南海共轭大陆边缘地壳结构及其类型特征
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摘要
为了分析南海共轭大陆边缘的地壳结构,在收集南海地区多次海底地震仪探测、海陆地震联测以及重、磁探测等成果资料的基础上,首先构建了南海北部陆缘3条由东向西横贯海陆的深部地壳结构剖面图,并以中地壳低速层和下地壳高速体的分布特征为基础,推测滨海断裂带可能为华南正常陆壳与南海减薄陆壳的分界断裂;以地壳减薄程度和下地壳高速层的尖灭为标志,圈定了洋陆壳转换带,发现南海北部陆缘从东到西地壳拉张减薄的程度和模式具有较大差异性.然后以南沙地块水深、磁力和重力异常数据为基础,揭示了礼乐滩洋陆壳转换带表现为水深、磁力和重力异常变化的陡峭梯度带,莫霍面深度从礼乐滩的～24km急剧抬升至洋盆区的～11km;礼乐滩以西的洋陆壳转换带从东到西逐渐变得平缓;南沙海槽两侧的水深和重力异常具有对称性,为"U"形结构;并将水深、莫霍面和重力急剧变化的梯度带拟定为南沙地块洋陆壳转换带的分界标志.最后构建了穿越南海共轭陆缘的地壳结构剖面,并将其划分为减薄陆壳、洋陆壳转换带、洋壳及拉张裂谷等类型.
In order to analyze crustal structures and features in the conjugate margins of South China Sea(SCS),we collected large numbers of studied results from the ocean bottom seismometers experiments,onshore-offshore seismic experiments,gravity and magnetism anomalies.This paper firstly constructs three land-sea super cross-sections from east to west in the northern margin of SCS.The results show the onshore-offshore transitional zone is a border separating the unstretched and the stretched continental crust.The low velocity layer(LVL) in the middle crust was widely imaged in the unstretched continental crust.However,the high velocity layer(HVL) in the lower crust was detected in the stretched continental crust.By analyzing the mechanisms of the LVL in the middle crust and HVL in the base of crust,we believe the crustal structures had distinctly different attributes in the continental South China and in the northern SCS,which indicates that the littoral fault zone(LFZ) could be the boundary fault between them.Then,we reveal the crustal features in the Liyue Bank based on water depth,gravity and magnetism anomalies.The Moho depth thins from about 24 km in the Liyne bank to 11 km in the oceanic basin.The ocean-continent transitional zone generally widens from east to west in the southern margin.Finally,we devide the crustal structure in the conjugated margin of SCS into four types,including the unstretched continental crust,the stretched continental crust,the ocean-continent transitional zone,and the ancient ocean crust.
In order to analyze crustal structures and features in the conjugate margins of South China Sea(SCS),we collected large numbers of studied results from the ocean bottom seismometers experiments,onshore-offshore seismic experiments,gravity and magnetism anomalies.This paper firstly constructs three land-sea super cross-sections from east to west in the northern margin of SCS.The results show the onshore-offshore transitional zone is a border separating the unstretched and the stretched continental crust.The low velocity layer(LVL) in the middle crust was widely imaged in the unstretched continental crust.However,the high velocity layer(HVL) in the lower crust was detected in the stretched continental crust.By analyzing the mechanisms of the LVL in the middle crust and HVL in the base of crust,we believe the crustal structures had distinctly different attributes in the continental South China and in the northern SCS,which indicates that the littoral fault zone(LFZ) could be the boundary fault between them.Then,we reveal the crustal features in the Liyue Bank based on water depth,gravity and magnetism anomalies.The Moho depth thins from about 24 km in the Liyne bank to 11 km in the oceanic basin.The ocean-continent transitional zone generally widens from east to west in the southern margin.Finally,we devide the crustal structure in the conjugated margin of SCS into four types,including the unstretched continental crust,the stretched continental crust,the ocean-continent transitional zone,and the ancient ocean crust.
