in travel path increases the angle of reach.Field checking for two recently earthquake induced rock avalanches also revealed the same phenomenon.It is also found that change of travel direction as a consequence of topography constraint will increase the angle of reach.A deduction is drawn that a smaller value of travel distance will be generated considering the both topography influences,comparing with the expected value based on the conventional assumed correlation.
引文
[1]Davies T R H.Spreading of Rock Avalanche Debris by MechanicalFluidization[J].Rock Mechanics,1982,15:9-24.
[2]Legros F.The mobility of long-runout landslides[J].Engineering Geology,2003,63:301-331.
[3]Fannin R J,Wise M P W.An empirical-statistical model for debris flowtravel distance[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2001,38(5):982-994.
[4]Hungr O,Mcdougal L S.Two numerical models for landslide dynamicanalysis[J].Computers&Geosciences,2009,35(5):978-992.
[5]Scgeudegger E A.On the Prediction of the Reach and Velocity of.Catastrophic Landslides[J].Rock Mechanics,1973,5:231-236.
[6]Corominas J.The angle of reach as a mobility index for small and largelandslides[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1996,33:260-271.
[7]HSüK J.Catastrophic debris streams(Sturzstroms)generated byrockfalls[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1975,86:129-140.
[8]Davies T R H,Mcsaveney M J.Runout of dry granular avalanches[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal.1999,36,313-320.
[9]Okura Y,Kutagara H,Sammori T.Fluidization in dry landslides[J].Engineering Geology,2000,56:347-360.
[10]Valentino R,Barla G,Montrasio L.Experimental analysis andmicromechanical modeling of dry granular flow and impacts inlaboratory flume tests[J].Rock Mechanism and Rock Engineering,2008,41(1):153–177.
[11]Manzella I,Labiouse V.Qualitative analysis of rock avalanchespropagation by means of physical modelling of not constrained gravelflows[J].Rock Mechanism and Rock Engineering,2008,41(1):133-151.
[12]Manzella I,Labiouse V.Flow experiments with gravel and blocks atsmall scale to investigate parameters and mechanisms involved in rockavalanches[J].Engineering Geology,2009,109:146-158.
[13]Moriwaki H.A prediction of the runout distance of a debris[J].Journal ofthe Japan Landslide Society,1987,24(2):10-16(In Japanese).
[14]Finlay P J,Mostyn G R,Fell R.Landslide risk assessment:prediction oftravel distance[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1999,36:556-562.
[15]Hunter G,Fell R.Travel distance angle for“rapid”landslides inconstructed and natural soil slopes[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2003,40:1123-1141.
[16]Ugai K,Yang Qingqing,Cai Fei,et al..Laboratory flume static anddynamic experiment for rock avalanches[A]//Proceedings ofGeo-Shanghai 2010,Soil Dynamics and EarthquakeEngineering[C].Geotechnical Special Publication,ASCE,No.201:278-287.
[17]Qin Xuwen,Yang Jinzhong,Zhang Zhi,et al..Remote sensing emergencysurvey in venchuan earthquake area[M].Beijing:Science Press,2008:108.(in Chinese)
[18]Yang Qingqing,Su Zhiman,Ugai K,et al..Recent landslide disastersinduced by earthquakes[A]//Proceeding of 5th International Conferenceon landslides,slope stability&the safety of infrastructures[C].KualaLumpur,Malaysia,2008:47-52.
[19]Yamada M,Cai Fei,Wang Gonghui.Catastrophic earthquake andmountain hazards in Sichuan[M].Tokyo:Press of Polytechnic book,2010:86.(in Japanese)
[2]Legros F.The mobility of long-runout landslides[J].Engineering Geology,2003,63:301-331.
[3]Fannin R J,Wise M P W.An empirical-statistical model for debris flowtravel distance[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2001,38(5):982-994.
[4]Hungr O,Mcdougal L S.Two numerical models for landslide dynamicanalysis[J].Computers&Geosciences,2009,35(5):978-992.
[5]Scgeudegger E A.On the Prediction of the Reach and Velocity of.Catastrophic Landslides[J].Rock Mechanics,1973,5:231-236.
[6]Corominas J.The angle of reach as a mobility index for small and largelandslides[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1996,33:260-271.
[7]HSüK J.Catastrophic debris streams(Sturzstroms)generated byrockfalls[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1975,86:129-140.
[8]Davies T R H,Mcsaveney M J.Runout of dry granular avalanches[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal.1999,36,313-320.
[9]Okura Y,Kutagara H,Sammori T.Fluidization in dry landslides[J].Engineering Geology,2000,56:347-360.
[10]Valentino R,Barla G,Montrasio L.Experimental analysis andmicromechanical modeling of dry granular flow and impacts inlaboratory flume tests[J].Rock Mechanism and Rock Engineering,2008,41(1):153–177.
[11]Manzella I,Labiouse V.Qualitative analysis of rock avalanchespropagation by means of physical modelling of not constrained gravelflows[J].Rock Mechanism and Rock Engineering,2008,41(1):133-151.
[12]Manzella I,Labiouse V.Flow experiments with gravel and blocks atsmall scale to investigate parameters and mechanisms involved in rockavalanches[J].Engineering Geology,2009,109:146-158.
[13]Moriwaki H.A prediction of the runout distance of a debris[J].Journal ofthe Japan Landslide Society,1987,24(2):10-16(In Japanese).
[14]Finlay P J,Mostyn G R,Fell R.Landslide risk assessment:prediction oftravel distance[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1999,36:556-562.
[15]Hunter G,Fell R.Travel distance angle for“rapid”landslides inconstructed and natural soil slopes[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2003,40:1123-1141.
[16]Ugai K,Yang Qingqing,Cai Fei,et al..Laboratory flume static anddynamic experiment for rock avalanches[A]//Proceedings ofGeo-Shanghai 2010,Soil Dynamics and EarthquakeEngineering[C].Geotechnical Special Publication,ASCE,No.201:278-287.
[17]Qin Xuwen,Yang Jinzhong,Zhang Zhi,et al..Remote sensing emergencysurvey in venchuan earthquake area[M].Beijing:Science Press,2008:108.(in Chinese)
[18]Yang Qingqing,Su Zhiman,Ugai K,et al..Recent landslide disastersinduced by earthquakes[A]//Proceeding of 5th International Conferenceon landslides,slope stability&the safety of infrastructures[C].KualaLumpur,Malaysia,2008:47-52.
[19]Yamada M,Cai Fei,Wang Gonghui.Catastrophic earthquake andmountain hazards in Sichuan[M].Tokyo:Press of Polytechnic book,2010:86.(in Japanese)
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