引文
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Houtz,R.E.,Hayes,D.E.,1984.Seismic reflection datafrom Sunda shelf.AAPG Bulletin,68:1870-1878.
Hutchison,C.S.,1996.The‘Rajang accretionary prism’and‘Lupar Line’problem of Borneo.In:Hall,R.,Blundell,D.,eds.,Tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia.The Geological Society of London,Special Publications,106:247-262.
Jia,S.X.,Li,Z.X.,Xu,Z.F.,et al.,2006.Crustal structure features of the Leiqiong depression in Hainan Province.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,49(5):1385-1394(inChinese with English abstract).
Jin,Q.H.,1989.Geology and hydrocarbon resources in theSouth China Sea.Geology Press,Beijing.
Liao,Q.L.,Wang,Z.M.,Wang,P.L.,et al.,1988.Explosion seismic study of the crustal structure in FuzhouQuanzhou-Shantou region.Acta Geophysica Sinica,31(3):270-280(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu,H.L.,Yang,S.K.,Zhou,D.,et al.,1998.Basic characteristics of extension structure in northern Nanshaislands,China,and its dynamical implications.Geological Journal of China Universities,4(1):64-72(inChinese with English abstract).
Nissen,S.S.,Hayes,D.E.,Buhl,P.,et al.,1995.Deep penetrating seismic sounding across the northern margin ofthe South China Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research,100(B11):22407-22433.
Qiu,X.L.,Shi,X.B.,Yan,P.,et al.,2003.Recent progressof deep seismic experiments and studies of crustalstructure in northern South China Sea.Progress in Natural Science,13(7):481-488.doi:10.1080/10020070312331343890
Qiu,X.L.,Ye,S.Y.,Wu,S.M.,et al.,2001.Crustal structure across the Xisha trough,northwestern South ChinaSea.Tectonophysics,341(1-4):179-193.doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00222-0
Ruan,A.G.,Niu,X.W.,Wu,Z.L.,et al.,2009.The2Dvelocity and density structure of the Mesozoic sedimentsin the Chaoshan depression.Geological Journal of China Universities,15(4):522-528(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
Su,D.Q.,Liu,Z.H.,Chen,X.,et al.,1991.Features and interpretation of gravity in the Liyne bank and its surrounding areas.In:Nansha islands cruises of SouthChina Sea institute of oceanology,ed.,geology,geophysics and coral in the Nansha islands and its surrounding areas.Ocean Press,Beijing.
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Taylor,B.,Hayes,D.E.,1983.Origin and history of the South China Sea basin.In:Hayes,D.E.,ed.,The tectonic and geologic evolution of south eastern Asian Seasand Islands,II.Geophysical Monograph,AGU,Washington,D.C.,27,23-56.
Tong,D.J.,Ren,J.Y.,Lei,C.,et al.,2009.Lithospherestretching model of deep water in Qiongdongnan basin,northern continental margin of South China Sea,andcontrolling of the post-rift subsidence.Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geoscineces,34(6):963-974(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,T.K.,Chen,M.K.,Lee,C.S.,et al.,2006.Seismicimaging of the transitional crust across the northeasternmargin of the South China Sea.Tectonophysics,412(34):237-254.doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.10.039
Wu,Z.L.,Ruan,A.G.,Li,J.B.,et al.,2008.New progressof deep crust sounding in the mid-northern South ChinaSea using ocean bottom seismometers.South ChinaJournal of Seismology,28(1):21-28(in Chinesewith English abstract).
Xia,K.Y.,Huang,C.L.,1997.Tectonic framework and sedimentary basin analysis of the South China Sea and itssurrounding areas.In:Gong,Z.S.,Li,S.T.,eds.,Continental margin basin analysis and hydrocarbon accumulation of the northern South China Sea.Science Press,Beijing.
Xia,K.Y.,Huang,C.L.,2000.The discovery of Meso-Tethys sedimentary basins in the South China Sea andtheir oil and gas perspective.Earth Science Frontiers,7(3):227-238(in Chinese).
Xia,S.H.,Zhao,M.H.,Qiu,X.L.,et al.,2010.Crustalstructure in an onshore-offshore transitional zone nearHong Kong,northern South China Sea.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,37(5-6):460-472.doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.11.004
Xu,H.L.,Qiu,X.L.,Zhao,M.H.,et al.,2006.Characteristics of the crustal structure and hypocentral tectonicsin the epicentral area of Nanao earthquake(M=7.5),the northeastern South China Sea.Chinese Science Bulletin,51(Suppl.):95-106.doi:10.1007/s11434-006-9095-x
Yan,P.,Zhou,D.,Liu,Z.S.,2001.A crustal structure profile across the northern continental margin of the SouthChina Sea.Tectonophysics,338(1):1-21.doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00062-2
Yang,Z.,Besse,J.,1993.Paleomagnetic study of Permianand Mesozoic sedimentary rocks from northern Thailand supports the extrusion model for Indochina.Earthand Planetary Science Letters,117:525-552.doi:10.1016/0012-821X(93)90101-E
Yao,B.C.,Wan,L.,Liu,Z.H.,et al.,2004.Tectonic dynamics of Cenozoic sedimentary basins and hydrocarbonresources in the South China Sea.Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geoscineces,29(5):543549(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yao,B.C.,Zeng,W.J.,Hayes,D.E.,et al.,1994.The geological memoir of South China Sea survey jointly byChina and USA.China University of Geosciences Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
Yin,Z.X.,Lai,M.H.,Xiong,S.B.,et al.,1999.Crustalstructure and velocity distribution from deep seismicsounding along the profile Lianxian-Boluo-Gankou inSouth China.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,42(3):383-392(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,Y.,Deng,C.M.,Zhao,Y.,1991.Features and geological implications of magnetic anomalies in the LiyneBank.In:Nansha islands cruises of South China Sea institute of oceanology,ed.,geology,geophysics and coralin the Nansha islands and its surrounding areas.OceanPress,Beijing.
Zhao,M.H.,Qiu,X.L.,Xia,S.H.,et al.,2010.Seismicstructure in the northeastern South China Sea:S-wavevelocity and Vp/Vs ratios derived from three-component OBS data.Tectonophysics,480(1-4):183-197.doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.10.004
Zhao,M.H.,Qiu,X.L.,Ye,C.M.,et al.,2004.Analysis ondeep crustal structure along the onshore-offshore seismic profile across the Binhai(littoral)fault zone innortheastern South China Sea.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,47(5):845-852(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou,D.,Ru,K.,Chen,H.Z.,1995.Kinematics of Cenozoicextension on the South China Sea continental marginand its implications for the tectonic evolution of the region.Tectonophysics,251(1-4):161-177.doi:10.1016/0040-1951(95)00018-6
嘉世旭,李志雄,徐朝繁,等,2006.雷琼拗陷地壳结构特征地球物理学报,49(5):1385-1394.
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丘学林,施小斌,阎贫,等,2003.南海北部地壳结构的深地震探测和研究新进展.自然科学进展,13(3):231-236.
阮爱国,牛雄伟,吴振利,等,2009.潮汕坳陷中生代沉积的折射波2D速度结构和密度.高校地质学报,15(4):522-528.
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Hazebroek,H.P.,Tan,D.N.K.,1993.Tertiary tectonicevolution of the NW Sabah continental margin.In:The,G.H.,ed.,Proceedings of the symposium on tectonicframework and energy resources of the western marginof Pacific basin.Bull.Geol.Soc.Malaysia,33:195-210.
Houtz,R.E.,Hayes,D.E.,1984.Seismic reflection datafrom Sunda shelf.AAPG Bulletin,68:1870-1878.
Hutchison,C.S.,1996.The‘Rajang accretionary prism’and‘Lupar Line’problem of Borneo.In:Hall,R.,Blundell,D.,eds.,Tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia.The Geological Society of London,Special Publications,106:247-262.
Jia,S.X.,Li,Z.X.,Xu,Z.F.,et al.,2006.Crustal structure features of the Leiqiong depression in Hainan Province.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,49(5):1385-1394(inChinese with English abstract).
Jin,Q.H.,1989.Geology and hydrocarbon resources in theSouth China Sea.Geology Press,Beijing.
Liao,Q.L.,Wang,Z.M.,Wang,P.L.,et al.,1988.Explosion seismic study of the crustal structure in FuzhouQuanzhou-Shantou region.Acta Geophysica Sinica,31(3):270-280(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu,H.L.,Yang,S.K.,Zhou,D.,et al.,1998.Basic characteristics of extension structure in northern Nanshaislands,China,and its dynamical implications.Geological Journal of China Universities,4(1):64-72(inChinese with English abstract).
Nissen,S.S.,Hayes,D.E.,Buhl,P.,et al.,1995.Deep penetrating seismic sounding across the northern margin ofthe South China Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research,100(B11):22407-22433.
Qiu,X.L.,Shi,X.B.,Yan,P.,et al.,2003.Recent progressof deep seismic experiments and studies of crustalstructure in northern South China Sea.Progress in Natural Science,13(7):481-488.doi:10.1080/10020070312331343890
Qiu,X.L.,Ye,S.Y.,Wu,S.M.,et al.,2001.Crustal structure across the Xisha trough,northwestern South ChinaSea.Tectonophysics,341(1-4):179-193.doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00222-0
Ruan,A.G.,Niu,X.W.,Wu,Z.L.,et al.,2009.The2Dvelocity and density structure of the Mesozoic sedimentsin the Chaoshan depression.Geological Journal of China Universities,15(4):522-528(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
Su,D.Q.,Liu,Z.H.,Chen,X.,et al.,1991.Features and interpretation of gravity in the Liyne bank and its surrounding areas.In:Nansha islands cruises of SouthChina Sea institute of oceanology,ed.,geology,geophysics and coral in the Nansha islands and its surrounding areas.Ocean Press,Beijing.
Su,D.Q.,Liu,Y.Q.,Chen,X.,et al.,2004.Moho depth inSouth China Sea.In:Zhang,Z.J.,Gao,R.,Lv,Q.T.,etal.,eds.,Deep structure and dynamics in the continentof China.Beijing,Science Press,357-365.
Sun,Z.,Sun,L.T.,Zhou,D.,et al.,2009.Discussion on theSouth China Sea evolution and lithospheric breakupthrough3Danalogue modeling.Earth Science—Journalof China University of Geoscineces,34(3):435-447(In Chinese with English abstract).
Taylor,B.,Hayes,D.E.,1983.Origin and history of the South China Sea basin.In:Hayes,D.E.,ed.,The tectonic and geologic evolution of south eastern Asian Seasand Islands,II.Geophysical Monograph,AGU,Washington,D.C.,27,23-56.
Tong,D.J.,Ren,J.Y.,Lei,C.,et al.,2009.Lithospherestretching model of deep water in Qiongdongnan basin,northern continental margin of South China Sea,andcontrolling of the post-rift subsidence.Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geoscineces,34(6):963-974(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,T.K.,Chen,M.K.,Lee,C.S.,et al.,2006.Seismicimaging of the transitional crust across the northeasternmargin of the South China Sea.Tectonophysics,412(34):237-254.doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.10.039
Wu,Z.L.,Ruan,A.G.,Li,J.B.,et al.,2008.New progressof deep crust sounding in the mid-northern South ChinaSea using ocean bottom seismometers.South ChinaJournal of Seismology,28(1):21-28(in Chinesewith English abstract).
Xia,K.Y.,Huang,C.L.,1997.Tectonic framework and sedimentary basin analysis of the South China Sea and itssurrounding areas.In:Gong,Z.S.,Li,S.T.,eds.,Continental margin basin analysis and hydrocarbon accumulation of the northern South China Sea.Science Press,Beijing.
Xia,K.Y.,Huang,C.L.,2000.The discovery of Meso-Tethys sedimentary basins in the South China Sea andtheir oil and gas perspective.Earth Science Frontiers,7(3):227-238(in Chinese).
Xia,S.H.,Zhao,M.H.,Qiu,X.L.,et al.,2010.Crustalstructure in an onshore-offshore transitional zone nearHong Kong,northern South China Sea.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,37(5-6):460-472.doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.11.004
Xu,H.L.,Qiu,X.L.,Zhao,M.H.,et al.,2006.Characteristics of the crustal structure and hypocentral tectonicsin the epicentral area of Nanao earthquake(M=7.5),the northeastern South China Sea.Chinese Science Bulletin,51(Suppl.):95-106.doi:10.1007/s11434-006-9095-x
Yan,P.,Zhou,D.,Liu,Z.S.,2001.A crustal structure profile across the northern continental margin of the SouthChina Sea.Tectonophysics,338(1):1-21.doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00062-2
Yang,Z.,Besse,J.,1993.Paleomagnetic study of Permianand Mesozoic sedimentary rocks from northern Thailand supports the extrusion model for Indochina.Earthand Planetary Science Letters,117:525-552.doi:10.1016/0012-821X(93)90101-E
Yao,B.C.,Wan,L.,Liu,Z.H.,et al.,2004.Tectonic dynamics of Cenozoic sedimentary basins and hydrocarbonresources in the South China Sea.Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geoscineces,29(5):543549(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yao,B.C.,Zeng,W.J.,Hayes,D.E.,et al.,1994.The geological memoir of South China Sea survey jointly byChina and USA.China University of Geosciences Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
Yin,Z.X.,Lai,M.H.,Xiong,S.B.,et al.,1999.Crustalstructure and velocity distribution from deep seismicsounding along the profile Lianxian-Boluo-Gankou inSouth China.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,42(3):383-392(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,Y.,Deng,C.M.,Zhao,Y.,1991.Features and geological implications of magnetic anomalies in the LiyneBank.In:Nansha islands cruises of South China Sea institute of oceanology,ed.,geology,geophysics and coralin the Nansha islands and its surrounding areas.OceanPress,Beijing.
Zhao,M.H.,Qiu,X.L.,Xia,S.H.,et al.,2010.Seismicstructure in the northeastern South China Sea:S-wavevelocity and Vp/Vs ratios derived from three-component OBS data.Tectonophysics,480(1-4):183-197.doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.10.004
Zhao,M.H.,Qiu,X.L.,Ye,C.M.,et al.,2004.Analysis ondeep crustal structure along the onshore-offshore seismic profile across the Binhai(littoral)fault zone innortheastern South China Sea.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,47(5):845-852(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou,D.,Ru,K.,Chen,H.Z.,1995.Kinematics of Cenozoicextension on the South China Sea continental marginand its implications for the tectonic evolution of the region.Tectonophysics,251(1-4):161-177.doi:10.1016/0040-1951(95)00018-6
嘉世旭,李志雄,徐朝繁,等,2006.雷琼拗陷地壳结构特征地球物理学报,49(5):1385-1394.
金庆焕,1989.南海地质与油气资源.北京:地质出版社.
廖其林,王振明,王屏路,等,1988.福州-泉州-汕头地区地壳结构的爆炸地震研究.地球物理学报,31(3):270-280.
刘海龄,杨树康,周蒂,等,1998.南沙北部伸展构造的基本特征及其动力学意义.高校地质学报,4(1):64-72.
丘学林,施小斌,阎贫,等,2003.南海北部地壳结构的深地震探测和研究新进展.自然科学进展,13(3):231-236.
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